在安装完scrapy以后,相信大家都会跃跃欲试想定制一个自己的爬虫吧?我也不例外,下面详细记录一下定制一个scrapy工程都需要哪些步骤。如果你还没有安装好scrapy,又或者为scrapy的安装感到头疼和不知所措,可以参考下前面的文章安装python爬虫scrapy踩过的那些坑和编程外的思考。这里就拿博客园来做例子吧,抓取博客园的博客列表并保存到json文件。
环境:CentOS 6.0 虚拟机
scrapy(如未安装可参考安装python爬虫scrapy踩过的那些坑和编程外的思考)
1、创建工程cnblogs
[root@bogon share]# scrapy startproject cnblogs
-- :: [scrapy] INFO: Scrapy 1.0.0rc2 started (bot: scrapybot)
-- :: [scrapy] INFO: Optional features available: ssl, http11
-- :: [scrapy] INFO: Overridden settings: {}
New Scrapy project 'cnblogs' created in:
/mnt/hgfs/share/cnblogs You can start your first spider with:
cd cnblogs
scrapy genspider example example.com
2、查看下工程的结构
[root@bogon share]# tree cnblogs/
cnblogs/
├── cnblogs
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── items.py #用于定义抽取网页结构
│ ├── pipelines.py #将抽取的数据进行处理
│ ├── settings.py #爬虫配置文件
│ └── spiders
│ └── __init__.py
└── scrapy.cfg #项目配置文件
3、定义抽取cnblogs的网页结构,修改items.py
这里我们抽取四个内容:
- 文章标题
- 文章链接
- 文在所在的列表页URL
- 摘要
[root@bogon cnblogs]# vi cnblogs/items.py
# -*- coding: utf- -*- # Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy class CnblogsItem(scrapy.Item):
# define the fields for your item here like:
# name = scrapy.Field()
title = scrapy.Field()
link = scrapy.Field()
desc = scrapy.Field()
listUrl = scrapy.Field()
pass
4、创建spider
[root@bogon cnblogs]# vi cnblogs/spiders/cnblogs_spider.py #coding=utf-
import re
import json
from scrapy.selector import Selector
try:
from scrapy.spider import Spider
except:
from scrapy.spider import BaseSpider as Spider
from scrapy.utils.response import get_base_url
from scrapy.utils.url import urljoin_rfc
from scrapy.contrib.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from scrapy.contrib.linkextractors.sgml import SgmlLinkExtractor as sle
from cnblogs.items import * class CnblogsSpider(CrawlSpider):
#定义爬虫的名称
name = "CnblogsSpider"
#定义允许抓取的域名,如果不是在此列表的域名则放弃抓取
allowed_domains = ["cnblogs.com"]
#定义抓取的入口url
start_urls = [
"http://www.cnblogs.com/rwxwsblog/default.html?page=1"
]
# 定义爬取URL的规则,并指定回调函数为parse_item
rules = [
Rule(sle(allow=("/rwxwsblog/default.html\?page=\d{1,}")), #此处要注意?号的转换,复制过来需要对?号进行转义。
follow=True,
callback='parse_item')
]
#print "**********CnblogsSpider**********"
#定义回调函数
#提取数据到Items里面,主要用到XPath和CSS选择器提取网页数据
def parse_item(self, response):
#print "-----------------"
items = []
sel = Selector(response)
base_url = get_base_url(response)
postTitle = sel.css('div.day div.postTitle')
#print "=============length======="
postCon = sel.css('div.postCon div.c_b_p_desc')
#标题、url和描述的结构是一个松散的结构,后期可以改进
for index in range(len(postTitle)):
item = CnblogsItem()
item['title'] = postTitle[index].css("a").xpath('text()').extract()[]
#print item['title'] + "***************\r\n"
item['link'] = postTitle[index].css('a').xpath('@href').extract()[]
item['listUrl'] = base_url
item['desc'] = postCon[index].xpath('text()').extract()[]
#print base_url + "********\n"
items.append(item)
#print repr(item).decode("unicode-escape") + '\n'
return items
注意:
首行要设置为:#coding=utf-8 或 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 哦!否则会报错。
SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xe5' in file /mnt/hgfs/share/cnblogs/cnblogs/spiders/cnblogs_spider.py on line , but no encoding declared; see http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/ for details
spider的名称为:CnblogsSpider,后面会用到。
5、修改pipelines.py文件
[root@bogon cnblogs]# vi cnblogs/pipelines.py # -*- coding: utf- -*- # Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html from scrapy import signals
import json
import codecs
class JsonWithEncodingCnblogsPipeline(object):
def __init__(self):
self.file = codecs.open('cnblogs.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
def process_item(self, item, spider):
line = json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False) + "\n"
self.file.write(line)
return item
def spider_closed(self, spider):
self.file.close()
注意类名为JsonWithEncodingCnblogsPipeline哦!settings.py中会用到
6、修改settings.py,添加以下两个配置项
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'cnblogs.pipelines.JsonWithEncodingCnblogsPipeline': ,
}
LOG_LEVEL = 'INFO'
7、运行spider,scrapy crawl 爬虫名称(cnblogs_spider.py中定义的name)
[root@bogon cnblogs]# scrapy crawl CnblogsSpider
8、查看结果more cnblogs.json(pipelines.py中定义的名称)
more cnblogs.json
9、如果有需要可以将结果转成txt文本格式,可参考另外一篇文章python将json格式的数据转换成文本格式的数据或sql文件
源码可在此下载:https://github.com/jackgitgz/CnblogsSpider
10、相信大家还会有疑问,我们能不能将数据直接保存在数据库呢?答案是可以的,接下来的文章会逐一介绍,敬请期待。
参考资料:
http://doc.scrapy.org/en/master/
http://blog.csdn.net/HanTangSongMing/article/details/24454453