今日内容:
1、内存管理机制
垃圾回收机制GC
引用计数
分代回收
标记/清除
小整数池
2、与用户交互
接收用户输入
格式化输出
3、运算符
4、流程控制之if判断
**一 垃圾回收机制GC**
# 1.1 引用计数
# 引用计数增加
x = 18 # 值18的引用计数为1
y = x # 值18的引用计数为2
l = [111, x] # 值18的引用计数为3
# print(id(x))
# print(id(y))
# print(id(l[1]))
# 引用计数减少
# del x # 值18的引用计数为2
# y = 100 # 值18的引用计数为1
# del l[1] # 值18的应用计数为0
# 1.2 分代回收:为了解决引用计数的效率问题
# 问题:个别垃圾有可能得不到及时的清理
# 1.3 标记/清除:为了解决循环引用带来的内存泄漏问题
# 核心:一个变量值没有任意一条可以从栈区出发到自己的引用,就会被标记下来,方便后续清除
# lll = [66,77,[88,99]]
# l1 = [111]
# l2 = [222]
# l1.append(l2)
# l2.append(l1)
# print(l1) # l1 = [111的内存地址,l2的内存地址]
# print(l2) # l2 = [222的内存地址,l1的内存地址]
# print(l1[1][1])
# del l1
# print(l2[1][0])
# del l2
**二 小整数池**
x = "abc"
y = "abc"
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
**1、接收用户输入**
python3中的input会把用户输入的所有内容都存成str类型
age = input("请输入您的年龄: ") # "内容"
print(age,type(age))
age=int(age)
print(age > 10) # "18" > 10
补充:int可以把纯数字组成的字符串转换整型
int("31") # ok
res = int(" 31 ") # ok
res = int("3 1") # no
print(res,type(res))
python2(***)
raw_input()与python3的input一模一样
input()要求用户必须输入一个明确的数据类型,输入什么类型就存成什么类型
**2、输出**
print("hello1",end='*')
print("hello2",end='*')
print("hello3",end='*')
msg = "my name is %s my age is %s" % ("egon", "18")
msg = "my name is %s my age is %d" % ("egon", 18)
msg = "my name is %s my age is %s" % ("egon", 18)
msg = "my name is %s my age is %s" % ("egon", [1,2,3])
print(msg)
**2.1 算术运算符**
x = 10
y = 20
print(x + y)
print(10 + 20)
print(10 // 3)
print(10 / 3)
print(10 % 3)
print(10 ** 2)
print(10 + 3.1)
了解:+与*
print("abc"+"def")
print([1,2,3]+[3,4,5])
print("abc"*3)
print([1,2,3]*3)
补充:python是一门解释型、强类型、动态语言
补充:go是一门编译型、强类型、静态语言
"18" + 10
x = 10
**2.2 比较运算符**
判断是否相等,没有类型限制
print("abc" == 10) # 判断的是值及其类型是否相等
print("abc" != 10) # 判断的是值及其类型是否相等
> >= < <=:主要用于数字类型
print(10 > 3.1)
了解:> >= < <=也可以给其他类型用,但仅限于同类型之间
x = "abcdefg"
y = "abz"
print(x > y)
x = [111, 'abcdefg', 666]
y = [111,'z']
print(x > y)
**2.3 赋值运算符**
2.3.1 增量赋值
age = 18
age += 1 # age = age + 1
age -= 1 # age = age - 1
print(age)
**2.3.2 链式赋值**
x = y = z = 100
2.3.3 交叉赋值
x = 100
y = 200
temp = x
x = y
y = temp
del temp
x,y=y,x
print(x) # 200
print(y) # 100
2.3.4 解压赋值
salaries = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55]
mon1 = salaries[0]
mon2 = salaries[1]
mon3 = salaries[2]
mon4 = salaries[3]
mon5 = salaries[4]
mon1, mon2, mon3, mon4, mon5 = salaries
mon1, mon2, mon3, mon4, mon5 ,mon6= salaries # 错误
mon1, mon2, mon3, mon4 = salaries # 错误
print(mon1, mon2, mon3, mon4, mon5)
mon1,mon2,*_ ,last = salaries
print(mon1)
print(mon2)
print(_)
_,*x,_ = salaries
print(x)
了解:
x, y, z = {'k1': 111, 'k2': 222, 'k3': 3333}
x, y, z = "abc"
print(x,y,z)
**2.4 逻辑运算符**
逻辑运算符是用来运算条件的,那什么是条件???
只要结果为布尔值的都可以当做条件
**总结:逻辑运算符,算的是显式的布尔值或者隐式的布尔值**
2.4.1 not
print(not 10 > 3)
print(not False)
print(not 123)
2.4.2 and: 链接多个条件,多个条件必须同时成立,最终结果才为True
print(10 > 3 and True and 'xx' == 'xx')
print(10 > 3 and False and 'xx' == 'xx')
print(10 > 3 and None and 'xx' == 'xx')
print(10 > 3 and True and 'xx' == 'xx' and 111)
2.4.3 or: 链接多个条件,多个条件但凡有一个成立,最终结果就为True
print(10 > 3 or False or 'xx' == 'xx')
print(0 or None or "" or 1 or True or 10 > 3)
强调:优先级not>and>or
print(3 > 4 and 4 > 3 or 1 == 3 and not 'x' == 'x' or 3 > 3)
(3 > 4 and 4 > 3) or (1 == 3 and not 'x' == 'x') or 3 > 3
**2.5 成员运算符**
print("abc" in "xxxabcxxxxx")
print(111 in [222,333,1111])
print('k1' in {'k1':111,'k2':222}) # 字典的成员运算判断的是key
print('k3' not in {'k1': 111, 'k2': 222}) # 推荐
print(not 'k3' in {'k1': 111, 'k2': 222}) # 不推荐
**2.6 身份运算符**:is判断的是id是否一样
x = 100
y = x
print(x is y)
print(x == y)
**总结:==成立is不一定成立,但是is成立==一定成立**
l1 = [111]
res=l1.append(222)
print(res == None) # 可以,但是不够好
print(res is None) # 推荐