if 语句通过关系运算符判断表达式的真假来决定执行哪个分支。Shell 有三种 if ... else 语句:
- if ... fi 语句;
- if ... else ... fi 语句;
- if ... elif ... else ... fi 语句。
1) if ... else 语句
if ... else 语句的语法:
if [ expression ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true fi
如果 expression 返回 true,then 后边的语句将会被执行;如果返回 false,不会执行任何语句。最后必须以 fi 来结尾闭合 if,fi 就是 if 倒过来拼写,后面也会遇见。
注意:expression和方括号([ ])之间必须有空格,否则会有语法错误。
举个例子:
#!/bin/bash a=10 b=20 if [ $a == $b ] then echo "a is equal to b" fi if [ $a != $b ] then echo "a is not equal to b" fi
运行结果:
a is not equal to b
2) if ... else ... fi 语句
if ... else ... fi 语句的语法:
if [ expression ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true else Statement(s) to be executed if expression is not true fi
如果 expression 返回 true,那么 then 后边的语句将会被执行;否则,执行 else 后边的语句。
举个例子:
#!/bin/bash a=10 b=20 if [ $a == $b ] then echo "a is equal to b" else echo "a is not equal to b" fi
执行结果:
a is not equal to b
3) if ... elif ... fi 语句
if ... elif ... fi 语句可以对多个条件进行判断,语法为:
if [ expression 1 ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true elif [ expression 2 ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true elif [ expression 3 ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true else Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true fi
哪一个 expression 的值为 true,就执行哪个 expression 后面的语句;如果都为 false,那么不执行任何语句。
举个例子:
#!/bin/bash a=10 b=20 if [ $a == $b ] then echo "a is equal to b" elif [ $a -gt $b ] then echo "a is greater than b" elif [ $a -lt $b ] then echo "a is less than b" else echo "None of the condition met" fi
运行结果:
a is less than b
if ... else 语句也可以写成一行,以命令的方式来运行,像这样:
if test $[2*3] -eq $[1+5]; then echo 'The two numbers are equal!'; fi;
if ... else 语句也经常与 test 命令结合使用,如下所示:
num1=$[2*3] num2=$[1+5] if test $[num1] -eq $[num2] then echo 'The two numbers are equal!' else echo 'The two numbers are not equal!' fi
说明:$[]只能进行整数运算,(())也只能进行整数运算,不能对小数(浮点数)或者字符串进行运算,在(())中使用变量无需加上$
前缀,(())会自动解析变量名,这使得代码更加简洁,也符合程序员的书写习惯。
输出:
The two numbers are equal!
test 命令用于检查某个条件是否成立,与方括号([ ])类似。