Kernel Knights

题目链接：

http://acm.hust.edu.cn/vjudge/contest/127407#problem/K

Description

Jousting is a medieval contest that involves people on horseback trying to strike each other with wooden
lances while riding at high speed. A total of 2n knights have entered a jousting tournament — n knights
from each of the two great rival houses. Upon arrival, each knight has challenged a single knight from
the other house to a duel.
A kernel is defined as some subset S of knights with the following two properties:
• No knight in S was challenged by another knight in S.
• Every knight not in S was challenged by some knight in S.
Given the set of the challenges issued, find one kernel. It is guaranteed that a kernel always exists.

Input

The input file contains several test cases, each of them as described below.
The first line contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 100000) — the number of knights of each house. The
knights from the first house are denoted with integers 1 through n, knights from the second house with
integers n + 1 through 2n.
The following line contains integers f1, f2, . . ., fn — the k-th integer fk is the index of the knight
challenged by knight k (n + 1 ≤ fk ≤ 2n).
The following line contains integers s1, s2 , . . ., sn — the k-th integer sk is the index of the knight
challenged by knight n + k (1 ≤ sk ≤ n).

Output

For each case, output the indices of the knights in the kernel on a single line. If there is more than one
solution, you may output any one.

Sample Input

4
5 6 7 7
1 3 2 3

Sample Output

1 2 4 8


##题意：

有两队骑士各n人，每位骑士会挑战对方队伍的某一个位骑士. (可能相同)
要求找出一个集合S，使得：(任意满足条件即可)
集合S中的骑士不会互相挑战.
每个集合外的骑士必定会被集合S内的某个骑士挑战.


##题解：

一开始看题有点懵比，题目的两层要求绕得有点糊涂.
在模拟样例的过程中发现，有些点是必须在S中的，而有些必须在S外，有些是不固定的.
首先，如果某个骑士没有被人挑战，那么他一定要位于S中. (反之他在集合外的话，就违背了条件2).
然后，如果某个骑士被确定在S中时，那么他的挑战对象一定要在S外. (反之违背条件1).
若某个骑士i被多个人挑战，那么要先对这些挑战者逐一进行上述判断，若某个挑战者被确定在S外，那么说明能使骑士i满足条件2的挑战者少了一个(等同于少了一个挑战者). 若所有挑战者都在S外，那么i一定在S内.

一开始觉得上述条件不够充分，特别是存在多个挑战者时，考虑会不会存在某个挑战者无法确定而导致i确定不了.
考虑无法确定的情况：
首先一定是成对出现，若只出现一个，那么由上述判据一定能够确定它.
比如样例中的15(互相挑战)，上述判据就无法确定. 这时候可以推断1和5只要任意一个在集合S内都满足情况.

直接用dfs或bfs搜状态即可，从入度为0的点开始，若某点的父结点被确定在S外，则将该点的入度减少1.


##代码：
``` cpp
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define LL long long
#define eps 1e-8
#define maxn 201000
#define mod 100000007
#define inf 0x3f3f3f3f
#define mid(a,b) ((a+b)>>1)
#define IN freopen("in.txt","r",stdin);
using namespace std;

int reach[maxn];

int mp[maxn];

bool vis[maxn];

int ans[maxn];

void dfs(int cur) {

vis[cur] = 1;

if(vis[mp[cur]]) return;

if(ans[cur] == 1) { // in;

ans[mp[cur]] = -1;

dfs(mp[cur]);

return;

}

reach[mp[cur]]--; // out;

if(!reach[mp[cur]]) {

    ans[mp[cur]] = 1;

    dfs(mp[cur]);

}

}

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])

{

//IN;

int n;

while(scanf("%d", &n) != EOF)

{

    memset(reach, 0, sizeof(reach));

    for(int i=1; i<=2*n; i++) {

        int x; scanf("%d", &x);

        mp[i] = x;

        reach[x]++;

    }

    memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));

    memset(ans, 0, sizeof(ans));

    for(int i=1; i<=2*n; i++) {

        if(!vis[i] && !reach[i]) {

            ans[i] = 1;

            dfs(i);

        }

    }

    vector<int> p; p.clear();

    for(int i=1; i<=2*n; i++) {

        if(ans[i] == -1) continue;

        if(ans[i] == 1) p.push_back(i);

        else if(i <= n) p.push_back(i);

    }

    int sz = p.size();

    for(int i=0; i<sz; i++) {

        printf("%d%c", p[i], i==sz-1?'\n':' ');

    }

}

return 0;

}