前言
在数学中,几何向量是指具有大小和方向的几何对象。
在编程中,向量有着广泛的应用,其作用在图形编程和游戏物理引擎方面尤为突出。
第一节 构造函数
通过创建一个二维向量的类(或结构体),实现向量的表示及其运算。
1. 首先,将类命名为“Vector2D”
2. 添加两个属性 X 和 Y ,分别表示二维向量的两个分量
3. 实现构造函数,实例化时即初始化 X,Y 的值
Public Class Vector2D
Public Property x As Double 'x分量
Public Property y As Double 'y分量
''' <summary>
''' 二维向量类,能够实现平面向量的表示与运算
''' </summary>
''' <param name="x">向量的X初始值,默认为0</param>
''' <param name="y">向量的Y初始值,默认为0</param>
Public Sub New(Optional x As Double = , Optional y As Double = )
Me.x = x
Me.y = y
End Sub
End Class
第二节 四则运算
1.添加 Public 方法“Add()”,实现向量与向量加法
''' <summary>
''' 加上一个向量
''' </summary>
''' <param name="vector">要加的向量</param>
''' <remarks></remarks>
Public Sub Add(ByVal vector As Vector2D)
x += vector.x
y += vector.y
End Sub
2.添加 Public 方法“Minus()”,实现向量与向量减法
''' <summary>
''' 减去一个向量
''' </summary>
''' <param name="vector">要减的向量</param>
''' <remarks></remarks>
Public Sub Minus(ByVal vector As Vector2D)
x -= vector.x
y -= vector.y
End Sub
3.添加 Public 方法“Multiply()”,实现向量与标量乘法
''' <summary>
''' 乘以一个标量
''' </summary>
''' <param name="number">要乘的标量</param>
''' <remarks></remarks>
Public Sub Multiply(ByVal number As Double)
x *= number
y *= number
End Sub
4.添加 Public 方法“Divide()”,实现向量与标量除法
''' <summary>
''' 除以一个标量
''' </summary>
''' <param name="number">要除的标量</param>
''' <remarks></remarks>
Public Sub Divide(ByVal number As Double)
x /= number
y /= number
End Sub
第三节 重载运算符
利用运算符重载(而不是调用方法)可以更简便的实现向量运算。
1. 直接在 Vector2D 类里重载运算符。
'重载向量与向量加法运算符
Public Overloads Shared Operator +(ByVal LeftVector As Vector2D, ByVal RightVector As Vector2D) As Vector2D
Return New Vector2D(LeftVector.x + RightVector.x, LeftVector.y + RightVector.y)
End Operator
'重载向量与向量减法运算符
Public Overloads Shared Operator -(ByVal LeftVector As Vector2D, ByVal RightVector As Vector2D) As Vector2D
Return New Vector2D(LeftVector.x - RightVector.x, LeftVector.y - RightVector.y)
End Operator
'重载向量与标量乘法运算符
Public Overloads Shared Operator *(ByVal LeftVector As Vector2D, ByVal RightNum As Double) As Vector2D
Return New Vector2D(LeftVector.x * RightNum, LeftVector.y * RightNum)
End Operator
'重载标量与向量乘法运算符(交换律)
Public Overloads Shared Operator *(ByVal LeftNum As Double, ByVal RightVector As Vector2D) As Vector2D
Return New Vector2D(RightVector.x * LeftNum, RightVector.y * LeftNum)
End Operator
'重载向量与标量除法运算符
Public Overloads Shared Operator /(ByVal LeftVector As Vector2D, ByVal RightNum As Double) As Vector2D
Return New Vector2D(LeftVector.x / RightNum, LeftVector.y / RightNum)
End Operator
第四节 模的计算
1.添加 Public 函数“Magnitude()”,实现计算模长
''' <summary>
''' 返回向量的模长
''' </summary>
''' <returns></returns>
Public Function Magnitude() As Double
Return Math.Sqrt(x * x + y * y)
End Function
2.添加 Public 方法“SetMag()”,实现设定模长
''' <summary>
''' 指定向量的模长
''' </summary>
''' <param name="sPutNum">指定的长度</param>
Public Sub SetMag(ByVal sPutNum As Double)
Dim tempMag As Double = Me.Magnitude
x = x * (sPutNum / tempMag)
y = y * (sPutNum / tempMag)
End Sub
3.添加 Public 方法“LimitMag()”,实现限制模长
''' <summary>
''' 限制向量模长,小于或等于某一值
''' </summary>
''' <param name="lUponNum">指定的最大值</param>
Public Sub LimitMag(ByVal lUponNum As Double)
Dim tempMag As Double = Me.Magnitude
If tempMag > lUponNum Then
x = x * (lUponNum / tempMag)
y = y * (lUponNum / tempMag)
End If
End Sub
第五节 夹角与旋转
1.添加 Public Shared 函数“GetHeading()”,实现计算向量的方向角
''' <summary>
''' '求向量的方向角
''' </summary>
''' <param name="gVector">指定的向量</param>
''' <returns></returns>
Public Shared Function GetHeading(ByVal gVector As Vector2D) As Double
Dim Angle As Double
Angle = Math.Asin(gVector.x / Math.Sqrt(gVector.x * gVector.x + gVector.y * gVector.y)) * ( / Math.PI)
Return Angle
End Function
2.添加 Public Shared 函数“GetAngleBetween()”,实现计算两个向量的夹角
''' <summary>
''' '求两向量的夹角
''' </summary>
''' <param name="gLeftVector">第一个向量</param>
''' <param name="gRightVector">第二个向量</param>
''' <returns></returns>
Public Shared Function GetAngleBetween(ByVal gLeftVector As Vector2D, ByVal gRightVector As Vector2D) As Double
Dim Angle As Double
Angle = Math.Asin((gLeftVector.x * gRightVector.x + gLeftVector.y * gRightVector.y) /
(Math.Sqrt(gLeftVector.x * gLeftVector.x + gLeftVector.y * gLeftVector.y) *
Math.Sqrt(gRightVector.x * gRightVector.x + gRightVector.y * gRightVector.y))) *
( / Math.PI)
Return Angle
End Function
3.添加Public方法“Rotate()”,实现向量旋转
''' <summary>
''' 向量旋转
''' </summary>
''' <param name="gAngle">指定旋转的角度,弧度制</param>
Public Sub Rotate(ByVal gAngle As Double)
Dim x1, y1 As Double
x1 = x * Math.Cos(gAngle) - y * Math.Sin(gAngle)
y1 = y * Math.Cos(gAngle) + x * Math.Sin(gAngle)
x = x1
y = y1
End Sub
附录
System.Numerics 命名空间提供了一套启用了 SIMD 的矢量类型。
Vector2 结构:System.Numerics.Vector2