ByteToMessageDecoder是一种ChannelInboundHandler，可以称为解码器，负责将byte字节流(ByteBuf)转换成一种Message，Message是应用可以自己定义的一种Java对象。
例如应用中使用protobuf协议，则可以将byte转换为Protobuf对象。然后交给后面的Handler来处理。
使用示例, 下面这段代码先将收到的数据按照换行符分割成一段一段的，然后将byte转换成String, 再将String转换成int, 然后把int加一后写回。
代码:
ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
bootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG))
.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024))
.addLast(new ByteToStringDecoder())
.addLast(new StringToIntegerDecoder())
.addLast(new IntegerToByteEncoder())
.addLast(new IntegerIncHandler());
}
});
ChannelFuture bind = bootstrap.bind(8092);
bind.sync();
bind.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully().sync();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully().sync();
}
这里的ChannelPipeline的组织结构是
- ByteToStringDecoder ==> 将byte转换成String的Decoder
- StringToIntegerDecoder ==>String转换成Integer对象的Decoder
- IntegerToByteEncoder ==>Integer转换成byte的Encoder
- IntegerIncHandler ==> 将接受到的int加一后返回
下面来逐一分析
ByteToStringMessageDecoder继承于ByteToMessageDecoder，并实现了ByteToMessageDecoder的decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, java.util.List out)方法。</java.lang.object>decode方法实现中要求将ByteBuf中的数据进行解码然后将解码后的对象增加到list中:
public class ByteToStringDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {
protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext channelHandlerContext, ByteBuf byteBuf, List<Object> list) throws Exception {
byte[] data = new byte[byteBuf.readableBytes()];
byteBuf.readBytes(data);
list.add(new String(data, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}
}
ByteToStringMessageDecoder继承于ByteToMessageDecoder，并实现了ByteToMessageDecoder的decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, java.util.List out)方法。
decode方法实现中要求将ByteBuf中的数据进行解码然后将解码后的对象增加到list中
ByteToMessageDecoder
ByteToMessageDecoder继承了ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter所以是一个处理Inbound事件的Handler。
其内部保存一个Cumulator用于保存待解码的ByteBuf，然后不断调用子类需要实现的抽象方法decode去取出byte数据转换处理。
/**
* Cumulate {@link ByteBuf}s.
*/
public interface Cumulator {
/**
* Cumulate the given {@link ByteBuf}s and return the {@link ByteBuf} that holds the cumulated bytes.
* The implementation is responsible to correctly handle the life-cycle of the given {@link ByteBuf}s and so
* call {@link ByteBuf#release()} if a {@link ByteBuf} is fully consumed.
*/
ByteBuf cumulate(ByteBufAllocator alloc, ByteBuf cumulation, ByteBuf in);
}
Cumulator有两种实现，MERGE_CUMULATOR和COMPOSITE_CMUMULATOR。MERGE_CUMULATOR通过memory copy的方法将in中的数据复制写入到cumulation中。COMPOSITE_CUMULATOR采取的是类似链表的方式，没有进行memory copy, 通过一种CompositeByteBuf来实现，在某些场景下会更适合。默认采用的是MERGE_CUMULATOR。
public static final Cumulator MERGE_CUMULATOR = new Cumulator() {
@Override
public ByteBuf cumulate(ByteBufAllocator alloc, ByteBuf cumulation, ByteBuf in) {
final ByteBuf buffer;
if (cumulation.writerIndex() > cumulation.maxCapacity() - in.readableBytes()
|| cumulation.refCnt() > 1 || cumulation.isReadOnly()) {
// Expand cumulation (by replace it) when either there is not more room in the buffer
// or if the refCnt is greater then 1 which may happen when the user use slice().retain() or
// duplicate().retain() or if its read-only.
// 如果cumulation是只读的、或者要超过capacity了，或者还有其他地方在引用, 则都通过创建一个新的byteBuf的方式来扩容ByteBuf
buffer = expandCumulation(alloc, cumulation, in.readableBytes());
} else {
buffer = cumulation;
}
buffer.writeBytes(in);
in.release();
return buffer;
}
};
ByteToMessageDecoder中最主要的部分在channelRead处理上
- 收到一个msg后先判断是否是ByteBuf类型，是的情况创建一个CodecOutputList(也是一种list)保存转码后的对象列表
- 如果cumulation为null则把msg设置为cumulation，否则合并到cumulation里
- 调用callDecode方法，尝试解码
- finally中如果cumulation已经读完了，就release并置为null等待gc
- 调用fireChannelRead将解码后的out传递给后面的Handler
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
CodecOutputList out = CodecOutputList.newInstance();
try {
ByteBuf data = (ByteBuf) msg;
first = cumulation == null;
if (first) {
cumulation = data;
} else {
cumulation = cumulator.cumulate(ctx.alloc(), cumulation, data);
}
callDecode(ctx, cumulation, out);
} catch (DecoderException e) {
throw e;
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new DecoderException(e);
} finally {
if (cumulation != null && !cumulation.isReadable()) {
numReads = 0;
cumulation.release();
cumulation = null;
} else if (++ numReads >= discardAfterReads) {
// We did enough reads already try to discard some bytes so we not risk to see a OOME.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/4275
numReads = 0;
discardSomeReadBytes();
}
int size = out.size();
decodeWasNull = !out.insertSinceRecycled();
fireChannelRead(ctx, out, size);
out.recycle();
}
} else {
ctx.fireChannelRead(msg);
}
}
callDecode中不断执行抽象decode(ctx, in, out)方法直到in可读数据没有减少或当前handler被remove。
protected void callDecode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) {
try {
while (in.isReadable()) {
int outSize = out.size();
if (outSize > 0) {
fireChannelRead(ctx, out, outSize);
out.clear();
// 检查当前handler是否被remove了
if (ctx.isRemoved()) {
break;
}
outSize = 0;
}
int oldInputLength = in.readableBytes();
decodeRemovalReentryProtection(ctx, in, out);
// 检查当前handler是否被remove了
if (ctx.isRemoved()) {
break;
}
if (outSize == out.size()) {
if (oldInputLength == in.readableBytes()) {
break;
} else {
continue;
}
}
if (oldInputLength == in.readableBytes()) { // 这种情况是解码出了对象但是并没有移动in的readIndex
throw new DecoderException(
StringUtil.simpleClassName(getClass()) +
".decode() did not read anything but decoded a message.");
}
if (isSingleDecode()) {
break;
}
}
} ...
}
fireChannelRead(ctx, msgs, numElements)的处理方式是对每个解码后的消息进行fireChannelRead,交给下一个Handler处理
static void fireChannelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, List<Object> msgs, int numElements) {
if (msgs instanceof CodecOutputList) {
fireChannelRead(ctx, (CodecOutputList) msgs, numElements);
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < numElements; i++) {
ctx.fireChannelRead(msgs.get(i));
}
}
}
static void fireChannelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, CodecOutputList msgs, int numElements) {
for (int i = 0; i < numElements; i ++) {
ctx.fireChannelRead(msgs.getUnsafe(i));
}
}
以上就是ByteToMessageDecoder的主要处理部分。关于Netty，面试中会喜欢问道“粘包/拆包”问题，指的是一个消息在网络中是二进制byte流的形式传过去的，接收方如何判断一个消息是否读完、哪里是分割点等，这些可以通过Netty中提供的一些Decoder来实现，例如DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder，FixedLengthFrameDecoder, LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder。其中最常见的应该是LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder了，因为自定义的协议中通常会有一个协议头，里面有一个字段描述一个消息的大小长度，然后接收方就能知道消息读到什么时候是读完一个Frame了。这些解码器会在后续的文章中介绍。