探秘Tomcat——一个简易的Servlet容器

即便再简陋的服务器也是服务器,今天就来循着书本的第二章来看看如何实现一个servlet容器。

背景知识

  既然说到servlet容器这个名词,我们首先要了解它到底是什么。

servlet

  相比你或多或少有所了解。servlet是用java编写的服务器端程序,主要功能在于交互式地浏览和修改数据,生成动态Web内容。狭义的Servlet是指Java语言实现的一个接口,广义的Servlet是指任何实现了这个Servlet接口的类,一般情况下,人们将Servlet理解为后者。

容器

  容器的概念很大,在这里可以理解为能够管理对象(servlet)的生命周期,对象与对象之间的依赖关系。

  基于对以上两个概念的解释,那么对于serelvet容器的概念也就不再那么陌生了。

servlet容器

  就是创建、管理servlet规范中相关对象、生命周期的应用程序。

Servlet接口

  servlet是一种编程规范,要实现servlet编程需要用到javax.servlet和javax.servlet.http。所有的servlet程序都需要实现或继承自实现了javax.servlet.servlet接口。

Servlet接口的方法

  • init():servlet容器的初始化方法,该方法只会被调用一次;
  • service():不同于init只会触发一次,service在客户端请求后就会被调用。同时需要传入参数servletRequest和servletResponse。从字面意思就能知道,servletRequest携带了客户端发送的HTTP请求的信息,而servletResponse则用于封装servlet的响应信息。
  • destroy():当servlet实例调用完毕要被移除时,destroy方法将被调用。
  • getServletConfig():该方法用于取得<servlet> <init-param>配置的参数
  • getServletInfo():该方法提供有关servlet的信息,如作者、版本、版权。

servlet容器的职责

  • 第一次调用servlet时,需要载入serlvet类并调用init方法;
  • 针对客户端的request请求,创建一个servletRequest对象和一个servletResponse对象;
  • 传参servletRequest和servletResponse,调用service方法;
  • 当关闭servlet类时,调用destroy方法。

简陋的servlet容器

  之所以说是简陋的servlet容器,因为这里并没有实现servlet所有的方法,该容器只能支持很简单的servlet,也没有init方法和destroy方法。主要实现功能如下:

  • 等待HTTP请求;
  • 创建serlvetRequest和servletResponse对象;
  • 能够分别处理静态资源和servlet,当客户端请求静态资源时,则调用StaticResourceProcessor对象的process方法;当请求为serlvet则载入请求的servlet类并调用service方法。

主要包括6个类

  • HttpServer1:程序的入口,负责创建Request和Response对象,并根据HTTP请求类型将其转给相应的处理器处理;
  • Request:用于封装客户端HTTP请求信息;
  • Response:用于封装服务器响应信息;
  • StaticResourceProcessor:静态资源处理器;
  • ServletProcessor1:servlet处理器;
  • Constants:用于定义一些常量,如WEB_ROOT

HttpServer1

package day0522;

import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException; public class HttpServer1 { /** WEB_ROOT is the directory where our HTML and other files reside.
* For this package, WEB_ROOT is the "webroot" directory under the working
* directory.
* The working directory is the location in the file system
* from where the java command was invoked.
*/
// shutdown command
private static final String SHUTDOWN_COMMAND = "/SHUTDOWN"; // the shutdown command received
private boolean shutdown = false; public static void main(String[] args) {
HttpServer1 server = new HttpServer1();
server.await();
} public void await() {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
int port = 8080;
try {
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port, 1, InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"));
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
} // Loop waiting for a request
while (!shutdown) {
Socket socket = null;
InputStream input = null;
OutputStream output = null;
try {
socket = serverSocket.accept();
input = socket.getInputStream();
output = socket.getOutputStream(); // create Request object and parse
Request request = new Request(input);
request.parse(); // create Response object
Response response = new Response(output);
response.setRequest(request); // check if this is a request for a servlet or a static resource
// a request for a servlet begins with "/servlet/"
if (request.getUri().startsWith("/servlet/")) {
ServletProcessor1 processor = new ServletProcessor1();
processor.process(request, response);
}
else {
StaticResourceProcessor processor = new StaticResourceProcessor();
processor.process(request, response);
} // Close the socket
socket.close();
//check if the previous URI is a shutdown command
shutdown = request.getUri().equals(SHUTDOWN_COMMAND);
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}
}
}
}

  

从代码可以看出,该类主要内容与上篇的HttpServer类似,不同点有:

  • await会一直等待HTTP请求,如果等到请求,该方法会根据请求类型分发给对应的处理器来处理;
  • 支持静态资源的请求,可以通过类似http://localhost:8080/index.html这样的请求来访问
  • index.html页面;
  • 支持servlet的请求和解析,可以通过类似http://localhost:8080/PrimitiveServlet来访问PrimitiveServlet

Request与上篇介绍的Request无异,不再介绍,但是需要说明一点,这里的Request实现了ServletRequest接口。

package day0522;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest; public class Request implements ServletRequest { private InputStream input;
private String uri; public Request(InputStream input) {
this.input = input;
} public String getUri() {
return uri;
} private String parseUri(String requestString) {
int index1, index2;
index1 = requestString.indexOf(' ');
if (index1 != -1) {
index2 = requestString.indexOf(' ', index1 + 1);
if (index2 > index1)
return requestString.substring(index1 + 1, index2);
}
return null;
} public void parse() {
// Read a set of characters from the socket
StringBuffer request = new StringBuffer(2048);
int i;
byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
try {
i = input.read(buffer);
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
i = -1;
}
for (int j=0; j<i; j++) {
request.append((char) buffer[j]);
}
System.out.print(request.toString());
uri = parseUri(request.toString());
} /* implementation of the ServletRequest*/
public Object getAttribute(String attribute) {
return null;
} public Enumeration getAttributeNames() {
return null;
} public String getRealPath(String path) {
return null;
} public RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path) {
return null;
} public boolean isSecure() {
return false;
} public String getCharacterEncoding() {
return null;
} public int getContentLength() {
return 0;
} public String getContentType() {
return null;
} public ServletInputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
return null;
} public Locale getLocale() {
return null;
} public Enumeration getLocales() {
return null;
} public String getParameter(String name) {
return null;
} public Map getParameterMap() {
return null;
} public Enumeration getParameterNames() {
return null;
} public String[] getParameterValues(String parameter) {
return null;
} public String getProtocol() {
return null;
} public BufferedReader getReader() throws IOException {
return null;
} public String getRemoteAddr() {
return null;
} public String getRemoteHost() {
return null;
} public String getScheme() {
return null;
} public String getServerName() {
return null;
} public int getServerPort() {
return 0;
} public void removeAttribute(String attribute) {
} public void setAttribute(String key, Object value) {
} public void setCharacterEncoding(String encoding)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
} @Override
public int getRemotePort() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return 0;
} @Override
public String getLocalName() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return null;
} @Override
public String getLocalAddr() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return null;
} @Override
public int getLocalPort() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return 0;
} }

  

Response

  同理,这里的Response也不在赘述。

package day0522;

import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Locale;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream; public class Response implements ServletResponse { private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024;
Request request;
OutputStream output;
PrintWriter writer; public Response(OutputStream output) {
this.output = output;
} public void setRequest(Request request) {
this.request = request;
} /* This method is used to serve a static page */
public void sendStaticResource() throws IOException {
byte[] bytes = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
FileInputStream fis = null;
try {
/* request.getUri has been replaced by request.getRequestURI */
File file = new File(Constants.WEB_ROOT, request.getUri());
fis = new FileInputStream(file);
/*
HTTP Response = Status-Line
*(( general-header | response-header | entity-header ) CRLF)
CRLF
[ message-body ]
Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF
*/
int ch = fis.read(bytes, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
while (ch!=-1) {
output.write(bytes, 0, ch);
ch = fis.read(bytes, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
}
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
String errorMessage = "HTTP/1.1 404 File Not Found\r\n" +
"Content-Type: text/html\r\n" +
"Content-Length: 23\r\n" +
"\r\n" +
"<h1>File Not Found</h1>";
output.write(errorMessage.getBytes());
}
finally {
if (fis!=null)
fis.close();
}
} /** implementation of ServletResponse */
public void flushBuffer() throws IOException {
} public int getBufferSize() {
return 0;
} public String getCharacterEncoding() {
return null;
} public Locale getLocale() {
return null;
} public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException {
return null;
} public PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException {
// autoflush is true, println() will flush,
// but print() will not.
writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);
return writer;
} public boolean isCommitted() {
return false;
} public void reset() {
} public void resetBuffer() {
} public void setBufferSize(int size) {
} public void setContentLength(int length) {
} public void setContentType(String type) {
} public void setLocale(Locale locale) {
} @Override
public String getContentType() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return null;
} @Override
public void setCharacterEncoding(String charset) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub }
}

  

  这里的getWriter方法中新建了PrintWriter,其中第二个参数是一个boolean类型,表示是否启动autoFlush。

StaticResourceProcessor

package day0522;

import java.io.IOException;

public class StaticResourceProcessor {

  public void process(Request request, Response response) {
try {
response.sendStaticResource();
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

  

看代码可以看出:

  该类相较上篇是新建的类,主要实现的方法有sendStaticResource,实际上这个方法在上篇中也有,只是直接放在Response中出现,并在HttpServer中声明调用,而这里是将两种请求类型分别封装成类。

ServletProcessor

package day0522;

import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;
import java.net.URLStreamHandler;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse; public class ServletProcessor1 { public void process(Request request, Response response) { String uri = request.getUri();
String servletName = uri.substring(uri.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
URLClassLoader loader = null; try {
// create a URLClassLoader
URL[] urls = new URL[1];
URLStreamHandler streamHandler = null;
File classPath = new File(Constants.WEB_ROOT);
// the forming of repository is taken from the createClassLoader method in
// org.apache.catalina.startup.ClassLoaderFactory
String repository = (new URL("file", null, classPath.getCanonicalPath() + File.separator)).toString() ;
// the code for forming the URL is taken from the addRepository method in
// org.apache.catalina.loader.StandardClassLoader class.
urls[0] = new URL(null, repository, streamHandler);
loader = new URLClassLoader(urls);
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println(e.toString() );
}
Class myClass = null;
try {
myClass = loader.loadClass(servletName);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
} Servlet servlet = null; try {
servlet = (Servlet) myClass.newInstance();
servlet.service((ServletRequest) request, (ServletResponse) response);
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
}
catch (Throwable e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
} }
}

  

从代码看出:

  • 该类只有一个方法process,接收Request和Response两个参数;
  • 通过uri.substring来获取请求的servlet名;
  • 通过新建一个类加载器来装载请求的servlet类,用的类加载器为java.net.URLClassLoader;
  • 有了类加载器后,通过loadClass方法载入serlvet类;
  • 创建一个载入类的实例,并调用其service方法。

至此,我们明白了:

  • servlet容器会等待http请求;
  • request负责封装http请求信息;
  • response负责封装相应信息;
  • staticResourceProcessor负责静态资源请求处理;
  • servletProcessor负责servlet的请求处理;
  • 一个简易的servlet容器的运作原理。

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探秘Tomcat——一个简易的Servlet容器

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