详细聊聊k8s deployment的滚动更新(二)

一、知识准备

● 本文详细探索deployment在滚动更新时候的行为

● 相关的参数介绍:

  livenessProbe:存活性探测。判断pod是否已经停止

  readinessProbe:就绪性探测。判断pod是否能够提供正常服务

  maxSurge:在滚动更新过程中最多可以存在的pod数

  maxUnavailable:在滚动更新过程中最多不可用的pod数

二、环境准备

组件 版本
OS Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS
docker 18.06.0-ce

三、准备镜像、yaml文件

首先准备2个不同版本的镜像,用于测试(已经在阿里云上创建好2个不同版本的nginx镜像)

docker pull registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/mrvolleyball/nginx:v1
docker pull registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/mrvolleyball/nginx:delay_v1

2个镜像都提供相同的服务,只不过nginx:delay_v1会延迟启动20才启动nginx

root@k8s-master:~# docker run -d --rm -p 10080:80 nginx:v1
e88097841c5feef92e4285a2448b943934ade5d86412946bc8d86e262f80a050
root@k8s-master:~# curl http://127.0.0.1:10080
----------
version: v1
hostname: f5189a5d3ad3

yaml文件:

root@k8s-master:~# more roll_update.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: update-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: roll-update
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/mrvolleyball/nginx:v1
imagePullPolicy: Always
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-service
spec:
selector:
app: roll-update
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 10080
targetPort: 80

四、livenessProbe与readinessProbe

livenessProbe:存活性探测,最主要是用来探测pod是否需要重启

readinessProbe:就绪性探测,用来探测pod是否已经能够提供服务

● 在滚动更新的过程中,pod会动态的被delete,然后又被create出来。存活性探测保证了始终有足够的pod存活提供服务,一旦出现pod数量不足,k8s会立即拉起新的pod

● 但是在pod启动的过程中,服务正在打开,并不可用,这时候如果有流量打过来,就会造成报错

下面来模拟一下这个场景:

首先apply上述的配置文件

root@k8s-master:~# kubectl apply -f roll_update.yaml
deployment.extensions "update-deployment" created
service "nginx-service" created
root@k8s-master:~# kubectl get pod -owide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-c4s2v 1/1 Running 0 28s 10.10.235.232 k8s-master
update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-nfgtd 1/1 Running 0 28s 10.10.36.82 k8s-node1
update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-tflfl 1/1 Running 0 28s 10.10.169.158 k8s-node2
root@k8s-master:~# kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx-service ClusterIP 10.254.254.199 <none> 10080/TCP 1m

重新打开终端,测试当前服务的可用性(每秒做一次循环去获取nginx的服务内容):

root@k8s-master:~# while :; do curl http://10.254.254.199:10080; sleep 1; done
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-nfgtd
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-c4s2v
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-tflfl
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-nfgtd
...

这时候把镜像版本更新到nginx:delay_v1,这个镜像会延迟启动nginx,也就是说,会先sleep 20s,然后才去启动nginx服务。这就模拟了在服务启动过程中,虽然pod已经是存在的状态,但是并没有真正提供服务

root@k8s-master:~# kubectl patch deployment update-deployment --patch '{"metadata":{"annotations":{"kubernetes.io/change-cause":"update version to v2"}} ,"spec": {"template": {"spec": {"containers": [{"name": "nginx","image":"registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/mrvolleyball/nginx:delay_v1"}]}}}}'
deployment.extensions "update-deployment" patched
...
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-7db77f7cc6-h6hvt
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.254.254.199 port 10080: Connection refused
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-d788c7dc6-6th87
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-d788c7dc6-n22vz
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-d788c7dc6-njmpz
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-d788c7dc6-6th87

可以看到,由于延迟启动,nginx并没有真正做好准备提供服务,此时流量已经发到后端,导致服务不可用的状态

所以,加入readinessProbe是非常必要的手段:

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: update-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: roll-update
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/mrvolleyball/nginx:v1
imagePullPolicy: Always
readinessProbe:
tcpSocket:
port: 80
initialDelaySeconds: 5
periodSeconds: 10
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-service
spec:
selector:
app: roll-update
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 10080
targetPort: 80

重复上述步骤,先创建nginx:v1,然后patch到nginx:delay_v1

root@k8s-master:~# kubectl apply -f roll_update.yaml
deployment.extensions "update-deployment" created
service "nginx-service" created
root@k8s-master:~# kubectl patch deployment update-deployment --patch '{"metadata":{"annotations":{"kubernetes.io/change-cause":"update version to v2"}} ,"spec": {"template": {"spec": {"containers": [{"name": "nginx","image":"registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/mrvolleyball/nginx:delay_v1"}]}}}}'
deployment.extensions "update-deployment" patched
root@k8s-master:~# kubectl get pod -owide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
busybox 1/1 Running 0 45d 10.10.235.255 k8s-master
lifecycle-demo 1/1 Running 0 32d 10.10.169.186 k8s-node2
private-reg 1/1 Running 0 92d 10.10.235.209 k8s-master
update-deployment-54d497b7dc-4mlqc 0/1 Running 0 13s 10.10.169.178 k8s-node2
update-deployment-54d497b7dc-pk4tb 0/1 Running 0 13s 10.10.36.98 k8s-node1
update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-l7dkb 1/1 Terminating 0 1m 10.10.169.177 k8s-node2
update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-pbzmf 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.10.36.97 k8s-node1
update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-zwt4z 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.10.235.246 k8s-master

● 由于设置了readinessProbe,虽然pod已经启动起来了,但是并不会立即投入使用,所以出现了 READY: 0/1 的情况

● 并且有pod出现了一直持续Terminating状态,因为滚动更新的限制,至少要保证有pod可用

再查看curl的状态,image的版本平滑更新到了nginx:delay_v1,没有出现报错的状况

root@k8s-master:~# while :; do curl http://10.254.66.136:10080; sleep 1; done
...
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-pbzmf
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-zwt4z
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-pbzmf
----------
version: v1
hostname: update-deployment-6d5d7c9947-zwt4z
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-54d497b7dc-pk4tb
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-54d497b7dc-4mlqc
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-54d497b7dc-pk4tb
----------
version: delay_v1
hostname: update-deployment-54d497b7dc-4mlqc
...

五、maxSurge与maxUnavailable

● 在滚动更新中,有几种更新方案:先删除老的pod,然后添加新的pod;先添加新的pod,然后删除老的pod。在这个过程中,服务必须是可用的(也就是livenessProbe与readiness必须检测通过)

● 在具体的实施中,由maxSurge与maxUnavailable来控制究竟是先删老的还是先加新的以及粒度

● 若指定的副本数为3:

  maxSurge=1 maxUnavailable=0:最多允许存在4个(3+1)pod,必须有3个pod(3-0)同时提供服务。先创建一个新的pod,可用之后删除老的pod,直至全部更新完毕

  maxSurge=0 maxUnavailable=1:最多允许存在3个(3+0)pod,必须有2个pod(3-1)同时提供服务。先删除一个老的pod,然后创建新的pod,直至全部更新完毕

● 归根结底,必须满足maxSurge与maxUnavailable的条件,如果maxSurge与maxUnavailable同时为0,那就没法更新了,因为又不让删除,也不让添加,这种条件是无法满足的

六、小结

● 本文介绍了deployment滚动更新过程中,maxSurge、maxUnavailable、liveness、readiness等参数的使用

● 在滚动更新过程中,还有留有一个问题。比如在一个大型的系统中,某个业务的pod数很多(100个),执行一次滚动更新时,势必会造成pod版本不一致(有些pod是老版本,有些pod是新版本),用户访问很有可能会造成多次结果不一致的现象,直至版本更新完毕。关于这个问题待之后慢慢讨论


至此,本文结束

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