MBR分区表的备份与还原
MBR分区的存储
从下图可以看出，MBR分区前446字节是boot loader；接下来64字节是分区表；再然后就是三个主分区加一个拓展分区。
一、备份分区表，要跳过前446字节
# 使用dd备份sda的分区表，跳过前446字节
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=./partition bs=1 count=64 skip=446
64+0 records in
64+0 records out
64 bytes (64 B) copied, 0.000353636 s, 181 kB/s
# 使用16进制查看备份的内容
[root@localhost ~]# hexdump -C partition
00000000 80 20 21 00 83 aa 28 82 00 08 00 00 00 00 20 00 |. !...(....... .|
00000010 00 aa 29 82 8e fe ff ff 00 08 20 00 00 f8 df 18 |..)....... .....|
00000020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00000040
# 查看硬盘的前512字节，和上面对比下，确保没搞错
[root@localhost ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 512
00000000 eb 63 90 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |.c..............|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 01 8b |.........|...t..|
00000040 4c 02 cd 13 ea 00 7c 00 00 eb fe 00 00 00 00 00 |L.....|.........|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 01 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 ff fa 90 90 f6 c2 80 74 05 f6 c2 70 |...........t...p|
00000070 74 02 b2 80 ea 79 7c 00 00 31 c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |t....y|..1......|
00000080 00 20 fb a0 64 7c 3c ff 74 02 88 c2 52 be 05 7c |. ..d|<.t...R..||
00000090 b4 41 bb aa 55 cd 13 5a 52 72 3d 81 fb 55 aa 75 |.A..U..ZRr=..U.u|
000000a0 37 83 e1 01 74 32 31 c0 89 44 04 40 88 44 ff 89 |7...t21..D.@.D..|
000000b0 44 02 c7 04 10 00 66 8b 1e 5c 7c 66 89 5c 08 66 |D.....f..\|f.\.f|
000000c0 8b 1e 60 7c 66 89 5c 0c c7 44 06 00 70 b4 42 cd |..`|f.\..D..p.B.|
000000d0 13 72 05 bb 00 70 eb 76 b4 08 cd 13 73 0d 5a 84 |.r...p.v....s.Z.|
000000e0 d2 0f 83 de 00 be 85 7d e9 82 00 66 0f b6 c6 88 |.......}...f....|
000000f0 64 ff 40 66 89 44 04 0f b6 d1 c1 e2 02 88 e8 88 |d.@f.D..........|
00000100 f4 40 89 44 08 0f b6 c2 c0 e8 02 66 89 04 66 a1 |.@.D.......f..f.|
00000110 60 7c 66 09 c0 75 4e 66 a1 5c 7c 66 31 d2 66 f7 |`|f..uNf.\|f1.f.|
00000120 34 88 d1 31 d2 66 f7 74 04 3b 44 08 7d 37 fe c1 |4..1.f.t.;D.}7..|
00000130 88 c5 30 c0 c1 e8 02 08 c1 88 d0 5a 88 c6 bb 00 |..0........Z....|
00000140 70 8e c3 31 db b8 01 02 cd 13 72 1e 8c c3 60 1e |p..1......r...`.|
00000150 b9 00 01 8e db 31 f6 bf 00 80 8e c6 fc f3 a5 1f |.....1..........|
00000160 61 ff 26 5a 7c be 80 7d eb 03 be 8f 7d e8 34 00 |a.&Z|..}....}.4.|
00000170 be 94 7d e8 2e 00 cd 18 eb fe 47 52 55 42 20 00 |..}.......GRUB .|
00000180 47 65 6f 6d 00 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 00 52 |Geom.Hard Disk.R|
00000190 65 61 64 00 20 45 72 72 6f 72 0d 0a 00 bb 01 00 |ead. Error......|
000001a0 b4 0e cd 10 ac 3c 00 75 f4 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.....<.u........|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fc 9c 0b 00 00 00 80 20 |............... |
000001c0 21 00 83 aa 28 82 00 08 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 aa |!...(....... ...|
000001d0 29 82 8e fe ff ff 00 08 20 00 00 f8 df 18 00 00 |)....... .......|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200二、发送分区表到另一个机器上（鸡蛋要放在不同的篮子里）
[root@centos7 data]# scp root@192.168.38.137:/root/partition .
root@192.168.38.137's password:
partition 100% 64 60.0KB/s 00:00
[root@centos7 data]# hexdump -C partition
00000000 80 20 21 00 83 aa 28 82 00 08 00 00 00 00 20 00 |. !...(....... .|
00000010 00 aa 29 82 8e fe ff ff 00 08 20 00 00 f8 df 18 |..)....... .....|
00000020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00000040三、使用zero设备抹掉sda的分区表，要跳过前446字节，前446字节是bootloder
bootloader都长得差不多，可以从同一批机器里恢复，如果抹掉了的话分区表不行
[root@centos7 data]# dd --help
seek=N skip N obs-sized blocks at start of output
skip=N skip N ibs-sized blocks at start of input
# 使用zero设备抹掉sda的分区表
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 seek=446
64+0 records in
64+0 records out
64 bytes (64 B) copied, 0.000603535 s, 106 kB/s
# 查看下sda的分区表
[root@localhost ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 512
00000000 eb 63 90 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |.c..............|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 01 8b |.........|...t..|
00000040 4c 02 cd 13 ea 00 7c 00 00 eb fe 00 00 00 00 00 |L.....|.........|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 01 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 ff fa 90 90 f6 c2 80 74 05 f6 c2 70 |...........t...p|
00000070 74 02 b2 80 ea 79 7c 00 00 31 c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |t....y|..1......|
00000080 00 20 fb a0 64 7c 3c ff 74 02 88 c2 52 be 05 7c |. ..d|<.t...R..||
00000090 b4 41 bb aa 55 cd 13 5a 52 72 3d 81 fb 55 aa 75 |.A..U..ZRr=..U.u|
000000a0 37 83 e1 01 74 32 31 c0 89 44 04 40 88 44 ff 89 |7...t21..D.@.D..|
000000b0 44 02 c7 04 10 00 66 8b 1e 5c 7c 66 89 5c 08 66 |D.....f..\|f.\.f|
000000c0 8b 1e 60 7c 66 89 5c 0c c7 44 06 00 70 b4 42 cd |..`|f.\..D..p.B.|
000000d0 13 72 05 bb 00 70 eb 76 b4 08 cd 13 73 0d 5a 84 |.r...p.v....s.Z.|
000000e0 d2 0f 83 de 00 be 85 7d e9 82 00 66 0f b6 c6 88 |.......}...f....|
000000f0 64 ff 40 66 89 44 04 0f b6 d1 c1 e2 02 88 e8 88 |d.@f.D..........|
00000100 f4 40 89 44 08 0f b6 c2 c0 e8 02 66 89 04 66 a1 |.@.D.......f..f.|
00000110 60 7c 66 09 c0 75 4e 66 a1 5c 7c 66 31 d2 66 f7 |`|f..uNf.\|f1.f.|
00000120 34 88 d1 31 d2 66 f7 74 04 3b 44 08 7d 37 fe c1 |4..1.f.t.;D.}7..|
00000130 88 c5 30 c0 c1 e8 02 08 c1 88 d0 5a 88 c6 bb 00 |..0........Z....|
00000140 70 8e c3 31 db b8 01 02 cd 13 72 1e 8c c3 60 1e |p..1......r...`.|
00000150 b9 00 01 8e db 31 f6 bf 00 80 8e c6 fc f3 a5 1f |.....1..........|
00000160 61 ff 26 5a 7c be 80 7d eb 03 be 8f 7d e8 34 00 |a.&Z|..}....}.4.|
00000170 be 94 7d e8 2e 00 cd 18 eb fe 47 52 55 42 20 00 |..}.......GRUB .|
00000180 47 65 6f 6d 00 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 00 52 |Geom.Hard Disk.R|
00000190 65 61 64 00 20 45 72 72 6f 72 0d 0a 00 bb 01 00 |ead. Error......|
000001a0 b4 0e cd 10 ac 3c 00 75 f4 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.....<.u........|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fc 9c 0b 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200此时服务器一关机就开不了了：
四、光盘启动开始救援
可以参考这篇文章进入救援界面：https://blog.51cto.com/14012942/2426097
4.1、此时的救援模式没网，需要手动配个Ip把分区表scp过来
没网
临时手动配个IP,把分区表scp过来
sh-4.2# ifconfig ens33 192.168.38.138 netmask 255.255.255.0
sh-4.2# scp 192.168.38.128:/data/partition .4.2、lsblk查看下系统的硬盘名字，看到是sda
sh-4.2# lsblk4.3、使用dd命令恢复，要跳过前446字节
sh-4.2# dd if=partition of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 seek=4464.4、查看下sda的前512字节
sh-4.2# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 5124.5、exit重启
sh-4.2# exit