参考：腾讯云手动实验https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/labs/lab/10195
ZipKin入门介绍
Zipkin是一款开源的分布式实时数据追踪系统（Distributed Tracking System），基于 Google Dapper的论文设计而来，由 Twitter 公司开发贡献。其主要功能是聚集来自各个异构系统的实时监控数据。分布式跟踪系统还有其他比较成熟的实现，例如：Naver的Pinpoint、Apache的HTrace、阿里的鹰眼Tracing、京东的Hydra、新浪的Watchman，美团点评的CAT，skywalking等。
ZipKin架构
ZipKin可以分为两部分，一部分是zipkin server，用来作为数据的采集存储、数据分析与展示；zipkin client是zipkin基于不同的语言及框架封装的一些列客户端工具，这些工具完成了追踪数据的生成与上报功能，架构如下：
Zipkin Server主要包括四个模块：
（1）Collector 接收或收集各应用传输的数据
（2）Storage 存储接受或收集过来的数据，当前支持Memory，MySQL，Cassandra，ElasticSearch等，默认存储在内存中。
（3）API（Query） 负责查询Storage中存储的数据，提供简单的JSON API获取数据，主要提供给web UI使用
（4）Web 提供简单的web界面
服务追踪流程如下：
┌─────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐
│ User Code │ │ Trace Instrumentation │ │ Http Client │ │ Zipkin Collector │
└─────────────┘ └───────────────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └──────────────────┘
│ │ │ │
┌─────────┐
│ ──┤GET /foo ├─▶ │ ────┐ │ │
└─────────┘ │ record tags
│ │ ◀───┘ │ │
────┐
│ │ │ add trace headers │ │
◀───┘
│ │ ────┐ │ │
│ record timestamp
│ │ ◀───┘ │ │
┌─────────────────┐
│ │ ──┤GET /foo ├─▶ │ │
│X-B3-TraceId: aa │ ────┐
│ │ │X-B3-SpanId: 6b │ │ │ │
└─────────────────┘ │ invoke
│ │ │ │ request │
│
│ │ │ │ │
┌────────┐ ◀───┘
│ │ ◀─────┤200 OK ├─────── │ │
────┐ └────────┘
│ │ │ record duration │ │
┌────────┐ ◀───┘
│ ◀──┤200 OK ├── │ │ │
└────────┘ ┌────────────────────────────────┐
│ │ ──┤ asynchronously report span ├────▶ │
│ │
│{ │
│ "traceId": "aa", │
│ "id": "6b", │
│ "name": "get", │
│ "timestamp": 1483945573944000,│
│ "duration": 386000, │
│ "annotations": [ │
│--snip-- │
└────────────────────────────────┘
Instrumented client和server是分别使用了ZipKin Client的服务，Zipkin Client会根据配置将追踪数据发送到Zipkin Server中进行数据存储、分析和展示。
ZipKin几个概念
在追踪日志中，有几个基本概念spanId、traceId、parentId
traceId：用来确定一个追踪链的16字符长度的字符串，在某个追踪链中保持不变。
spanId：区域Id，在一个追踪链中spanId可能存在多个，每个spanId用于表明在某个服务中的身份，也是16字符长度的字符串。
parentId：在跨服务调用者的spanId会传递给被调用者，被调用者会将调用者的spanId作为自己的parentId，然后自己再生成spanId。
如下图：
刚发起调用时traceId和spanId是一致，parentId不存在。
被调用者的traceId和调用者的traceId时一致的，被调用者会产生自己的spanId，并且被调用者的parentId是调用者的spanId
配置Java环境
安装JDK
Zipkin使用Java1.8（拖包）
[root@localhost ~]# tar zxf jdk-8u201-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# mv jdk1.8.0_201/ /usr/local/java
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java
export JRE_HOME=/usr/local/java/jre/
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JRE_HOME/lib
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JRE_HOME/bin
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /usr/bin/java
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile
[root@localhost ~]# java -version
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)
安装Zipkin
新建目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/release/zipkin && cd "$_"
下载Zipkin
[root@localhost zipkin]# wget -O zipkin.jar 'https://search.maven.org/remote_content?g=io.zipkin.java&a=zipkin-server&v=LATEST&c=exec'
启动Zipkin，阻塞模式
[root@localhost ~]# java -jar /data/release/zipkin/zipkin.jar
以MySQL为例做数据持久化方案
安装MySQL5.7
将以上阻塞打断
下载MySQL
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-9.noarch.rpm
安装rpm包
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-9.noarch.rpm
安装MySQL
[root@localhost ~]# yum install mysql-community-server -y
启动MySQL服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mysqld
设置MySQL密码
[root@localhost ~]# grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log | awk '{print $NF}'
Tb#phSu!B4hQ
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
# 复制以上的密码即可
修改MySQL的root密码
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456.CoM';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
初始化Zipkin数据库
编写初始化脚本
请在 /data/release/zipkin 目录下创建 zipkin_init.sql
示例代码：/data/release/zipkin/zipkin_init.sql
[root@localhost ~]# vim /data/release/zipkin/zipkin_init.sql
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS zipkin_spans (
`trace_id_high` BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'If non zero, this means the trace uses 128 bit traceIds instead of 64 bit',
`trace_id` BIGINT NOT NULL,
`id` BIGINT NOT NULL,
`name` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
`parent_id` BIGINT,
`debug` BIT(1),
`start_ts` BIGINT COMMENT 'Span.timestamp(): epoch micros used for endTs query and to implement TTL',
`duration` BIGINT COMMENT 'Span.duration(): micros used for minDuration and maxDuration query'
) ENGINE=InnoDB ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED CHARACTER SET=utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
ALTER TABLE zipkin_spans ADD UNIQUE KEY(`trace_id_high`, `trace_id`, `id`) COMMENT 'ignore insert on duplicate';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_spans ADD INDEX(`trace_id_high`, `trace_id`, `id`) COMMENT 'for joining with zipkin_annotations';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_spans ADD INDEX(`trace_id_high`, `trace_id`) COMMENT 'for getTracesByIds';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_spans ADD INDEX(`name`) COMMENT 'for getTraces and getSpanNames';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_spans ADD INDEX(`start_ts`) COMMENT 'for getTraces ordering and range';
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS zipkin_annotations (
`trace_id_high` BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'If non zero, this means the trace uses 128 bit traceIds instead of 64 bit',
`trace_id` BIGINT NOT NULL COMMENT 'coincides with zipkin_spans.trace_id',
`span_id` BIGINT NOT NULL COMMENT 'coincides with zipkin_spans.id',
`a_key` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'BinaryAnnotation.key or Annotation.value if type == -1',
`a_value` BLOB COMMENT 'BinaryAnnotation.value(), which must be smaller than 64KB',
`a_type` INT NOT NULL COMMENT 'BinaryAnnotation.type() or -1 if Annotation',
`a_timestamp` BIGINT COMMENT 'Used to implement TTL; Annotation.timestamp or zipkin_spans.timestamp',
`endpoint_ipv4` INT COMMENT 'Null when Binary/Annotation.endpoint is null',
`endpoint_ipv6` BINARY(16) COMMENT 'Null when Binary/Annotation.endpoint is null, or no IPv6 address',
`endpoint_port` SMALLINT COMMENT 'Null when Binary/Annotation.endpoint is null',
`endpoint_service_name` VARCHAR(255) COMMENT 'Null when Binary/Annotation.endpoint is null'
) ENGINE=InnoDB ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED CHARACTER SET=utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD UNIQUE KEY(`trace_id_high`, `trace_id`, `span_id`, `a_key`, `a_timestamp`) COMMENT 'Ignore insert on duplicate';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD INDEX(`trace_id_high`, `trace_id`, `span_id`) COMMENT 'for joining with zipkin_spans';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD INDEX(`trace_id_high`, `trace_id`) COMMENT 'for getTraces/ByIds';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD INDEX(`endpoint_service_name`) COMMENT 'for getTraces and getServiceNames';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD INDEX(`a_type`) COMMENT 'for getTraces';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD INDEX(`a_key`) COMMENT 'for getTraces';
ALTER TABLE zipkin_annotations ADD INDEX(`trace_id`, `span_id`, `a_key`) COMMENT 'for dependencies job';
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS zipkin_dependencies (
`day` DATE NOT NULL,
`parent` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
`child` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
`call_count` BIGINT
) ENGINE=InnoDB ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED CHARACTER SET=utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
ALTER TABLE zipkin_dependencies ADD UNIQUE KEY(`day`, `parent`, `child`);
登录MySQL
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456.CoM
创建zipkin数据库，并将刚才的实例sql文件导入
mysql> CREATE DATABASE zipkin;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> use zipkin;
Database changed
mysql> source /data/release/zipkin/zipkin_init.sql
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_zipkin |
+---------------------+
| zipkin_annotations |
| zipkin_dependencies |
| zipkin_spans |
+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
启动Zipkin
[root@localhost ~]# cd /data/release/zipkin/
[root@localhost zipkin]# STORAGE_TYPE=mysql MYSQL_HOST=localhost MYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 MYSQL_DB=zipkin \
MYSQL_USER=root MYSQL_PASS='123456.CoM' \
nohup java -jar zipkin.jar > /dev/null 2>&1 &
创建具有数据上报能力的Demo
安装Node.js
下载Node.js的源码安装包
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/node/v14.0.0/node-v14.0.0-linux-x64.tar.xz
解压Node.js源码包
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf node-v14.0.0-linux-x64.tar.xz
添加Node.js的命令到系统环境变量中
[root@localhost ~]# mv node-v14.0.0-linux-x64 /usr/local/nodejs
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
# 末尾添加
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nodejs/bin
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile
[root@localhost ~]# node -v
v14.0.0
创建Demo目录
[root@localhost zipkin]# mkdir /data/release/service_a
请在 /data/release/service_a 目录下创建并编辑 package.json，
示例代码：/data/release/service_a/package.json
[root@localhost zipkin]# cd ../service_a/
[root@localhost service_a]# vim ../service_a/package.json
{
"name": "service_a",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {},
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"express": "^4.15.3",
"zipkin": "^0.7.2",
"zipkin-instrumentation-express": "^0.7.2",
"zipkin-transport-http": "^0.7.2"
}
}
安装相关依赖
[root@localhost service_a]# npm install
创建并编辑 app.js
请在 /data/release/service_a 目录下创建 app.js
[root@localhost service_a]# vim app.js
const express = require('express');
const {Tracer, ExplicitContext, BatchRecorder} = require('zipkin');
const {HttpLogger} = require('zipkin-transport-http');
const zipkinMiddleware = require('zipkin-instrumentation-express').expressMiddleware;
const ctxImpl = new ExplicitContext();
const recorder = new BatchRecorder({
logger: new HttpLogger( {
endpoint: 'http://127.0.0.1:9411/api/v1/spans'
})
});
const tracer = new Tracer({ctxImpl, recorder});
const app = express();
app.use(zipkinMiddleware({
tracer,
serviceName: 'service-a'
}));
app.use('/', (req, res, next) => {
res.send('hello world\n');
});
app.listen(3001, () => {
console.log('service-a listening on port 3001!')
});
启动服务(阻塞模式)
[root@localhost service_a]# node app.js
service-a listening on port 3001!
访问127.0.0.1:3001
[root@localhost ~]# curl 127.0.0.1:3001
hello world