系统环境： ubuntu16.04
PostgreSQL 版本： 12

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注意：TimescaleDB 需要PostgreSQL 11.4+或12.0+。不再支持PostgreSQL 9.6.3+和10.9+，并将在以后的版本中删除。

1. Add PostgreSQL's third party repository to get the latest PostgreSQL packages

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ $(lsb_release -c -s)-pgdg main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list 
ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add - 
ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo apt-get update

2. Add PPA

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo add-apt-repository ppa:timescale/timescaledb-ppa 
ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo apt-get update 

3. Install appropriate package for PG version

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo apt install timescaledb-postgresql-12

4. Run 'timescaledb-tune' (installed as part of the
   timescaledb-tools package, a recommended dependency) to update your config settings for TimescaleDB

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo timescaledb-tune --quiet --yes
ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo service postgresql restart

5. 为postgres用户设置密码

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~$ sudo -u postgres   psql postgres
psql (12.2 (Ubuntu 12.2-2.pgdg16.04+1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \password postgres 
Enter new password:  #输入密码
Enter it again:  #确认密码
postgres=# \q #退出

6. 修改登录权限设置

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo vim /etc/postgresql/12/main/pg_hba.conf
...
# Database administrative login by Unix domain socket
# local   all             postgres                                md5  
local   all             postgres                                peer #peer 方式允许管理员账号通过socket连接，用-h 指定socket目录，(default: "/var/run/postgresql")

# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local   all             all                                     peer

# IPv4 local connections:
host    all             all             10.0.0.1/16            md5
host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            md5
...

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~# sudo vim /etc/postgresql/12/main/postgresql.conf 
...
listen_addresses = '*'          # what IP address(es) to listen on;
...

7. 登录测试

ubuntu@VM-0-12-ubuntu:~$ psql  -h /var/run/postgresql -U postgres -W
Password:  #输入密码
psql (12.2 (Ubuntu 12.2-2.pgdg16.04+1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \q

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参考: https://docs.timescale.com/latest/getting-started/installation/ubuntu/installation-apt-ubuntu