三种Oracle RMAN备份加密策略（上）

2022-11-18 19:48:24

说明：本篇参考eygle老师的作品《Oracle DBA手记4：数据安全警示录》，特此表示感谢。

数据安全，特别是企业核心业务数据的安全问题，是当今全社会共同关注的问题。从前几天轰轰烈烈的携程服务终止，风闻数据库被删除事件，到去年多次发生的互联网公司用户账号密码外泄风波，都不断挑战业界紧绷的神经。在当今社会，数据就是财富已经不是乌托邦，而是彻彻底底的现实。出现过信息泄露安全事故的企业，在商誉和品牌上的损失都是难以评估的。

从信息系统的角度看，备份是我们DBA的命脉，也是我们的“后手”。只要有备份，只要数据不丢，都有回旋的余地和空间。针对备份的安全，也是各种信息化安全标准均重要强调之处。

备份的安全，主要体现在两个层面上：备份有效性和备份不被非法使用。备份有效性是运维人员的噩梦，关键场合却发现备份不可用或者有坏块，是足以让运维人员吐血的场景。备份不被非法使用，是保证备份集合数据不会被非法的还原到其他环境中去。

作为Oracle官方推荐的备份恢复工具，RMAN提供了三种安全加密策略来确保备份不被非法使用。本篇主要来介绍这三种基本策略。

1、环境介绍

笔者选择Oracle 11g进行测试，版本编号为11.2.0.4。

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

CORE 11.2.0.4.0 Production

TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

为了使用rman进行热备份，开启归档模式。

SQL> select log_mode from v$database;

LOG_MODE

------------

ARCHIVELOG

RMAN备份安全的三种策略分别为：密码口令安全、Oracle Wallet安全和混合加密安全。

下面分别介绍三种策略：

2、密码口令安全

密码口令安全如其名称，就是在加密解密过程中都需要交互式的密码输入。配置密码口令就在RMAN本身的配置中即可。

RMAN> show encryption for database ;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name SICSSTB are:

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default

RMAN> show encryption algorithm;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name SICSSTB are:

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default

默认RMAN是不启用加密机制的。加密问题一定跟随着加密算法，默认加密算法为AES128。查看视图v$RMAN_ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHMS，可以看到当前可以使用的加密算法。

SQL> select * from v$rman_encryption_algorithms;

ALGORITHM_ID ALGORITHM_NAME ALGORITHM_DESCRIPTION IS_DEFAULT RESTORE_ONLY

------------ --------------- ------------------------- ---------- ------------

1 AES128 AES 128-bit key YES NO

2 AES192 AES 192-bit key NO NO

3 AES256 AES 256-bit key NO NO

使用口令加密，首先使用set encryption命令设置上口令。

RMAN> set encryption on identified by 'test' only;

executing command: SET encryption

RMAN> show encryption for database;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name SICSSTB are:

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default

注意后面的only标记，一定要加入进来。

下面可以进行备份：

RMAN> backup database plus archivelog;

Starting backup at 08-JUN-15

current log archived

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=137 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set

（篇幅原因，有省略……）

Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 08-JUN-15

piece handle=+RECO/sicsstb/autobackup/2015_06_08/s_881833159.266.881833159 comment=NONE

Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 08-JUN-15

备份集合状态：

RMAN> list backup;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

1 14.01M DISK 00:00:00 08-JUN-15

BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20150608T093841

（篇幅原因，有省略……）

BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20150608T093919

Piece Name: +RECO/sicsstb/autobackup/2015_06_08/s_881833159.266.881833159

SPFILE Included: Modification time: 08-JUN-15

SPFILE db_unique_name: SICSSTB

Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 2685935 Ckp time: 08-JUN-15

重启进入mount状态，尝试恢复。

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

RMAN> connect target /

connected to target database (not started)

RMAN> startup mount;

Oracle instance started

database mounted

Total System Global Area 2087780352 bytes

Fixed Size 2254824 bytes

Variable Size 553650200 bytes

Database Buffers 1526726656 bytes

Redo Buffers 5148672 bytes

尝试进行恢复。

RMAN> restore database ;

Starting restore at 08-JUN-15

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=131 device type=DISK

（篇幅原因，有省略……）

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece +RECO/sicsstb/backupset/2015_06_08/nnndf0_tag20150608t093842_0.263.881833123

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-03002: failure of restore command at 06/08/2015 09:46:38

ORA-19870: error while restoring backup piece +RECO/sicsstb/backupset/2015_06_08/nnndf0_tag20150608t093842_0.263.881833123

ORA-19913: unable to decrypt backup

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

备份集合被加密，不能读取。只能进行解密之后才能使用。

RMAN> set decryption identified by 'test';

executing command: SET decryption

之后再进行恢复操作。

RMAN> restore database;

Starting restore at 08-JUN-15

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to +DATA/sicsstb/datafile/system.256.878897771

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to +DATA/sicsstb/datafile/sysaux.257.878897773

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to +DATA/sicsstb/datafile/undotbs1.258.878897773

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to +DATA/sicsstb/datafile/users.259.878897773

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to +DATA/sicsstb/datafile/example.265.878897857

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece +RECO/sicsstb/backupset/2015_06_08/nnndf0_tag20150608t093842_0.263.881833123

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=+RECO/sicsstb/backupset/2015_06_08/nnndf0_tag20150608t093842_0.263.881833123 tag=TAG20150608T093842

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:35

Finished restore at 08-JUN-15

RMAN> recover database;

Starting recover at 08-JUN-15

using channel ORA_DISK_1

starting media recovery

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00

Finished recover at 08-JUN-15

RMAN> alter database open;

database opened

那么，最后如何关闭这个属性呢？使用set encryption即可。

RMAN> set encryption off;

executing command: SET encryption

码农公寓

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