什么是ES5
作为ECMAScript第五个版本(第四版因为过于复杂废弃了),浏览器支持情况可看第一副图,增加特性如下。
1. strict模式
2. Array增加方法
增加了every、some 、forEach、filter 、indexOf、lastIndexOf、isArray、map、reduce、reduceRight方法
PS: 还有其他方法 Function.prototype.bind、String.prototype.trim、Date.now
3. Object方法
Object.getPrototypeOf Object.create Object.getOwnPropertyNames Object.defineProperty Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor Object.defineProperties Object.keys Object.preventExtensions / Object.isExtensible Object.seal / Object.isSealed Object.freeze / Object.isFrozen什么是ES6
ECMAScript6在保证向下兼容的前提下,提供大量新特性,目前浏览器兼容情况如下:
ES6特性如下:
1.块级作用域 关键字let, 常量const
2.对象字面量的属性赋值简写(property value shorthand)
var obj = { // __proto__ __proto__: theProtoObj, // Shorthand for ‘handler: handler’ handler, // Method definitions toString() { // Super calls return "d " + super.toString(); }, // Computed (dynamic) property names [ 'prop_' + (() => 42)() ]: 42 };
3.赋值解构
let singer = { first: "Bob", last: "Dylan" }; let { first: f, last: l } = singer; // 相当于 f = "Bob", l = "Dylan" let [all, year, month, day] = /^(\d\d\d\d)-(\d\d)-(\d\d)$/.exec("2015-10-25"); let [x, y] = [1, 2, 3]; // x = 1, y = 2
4.函数参数 - 默认值、参数打包、 数组展开(Default 、Rest 、Spread)
//Default function findArtist(name='lu', age='26') { ... } //Rest function f(x, ...y) { // y is an Array return x * y.length; } f(3, "hello", true) == 6 //Spread function f(x, y, z) { return x + y + z; } // Pass each elem of array as argument f(...[1,2,3]) == 6
5.箭头函数 Arrow functions
(1).简化了代码形式,默认return表达式结果。
(2).自动绑定语义this,即定义函数时的this。如上面例子中,forEach的匿名函数参数中用到的this。
6.字符串模板 Template strings
var name = "Bob", time = "today"; `Hello ${name}, how are you ${time}?` // return "Hello Bob, how are you today?"
7. Iterators(迭代器)+ for..of
迭代器有个next方法,调用会返回:
(1).返回迭代对象的一个元素:{ done: false, value: elem }
(2).如果已到迭代对象的末端:{ done: true, value: retVal }
for (var n of ['a','b','c']) { console.log(n); } // 打印a、b、c
8.生成器 (Generators)
9.Class
Class,有constructor、extends、super,但本质上是语法糖(对语言的功能并没有影响,但是更方便程序员使用)。
class Artist { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } perform() { return this.name + " performs "; } } class Singer extends Artist { constructor(name, song) { super.constructor(name); this.song = song; } perform() { return super.perform() + "[" + this.song + "]"; } } let james = new Singer("Etta James", "At last"); james instanceof Artist; // true james instanceof Singer; // true james.perform(); // "Etta James performs [At last]"
10.Modules
ES6的内置模块功能借鉴了CommonJS和AMD各自的优点:
(1).具有CommonJS的精简语法、唯一导出出口(single exports)和循环依赖(cyclic dependencies)的特点。
(2).类似AMD,支持异步加载和可配置的模块加载。
// lib/math.js export function sum(x, y) { return x + y; } export var pi = 3.141593; // app.js import * as math from "lib/math"; alert("2π = " + math.sum(math.pi, math.pi)); // otherApp.js import {sum, pi} from "lib/math"; alert("2π = " + sum(pi, pi)); Module Loaders: // Dynamic loading – ‘System’ is default loader System.import('lib/math').then(function(m) { alert("2π = " + m.sum(m.pi, m.pi)); }); // Directly manipulate module cache System.get('jquery'); System.set('jquery', Module({$: $})); // WARNING: not yet finalized
11.Map + Set + WeakMap + WeakSet
四种集合类型,WeakMap、WeakSet作为属性键的对象如果没有别的变量在引用它们,则会被回收释放掉。
// Sets var s = new Set(); s.add("hello").add("goodbye").add("hello"); s.size === 2; s.has("hello") === true; // Maps var m = new Map(); m.set("hello", 42); m.set(s, 34); m.get(s) == 34; //WeakMap var wm = new WeakMap(); wm.set(s, { extra: 42 }); wm.size === undefined // Weak Sets var ws = new WeakSet(); ws.add({ data: 42 });//Because the added object has no other references, it will not be held in the set
12.Math + Number + String + Array + Object APIs
一些新的API
Number.EPSILON Number.isInteger(Infinity) // false Number.isNaN("NaN") // false Math.acosh(3) // 1.762747174039086 Math.hypot(3, 4) // 5 Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2) // 2 "abcde".includes("cd") // true "abc".repeat(3) // "abcabcabc" Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('*')) // Returns a real Array Array.of(1, 2, 3) // Similar to new Array(...), but without special one-arg behavior [0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) // [0,7,7] [1, 2, 3].find(x => x == 3) // 3 [1, 2, 3].findIndex(x => x == 2) // 1 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 0) // [1, 2, 3, 1, 2] ["a", "b", "c"].entries() // iterator [0, "a"], [1,"b"], [2,"c"] ["a", "b", "c"].keys() // iterator 0, 1, 2 ["a", "b", "c"].values() // iterator "a", "b", "c" Object.assign(Point, { origin: new Point(0,0) })
13. Proxies
使用代理(Proxy)监听对象的操作,然后可以做一些相应事情。
var target = {}; var handler = { get: function (receiver, name) { return `Hello, ${name}!`; } }; var p = new Proxy(target, handler); p.world === 'Hello, world!';
可监听的操作: get、set、has、deleteProperty、apply、construct、getOwnPropertyDescriptor、defineProperty、getPrototypeOf、setPrototypeOf、enumerate、ownKeys、preventExtensions、isExtensible。
14.Symbols
Symbol是一种基本类型。Symbol 通过调用symbol函数产生,它接收一个可选的名字参数,该函数返回的symbol是唯一的。
var key = Symbol("key"); var key2 = Symbol("key"); key == key2 //false
15.Promises
Promises是处理异步操作的对象,使用了 Promise 对象之后可以用一种链式调用的方式来组织代码,让代码更加直观(类似jQuery的deferred 对象)。
function fakeAjax(url) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { // setTimeouts are for effect, typically we would handle XHR if (!url) { return setTimeout(reject, 1000); } return setTimeout(resolve, 1000); }); } // no url, promise rejected fakeAjax().then(function () { console.log('success'); },function () { console.log('fail'); });