关于NAND FLASH的结构是以页为单位写，以块为单位来擦除：
1Gb 为大页 page=2048Kb BLOCK=128K
512Mb 为小页 page=512byte BLOCK=16K
PS:一页还有额外64字节OOB块，通常不计入读取范围。
另一个区别就是ECC的验证:
ECC是每256个字节生产一个24位的值。NAND FLASH在写的时候会生成一个原始的ECC值保存在页的SPARE区，当要读页时也会生产一个ECC值，会跟SPARE的值进行异或比较，看结果是否为0，所有在大页换小页的时候，一定要修改这个算法，相反也是大页需要8对ECC 小页只需要2对ECC。
实验平台:s3c2440 , Nand Flash Size:256M
1、Nand Flash 控制代码部分：nand.c
#define LARGER_NAND_PAGE #define GSTATUS1 (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x560000B0)
#define BUSY 1 #define NAND_SECTOR_SIZE 512
#define NAND_BLOCK_MASK (NAND_SECTOR_SIZE - 1) #define NAND_SECTOR_SIZE_LP 2048
#define NAND_BLOCK_MASK_LP (NAND_SECTOR_SIZE_LP - 1) typedef unsigned int S3C24X0_REG32; /* NAND FLASH (see S3C2410 manual chapter 6) */
typedef struct {
S3C24X0_REG32 NFCONF;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFCMD;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFADDR;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFDATA;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFSTAT;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFECC;
} S3C2410_NAND; /* NAND FLASH (see S3C2440 manual chapter 6) */
typedef struct {
S3C24X0_REG32 NFCONF;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFCONT;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFCMD;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFADDR;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFDATA;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFMECCD0;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFMECCD1;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFSECCD;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFSTAT;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFESTAT0;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFESTAT1;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFMECC0;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFMECC1;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFSECC;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFSBLK;
S3C24X0_REG32 NFEBLK;
} S3C2440_NAND; typedef struct {
void (*nand_reset)(void);
void (*wait_idle)(void);
void (*nand_select_chip)(void);
void (*nand_deselect_chip)(void);
void (*write_cmd)(int cmd);
void (*write_addr)(unsigned int addr);
unsigned char (*read_data)(void);
}t_nand_chip; static S3C2410_NAND * s3c2410nand = (S3C2410_NAND *)0x4e000000;
static S3C2440_NAND * s3c2440nand = (S3C2440_NAND *)0x4e000000; static t_nand_chip nand_chip; /* 供外部调用的函数 */
void nand_init(void);
void nand_read(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long start_addr, int size); /* NAND Flash操作的总入口, 它们将调用S3C2410或S3C2440的相应函数 */
static void nand_reset(void);
static void wait_idle(void);
static void nand_select_chip(void);
static void nand_deselect_chip(void);
static void write_cmd(int cmd);
static void write_addr(unsigned int addr);
static unsigned char read_data(void); /* S3C2410的NAND Flash处理函数 */
static void s3c2410_nand_reset(void);
static void s3c2410_wait_idle(void);
static void s3c2410_nand_select_chip(void);
static void s3c2410_nand_deselect_chip(void);
static void s3c2410_write_cmd(int cmd);
static void s3c2410_write_addr(unsigned int addr);
static unsigned char s3c2410_read_data(); /* S3C2440的NAND Flash处理函数 */
static void s3c2440_nand_reset(void);
static void s3c2440_wait_idle(void);
static void s3c2440_nand_select_chip(void);
static void s3c2440_nand_deselect_chip(void);
static void s3c2440_write_cmd(int cmd);
static void s3c2440_write_addr(unsigned int addr);
static unsigned char s3c2440_read_data(void); /* S3C2410的NAND Flash操作函数 */ /* 复位 */
static void s3c2410_nand_reset(void)
{
s3c2410_nand_select_chip();
s3c2410_write_cmd(0xff); // 复位命令
s3c2410_wait_idle();
s3c2410_nand_deselect_chip();
} /* 等待NAND Flash就绪 */
static void s3c2410_wait_idle(void)
{
int i;
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2410nand->NFSTAT;
while(!(*p & BUSY))
for(i=; i<; i++);
} /* 发出片选信号 */
static void s3c2410_nand_select_chip(void)
{
int i;
s3c2410nand->NFCONF &= ~(<<);
for(i=; i<; i++);
} /* 取消片选信号 */
static void s3c2410_nand_deselect_chip(void)
{
s3c2410nand->NFCONF |= (<<);
} /* 发出命令 */
static void s3c2410_write_cmd(int cmd)
{
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2410nand->NFCMD;
*p = cmd;
} /* 发出地址 */
static void s3c2410_write_addr(unsigned int addr)
{
int i;
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2410nand->NFADDR; *p = addr & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (addr >> ) & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (addr >> ) & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (addr >> ) & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
} /* 读取数据 */
static unsigned char s3c2410_read_data(void)
{
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2410nand->NFDATA;
return *p;
} /* S3C2440的NAND Flash操作函数 */ /* 复位 */
static void s3c2440_nand_reset(void)
{
s3c2440_nand_select_chip();
s3c2440_write_cmd(0xff); // 复位命令
s3c2440_wait_idle();
s3c2440_nand_deselect_chip();
} /* 等待NAND Flash就绪 */
static void s3c2440_wait_idle(void)
{
int i;
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2440nand->NFSTAT;
while(!(*p & BUSY))
for(i=; i<; i++);
} /* 发出片选信号 */
static void s3c2440_nand_select_chip(void)
{
int i;
s3c2440nand->NFCONT &= ~(<<);
for(i=; i<; i++);
} /* 取消片选信号 */
static void s3c2440_nand_deselect_chip(void)
{
s3c2440nand->NFCONT |= (<<);
} /* 发出命令 */
static void s3c2440_write_cmd(int cmd)
{
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2440nand->NFCMD;
*p = cmd;
} /* 发出地址 */
static void s3c2440_write_addr(unsigned int addr)
{
int i;
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2440nand->NFADDR; *p = addr & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (addr >> ) & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (addr >> ) & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (addr >> ) & 0xff;
for(i=; i<; i++);
} static void s3c2440_write_addr_lp(unsigned int addr)
{
int i;
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2440nand->NFADDR;
int col, page; col = addr & NAND_BLOCK_MASK_LP;
page = addr / NAND_SECTOR_SIZE_LP; *p = col & 0xff; /* Column Address A0~A7 */
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (col >> ) & 0x0f; /* Column Address A8~A11 */
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = page & 0xff; /* Row Address A12~A19 */
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (page >> ) & 0xff; /* Row Address A20~A27 */
for(i=; i<; i++);
*p = (page >> ) & 0x03; /* Row Address A28~A29 */
for(i=; i<; i++);
} /* 读取数据 */
static unsigned char s3c2440_read_data(void)
{
volatile unsigned char *p = (volatile unsigned char *)&s3c2440nand->NFDATA;
return *p;
} /* 在第一次使用NAND Flash前，复位一下NAND Flash */
static void nand_reset(void)
{
nand_chip.nand_reset();
} static void wait_idle(void)
{
nand_chip.wait_idle();
} static void nand_select_chip(void)
{
int i;
nand_chip.nand_select_chip();
for(i=; i<; i++);
} static void nand_deselect_chip(void)
{
nand_chip.nand_deselect_chip();
} static void write_cmd(int cmd)
{
nand_chip.write_cmd(cmd);
}
static void write_addr(unsigned int addr)
{
nand_chip.write_addr(addr);
} static unsigned char read_data(void)
{
return nand_chip.read_data();
} /* 初始化NAND Flash */
void nand_init(void)
{
#define TACLS 0
#define TWRPH0 3
#define TWRPH1 0 /* 判断是S3C2410还是S3C2440 */
if ((GSTATUS1 == 0x32410000) || (GSTATUS1 == 0x32410002))
{
nand_chip.nand_reset = s3c2410_nand_reset;
nand_chip.wait_idle = s3c2410_wait_idle;
nand_chip.nand_select_chip = s3c2410_nand_select_chip;
nand_chip.nand_deselect_chip = s3c2410_nand_deselect_chip;
nand_chip.write_cmd = s3c2410_write_cmd;
nand_chip.write_addr = s3c2410_write_addr;
nand_chip.read_data = s3c2410_read_data; /* 使能NAND Flash控制器, 初始化ECC, 禁止片选, 设置时序 */
s3c2410nand->NFCONF = (<<)|(<<)|(<<)|(TACLS<<)|(TWRPH0<<)|(TWRPH1<<);
}
else
{
nand_chip.nand_reset = s3c2440_nand_reset;
nand_chip.wait_idle = s3c2440_wait_idle;
nand_chip.nand_select_chip = s3c2440_nand_select_chip;
nand_chip.nand_deselect_chip = s3c2440_nand_deselect_chip;
nand_chip.write_cmd = s3c2440_write_cmd;
#ifdef LARGER_NAND_PAGE
nand_chip.write_addr = s3c2440_write_addr_lp;
#else
nand_chip.write_addr = s3c2440_write_addr;
#endif
nand_chip.read_data = s3c2440_read_data; /* 设置时序 */
s3c2440nand->NFCONF = (TACLS<<)|(TWRPH0<<)|(TWRPH1<<);
/* 使能NAND Flash控制器, 初始化ECC, 禁止片选 */
s3c2440nand->NFCONT = (<<)|(<<)|(<<);
} /* 复位NAND Flash */
nand_reset();
} /* 读函数 */
void nand_read(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long start_addr, int size)
{
int i, j; #ifdef LARGER_NAND_PAGE
if ((start_addr & NAND_BLOCK_MASK_LP) || (size & NAND_BLOCK_MASK_LP)) {
return ; /* 地址或长度不对齐 */
}
#else
if ((start_addr & NAND_BLOCK_MASK) || (size & NAND_BLOCK_MASK)) {
return ; /* 地址或长度不对齐 */
}
#endif /* 选中芯片 */
nand_select_chip(); for(i=start_addr; i < (start_addr + size);) {
/* 发出READ0命令 */
write_cmd(); /* Write Address */
write_addr(i);
#ifdef LARGER_NAND_PAGE
write_cmd(0x30);
#endif
wait_idle(); #ifdef LARGER_NAND_PAGE
for(j=; j < NAND_SECTOR_SIZE_LP; j++, i++) {
#else
for(j=; j < NAND_SECTOR_SIZE; j++, i++) {
#endif
*buf = read_data();
buf++;
}
} /* 取消片选信号 */
nand_deselect_chip(); return ;
}
2、初始化SDRAM: init.c
/* WOTCH DOG register */
#define WTCON (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x53000000) /* SDRAM regisers */
#define MEM_CTL_BASE 0x48000000 void disable_watch_dog();
void memsetup(); /*上电后，WATCH DOG默认是开着的，要把它关掉 */
void disable_watch_dog()
{
WTCON = ;
} /* 设置控制SDRAM的13个寄存器 */
void memsetup()
{
int i = ;
unsigned long *p = (unsigned long *)MEM_CTL_BASE; /* SDRAM 13个寄存器的值 */
unsigned long const mem_cfg_val[]={ 0x22011110, //BWSCON
0x00000700, //BANKCON0
0x00000700, //BANKCON1
0x00000700, //BANKCON2
0x00000700, //BANKCON3
0x00000700, //BANKCON4
0x00000700, //BANKCON5
0x00018005, //BANKCON6
0x00018005, //BANKCON7
0x008C07A3, //REFRESH
0x000000B1, //BANKSIZE
0x00000030, //MRSRB6
0x00000030, //MRSRB7
}; for(; i < ; i++)
p[i] = mem_cfg_val[i];
}
3、led操作: main.c
#define GPFCON (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x56000050)
#define GPFDAT (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x56000054) #define GPF4_out (1<<(4*2))
#define GPF5_out (1<<(5*2))
#define GPF6_out (1<<(6*2)) void wait(volatile unsigned long dly)
{
for(; dly > ; dly--);
} int main(void)
{
unsigned long i = ; GPFCON = GPF4_out|GPF5_out|GPF6_out; // 将LED1-3对应的GPF4/5/6三个引脚设为输出 while(){
wait();
GPFDAT = (~(i<<)); // 根据i的值，点亮LED1-3
if(++i == )
i = ;
} return ;
}
4、汇编调用部分：
@******************************************************************************
@ File：head.s
@ 功能：设置SDRAM，将程序复制到SDRAM，然后跳到SDRAM继续执行
@****************************************************************************** .text
.global _start
_start:
@函数disable_watch_dog, memsetup, init_nand, nand_read_ll在init.c中定义
ldr sp, = @设置堆栈
bl disable_watch_dog @关WATCH DOG
bl memsetup @初始化SDRAM
bl nand_init @初始化NAND Flash @将NAND Flash中地址4096开始的1024字节代码(main.c编译得到)复制到SDRAM中
@nand_read_ll函数需要3个参数：
ldr r0, =0x30000000 @. 目标地址=0x30000000，这是SDRAM的起始地址
mov r1, # @. 源地址 = ，连接的时候，main.c中的代码都存在NAND Flash地址4096开始处
mov r2, # @. 复制长度= (bytes)，对于本实验的main.c，这是足够了
bl nand_read @调用C函数nand_read ldr sp, =0x34000000 @设置栈
ldr lr, =halt_loop @设置返回地址
ldr pc, =main @b指令和bl指令只能前后跳转32M的范围，所以这里使用向pc赋值的方法进行跳转
halt_loop:
b halt_loop
5、链接地址指定，验证读取2049地址的数据：nand.lds
SECTIONS {
firtst 0x00000000 : { head.o init.o nand.o}
second 0x30000000 : AT() { main.o }
}
6、Makefile
objs := head.o init.o nand.o main.o nand.bin : $(objs)
arm-linux-ld -Tnand.lds -o nand_elf $^
arm-linux-objcopy -O binary -S nand_elf $@
arm-linux-objdump -D -m arm nand_elf > nand.dis %.o:%.c
arm-linux-gcc -Wall -c -O2 -o $@ $< %.o:%.S
arm-linux-gcc -Wall -c -O2 -o $@ $< clean:
rm -f nand.dis nand.bin nand_elf *.o