7. Oracle数据加载和卸载

2022-10-27 12:52:51

　　在日常工作中；经常会遇到这样的需求：

- Oracle 数据表跟文本或者文件格式进行交互；即将指定文件内容导入对应的 Oracle 数据表中；或者从 Oracle 数据表导出。
- 其他数据库中的表跟Oracle数据库进行交互。

　　若是少量数据；可选择的解决方案有很多。常用的用 Pl/SQL developer工具，或者手动转换为 INSERT 语句，或者通过API。但数据量大；用上面的方法效率太烂了。本文来说说 Oracle 数据的加载和卸载。

- Oracle中的DBLINK
- Oracle加载数据-外部表
- Oracle加载数据-sqlldr工具
- Oracle卸载数据-sqludr

一. Oracle 中的 DBLINK

　　在日常工作中；会遇到不同的数据库进行数据对接；每个数据库都有着功能；像Oracle有 DBLINK ; PostgreSQL有外部表。

1.1 Oracle DBlink 语法

CREATE [PUBLIC] DATABASE LINK link

CONNECT TO username

IDENTIFIED BY password

USING 'connectstring'

1.2 Oracle To Mysql

　　在oracle配置mysql数据库的dblink

二.Oracle加载数据-外部表

　　ORACLE外部表用来存取数据库以外的文本文件（Text File）或ORACLE专属格式文件。因此，建立外部表时不会产生段、区、数据块等存储结构，只有与表相关的定义放在数据字典中。外部表，顾名思义，存储在数据库外面的表。当存取时才能从ORACLE专属格式文件中取得数据，外部表仅供查询，不能对外部表的内容进行修改（INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE操作）。不能对外部表建立索引。

2.1 创建外部表需要的目录

# 创建外部表需要的目录

SQL> create or replace directory DUMP_DIR as '/data/ora_ext_lottu'; 

Directory created.

# 给用户授予指定目录的操作权限

SQL> GRANT READ,WRITE ON DIRECTORY DUMP_DIR TO lottu;

Grant succeeded.

2.2 外部表源文件lottu.txt

,ACCOUNTING,NEW YORK

,RESEARCH,DALLAS

,SALES,CHICAGO

,OPERATIONS,BOSTON

2.3 创建外部表

drop table dept_external purge;

CREATE TABLE dept_external (

   deptno     NUMBER(),

   dname      VARCHAR2(),

   loc        VARCHAR2()

)

ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL

(TYPE oracle_loader

 DEFAULT DIRECTORY DUMP_DIR

 ACCESS PARAMETERS

 (

  RECORDS DELIMITED BY newline

  BADFILE 'lottu.bad'

  LOGFILE 'lottu.log'

  FIELDS TERMINATED BY ","  OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'

  (

   deptno     INTEGER EXTERNAL(),

   dname      CHAR(),

   loc        CHAR()

  )

 )

 LOCATION ('lottu.txt')

)

REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED;

查看数据

SQL> select * from dept_external;

    DEPTNO DNAME  LOC

---------- -------------------- -------------------------

 10 ACCOUNTING  NEW YORK

 20 RESEARCH  DALLAS

 30 SALES  CHICAGO

 40 OPERATIONS  BOSTON

三. Oracle加载数据-sqlldr工具

3.1 准备实验对象

　　创建文件lottu.txt；和表tbl_load_01。

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ seq 1000|awk -vOFS="," '{print $1,"lottu",systime()-$1}' > lottu.txt

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ sqlplus lottu/li0924

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Aug 13 22:58:34 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> create table tbl_load_01 (id number,name varchar2(10),accountid number);

Table created.

3.2 创建控制文件lottu.ctl

load data

characterset utf8

        infile '/home/oracle/lottu.txt'

        truncate into table tbl_load_01

        fields terminated by ','

        trailing nullcols

  optionally enclosed by ' ' TRAILING NULLCOLS

(

 id ,

 name,

 accountid

)

3.3 执行sqlldr

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ sqlldr 'lottu/"li0924"' control=/home/oracle/lottu.ctl log=/home/oracle/lottu.log bad=/home/oracle/lottu.bad

SQL*Loader: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Aug 13 23:10:12 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Commit point reached - logical record count 64

Commit point reached - logical record count 128

Commit point reached - logical record count 192

Commit point reached - logical record count 256

Commit point reached - logical record count 320

Commit point reached - logical record count 384

Commit point reached - logical record count 448

Commit point reached - logical record count 512

Commit point reached - logical record count 576

Commit point reached - logical record count 640

Commit point reached - logical record count 704

Commit point reached - logical record count 768

Commit point reached - logical record count 832

Commit point reached - logical record count 896

Commit point reached - logical record count 960

Commit point reached - logical record count 1000

四.Oracle卸载数据-sqludr

　　sqludr是将Oracle数据表导出到文本中；是牛人楼方鑫开发的。并非Oracle自带工具；需要下载安装才能使用。

4.1 sqludr安装

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ unzip sqluldr2linux64.zip

Archive:  sqluldr2linux64.zip

  inflating: sqluldr2linux64.bin

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ mv sqluldr2linux64.bin $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqludr

4.2 查看sqludr帮助

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ sqludr -?

SQL*UnLoader: Fast Oracle Text Unloader (GZIP, Parallel), Release 4.0.

(@) Copyright Lou Fangxin (AnySQL.net)  - , all rights reserved.

License: Free for non-commercial useage, else  USD per server.

Usage: SQLULDR2 keyword=value [,keyword=value,...]

Valid Keywords:

   user    = username/password@tnsname

   sql     = SQL file name

   query   = select statement

   field   = separator string between fields

   record  = separator string between records

   rows    = print progress for every given rows (default, )

   file    = output file name(default: uldrdata.txt)

   log     = log file name, prefix with + to append mode

   fast    = auto tuning the session level parameters(YES)

   text    = output type (MYSQL, CSV, MYSQLINS, ORACLEINS, FORM, SEARCH).

   charset = character set name of the target database.

   ncharset= national character set name of the target database.

   parfile = read command option from parameter file 

  for field and record, you can use '0x' to specify hex character code,

  \r=0x0d \n=0x0a |=0x7c ,=0x2c, \t=0x09, :=0x3a, #=0x23, "=0x22 '=0x27

4.3 执行sqludr

[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ sqludr lottu/li0924 query="tbl_load_01" file=lottu01.txt field=","

            rows exported at -- ::, size  MB.

         rows exported at -- ::, size  MB.

         output file lottu01.txt closed at  rows, size  MB.

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