9、flask之SQLAlchemy

2022-10-26 10:11:16

本篇导航：

介绍
使用
SQLAlchemy-Utils

一. 介绍

SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将类和对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

pip install sqlalchemy -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple  --trusted-host pypi.douban.com

组成部分：

Engine，框架的引擎
Connection Pooling ，数据库连接池
Dialect，选择连接数据库的DB API种类
Schema/Types，架构和类型
SQL Exprression Language，SQL表达式语言

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Python

    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

pymysql

    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

MySQL-Connector

    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

cx_Oracle

    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

更多：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

二. 使用

1、执行原生SQL语句

import time

import threading

import sqlalchemy

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine

engine = create_engine(

    "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8",

    max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

    pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

    pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

    pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

)

def task(arg):

    conn = engine.raw_connection()

    cursor = conn.cursor()

    cursor.execute(

        "select * from t1"

    )

    result = cursor.fetchall()

    cursor.close()

    conn.close()

for i in range(20):

    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))

    t.start()

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

import sqlalchemy

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

def task(arg):

    conn = engine.contextual_connect()

    with conn:

        cur = conn.execute(

            "select * from t1"

        )

        result = cur.fetchall()

        print(result)

for i in range(20):

    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))

    t.start()

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

import sqlalchemy

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine

from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

def task(arg):

    cur = engine.execute("select * from t1")

    result = cur.fetchall()

    cur.close()

    print(result)

for i in range(20):

    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))

    t.start()

注意: 查看连接 show status like 'Threads%';

2.、ORM

a.、创建数据库表

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import datetime

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index

Base = declarative_base()

class Users(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)

    # email = Column(String(32), unique=True)

    # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)

    # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (

        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),

        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'),

    )

def init_db():

    """

    根据类创建数据库表

    :return:

    """

    engine = create_engine(

        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",

        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

def drop_db():

    """

    根据类删除数据库表

    :return:

    """

    engine = create_engine(

        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",

        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

if __name__ == '__main__':

    drop_db()

    init_db()

创建单表

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import datetime

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

Base = declarative_base()

# ##################### 单表示例 #########################

class Users(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    name = Column(String(32), index=True)

    age = Column(Integer, default=18)

    email = Column(String(32), unique=True)

    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)

    extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (

        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),

        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),

    )

class Hosts(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'hosts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    name = Column(String(32), index=True)

    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)

# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################

class Hobby(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'hobby'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')

class Person(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'person'

    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)

    hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便

    hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')

# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################

class Server2Group(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'server2group'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)

    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))

    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))

class Group(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'group'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便

    servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')

class Server(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)

    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

def init_db():

    """

    根据类创建数据库表

    :return:

    """

    engine = create_engine(

        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",

        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

def drop_db():

    """

    根据类删除数据库表

    :return:

    """

    engine = create_engine(

        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",

        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

if __name__ == '__main__':

    drop_db()

    init_db()

创建多个表并包含Fk、M2M关系

b.、操作数据库表

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from models import Users

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

##############方式一########################

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

# 每次执行数据库操作时，都需要创建一个session

session = Session()

# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############

obj1 = Users(name="alex1")

session.add(obj1)

# 提交事务

session.commit()

# 关闭session

session.close()

######################方式二####################

# 方式二：支持线程安全，为每个线程创建一个session

# - threading.Local

# - 唯一标识

# ScopedSession对象

# self.registry(), 加括号 创建session

# self.registry(), 加括号 创建session

# self.registry(), 加括号 创建session

from greenlet import getcurrent as get_ident

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = scoped_session(Session,get_ident)

# session.add

# 操作

session.remove()

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from db import Users

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

def task(arg):

    session = Session()

    obj1 = Users(name="alex1")

    session.add(obj1)

    session.commit()

for i in range(10):

    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))

    t.start()

多线程执行示例

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.sql import text

from db import Users, Hosts

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# ################ 添加 ################

"""

obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")

session.add(obj1)

session.add_all([

    Users(name="wupeiqi"),

    Users(name="alex"),

    Hosts(name="c1.com"),

])

session.commit()

"""

# ################ 删除 ################

"""

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()

session.commit()

"""

# ################ 修改 ################

"""

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")

session.commit()

"""

# ################ 查询 ################

"""

r1 = session.query(Users).all()

r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()

r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()

r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()

r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()

r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()

r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()

"""

session.close()

基本增删改查示例

#　条件

ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()

from sqlalchemy import and_, or_

ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(

    or_(

        Users.id < 2,

        and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),

        Users.extra != ""

    )).all()

# 通配符

ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()

ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()

# 限制

ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]

# 排序

ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()

ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()

# 分组

from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()

ret = session.query(

    func.max(Users.id),

    func.sum(Users.id),

    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(

    func.max(Users.id),

    func.sum(Users.id),

    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()

# 连表

ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()

# 组合

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)

q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)

ret = q1.union(q2).all()

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)

q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)

ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

常用操作

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.sql import text

from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy

from db import Users, Hosts

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# 查询

# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')

# result = cursor.fetchall()

# 添加

cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})

session.commit()

print(cursor.lastrowid)

session.close()

原生SQL语句

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.sql import text

from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy

from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# 添加

"""

session.add_all([

    Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),

    Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),

    Person(name='张三', hobby_id=3),

    Person(name='李四', hobby_id=4),

])

person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))

session.add(person)

hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')

hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]

session.add(hb)

session.commit()

"""

# 使用relationship正向查询

"""

v = session.query(Person).first()

print(v.name)

print(v.hobby.caption)

"""

# 使用relationship反向查询

"""

v = session.query(Hobby).first()

print(v.caption)

print(v.pers)

"""

session.close()

基于relationship操作ForeignKey

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.sql import text

from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy

from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# 添加

"""

session.add_all([

    Server(hostname='c1.com'),

    Server(hostname='c2.com'),

    Group(name='A组'),

    Group(name='B组'),

])

session.commit()

s2g = Server2Group(server_id=1, group_id=1)

session.add(s2g)

session.commit()

gp = Group(name='C组')

gp.servers = [Server(hostname='c3.com'),Server(hostname='c4.com')]

session.add(gp)

session.commit()

ser = Server(hostname='c6.com')

ser.groups = [Group(name='F组'),Group(name='G组')]

session.add(ser)

session.commit()

"""

# 使用relationship正向查询

"""

v = session.query(Group).first()

print(v.name)

print(v.servers)

"""

# 使用relationship反向查询

"""

v = session.query(Server).first()

print(v.hostname)

print(v.groups)

"""

session.close()

基于relationship操作m2m

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func

from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy

from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# 关联子查询

subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()

result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)

"""

SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid

FROM server

WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1

FROM `group`

"""

# 原生SQL

"""

# 查询

cursor = session.execute('select * from users')

result = cursor.fetchall()

# 添加

cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})

session.commit()

print(cursor.lastrowid)

"""

session.close()

其他

基本增删改查补充

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.sql import text

from db import Users, Hosts

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# ################ 添加 ################

"""

obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")

session.add(obj1)

#批量添加

session.add_all([

    Users(name="wupeiqi"),

    Users(name="alex"),

    Hosts(name="c1.com"),

])

session.commit()

"""

# ################ 删除 ################

"""

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()

session.commit()

"""

# ################ 修改 ################

"""

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) #字符串

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")  #数字

session.commit()

"""

# ################ 查询 ################

"""

r1 = session.query(Users).all()

r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()   #lable #as xx

r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()

r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()   #如果里面写条件就用filter_by,和上面filter查询是一回事，只是一种不同的方式

r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()

r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()  #查询里面如果有动态传参的时候，吧它包在text里面，:value,:name这样的语法后面用.params来进行格式化

r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()  #上面的这个方式也可以用这一种 ，直接可以进行SQL语句的查询

"""

session.close()

三、SQLAlchemy-Utils

1、由于sqlalchemy中没有提供choice方法，所以借助SQLAlchemy-Utils组件提供的choice方法

import datetime

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index

from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

from sqlalchemy_utils import ChoiceType

Base = declarative_base()

class Xuan(Base):

    __tablename__ = 'xuan'

    types_choices = (

        (1,'欧美'),

        (2,'日韩'),

        (3,'老男孩'),

    )

    id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)

    name = Column(String(64))

    types = Column(ChoiceType(types_choices,Integer()))

    __table_args__ = {

        'mysql_engine':'Innodb',

        'mysql_charset':'utf8',

    }

engine = create_engine(

    "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/ttt2?charset=utf8",

    max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

    pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

    pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

    pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

)

Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

查询：

　　result_list = session.query(Xuan).all()

　　for item in result_list:

　　　　print(item.types.code,item.types.value)

2、scoped_session

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session

engine = create_engine(

        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@47.93.4.198:3306/ttt?charset=utf8",

        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接

        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小

        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错

        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）

)

SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

# 方式一：由于无法提供线程共享功能，所有在开发时要注意，在每个线程中自己创建 session。

#         from sqlalchemy.orm.session import Session

#         自己具有操作数据库的：'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire',.....

session = SessionFactory()

# print('原生session',session)

# 操作

session.close()

# 方式二：支持线程安全，为每个线程创建一个session

#               - threading.Local

#               - 唯一标识

# ScopedSession对象

#       self.registry(), 加括号 创建session

#       self.registry(), 加括号 创建session

#       self.registry(), 加括号 创建session

from greenlet import getcurrent as get_ident

session = scoped_session(SessionFactory,get_ident)

# session.add

# 操作

session.remove()

3、Flask-SQLAlchemy和Flask-Migrate 组件

4、Flask-SQLAlchemy：吧Flask和SQLAlchemy结合在一起，粘合剂

    在__init__.py 文件中

        1 引入Flask-SQLAlchemy    中的SQLAlchemy，实例化了一个SQLAlchemy对象

        2 注册Flask-SQLAlchemy：

            - 有两种方式

                方式一： 在函数里面，SQLAlchemy(app)  #如果想在其他地方使用这种方式就不好使了

                方式二： 在全局：

                    db = SQLAlchemy(),

                    在函数里面 db.init_app(app)  #调用init_app方法吧app放进去了

        3、导入models的类

        4、导入的类中继承了db.model，其实本质上还是继承了Base类

        5、manage.py 创建数据库表，可以通过命令来创建。借助Flask-Migrate组件来完成

5、Flask-Migrate：

    -旧5 被毙掉了：在manage.py里面导入db,以后执行db.create_all()创建表，以后执行drop_all()删除表

      这样不好，我们可以和Flask-Migrate结合起来用

    -新5：Flask-Migrate

        - 安装组件：pip install Flask-Migrate

        - 5.1 导入

            from flask_migrate import Migrate, MigrateCommand

            from app import db, app

        - 5.2 migrate = Migrate(app,db) #创建实例

        - 5.3 创建命令

            manager.add_command("db",MigrateCommand)

        - 5.4 执行命令

            python manage.py db init  #只执行第一次

            python manage.py db migrate

            python manage.py db upgrade

    在执行命令之前,得先连接数据库，他才会知道吧表放在那里，

4、详说注册SQLAlchemy的两种方式

1）方式一

from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

from flask import FLask

app = Flask(__name__)

app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = \

    "mysql://root:12345@localhost/test"

db = SQLAlchemy(app)

2）方式二：

from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

from flask import FLask

db = SQLAlchemy()

def create_app():

    app = Flask(__name__)

    db.init_app(app)

    return app

5、操作数据库

通过上面注册了SQLAlchemy，就直接可以从db.session了

#方式一

        db.session  #会自动创建一个session

        db.session.add()

        db.session.query(models.User.id,models.User.name).all()

        db.session.commit()

        db.session.remove()

#方式二

        导入models

        models.User.query

6、flask中所有用到过的组件

所有用过的组件

    Flask

    连接数据库的两种操作

        要么DBUtils：用于执行原生SQL的

            用自己的util里面的sqlhelper来完成

        要么SQLAlchemy：遵循他自己的语法来链接

            方式一：SQLAlchemy(app)这种方式有局限性，如果我在其他地方也得用到呢?可以吧它写到全局

            方式二：优点，

                实例化一下：db = SQLAlchemy()

                注册：

                    在settings里面配置一下数据库链接方式

                        SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "mysql+pymysql://root:123@47.93.4.198:3306/s6?charset=utf8"

                        SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE = 2

                        SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT = 30

                        SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE = -1

                    Flask-SQLAlchemy： db.init_app(app)

    Flask-Session  #用于吧session保存在其他地方

    Flask-Script  #生成命令

    Flask-Migrate   #数据库迁移

    Flask-SQLAlchemy  #将Flask和SQLAlchemy很好的结合在一起

        #本质、:每次操作数据库就会自动创建一个session连接，完了自动关闭

    Blinker  #信号

    Wtforms  #FORM组件

    用到的组件和版本

        pip3 freeze  #获取环境中所有安装的模块

        pip3 freeze > a.txt

        pip3 freeze > requirements.txt

        #pip3 install pipreqs  #帮你找到当前程序的所有模块，并且自动生成 requirements.txt文件,写入内容

        pipreqs ./  #根目录

        以后别人给你一个程序，告知你一个文件夹需要安装的组件：requirements.txt

             进入程序目录：

                pip install -r requirements.txt #就会把设计到的所有的组件就会装上 

        结构：

            app

                static

                templates

                views

                __init__.py

                models.py

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