def request(method, url, **kwargs):

    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.

    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.

    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.

    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.

    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.

        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``

        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string

        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers

        to add for the file.

    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data

        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read

        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

    :type timeout: float or tuple

    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.

    :type allow_redirects: bool

    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.

    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.

    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests

      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')

      <Response [200]>

    """

参数列表

请求参数

def param_method_url():

    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

    pass

def param_param():

    # - 可以是字典

    # - 可以是字符串

    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    pass

def param_data():

    # 可以是字典

    # 可以是字符串

    # 可以是字节

    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"

    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",

    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4

    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    # )

    pass

def param_json():

    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)

    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

def param_headers():

    # 发送请求头到服务器端

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},

                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

                     )

def param_cookies():

    # 发送Cookie到服务器端

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},

                     )

    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）

    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar

    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()

    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,

                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,

                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)

                   )

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                     cookies=obj)

def param_files():

    # 发送文件

    # file_dict = {

    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名

    # file_dict = {

    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名

    # file_dict = {

    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名

    # file_dict = {

    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass

def param_auth():

    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))

    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',

    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))

    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'

    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))

    # print(ret)

    #

def param_timeout():

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)

    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))

    # print(ret)

    pass

def param_allow_redirects():

    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)

    print(ret.text)

def param_proxies():

    # proxies = {

    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",

    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",

    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)

    # print(ret.headers)

    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth

    #

    # proxyDict = {

    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',

    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'

    # }

    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')

    #

    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)

    # print(r.text)

    pass

def param_stream():

    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)

    print(ret.content)

    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing

    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:

    # # 在此处理响应。

    # for i in r.iter_content():

    # print(i)

def requests_session():

    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

    i2 = session.post(

        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

        data={

            'phone': "",

            'password': "xxxxxx",

            'oneMonth': ""

        }

    )

    i3 = session.post(

        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",

    )

    print(i3.text)

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

# ############## 方式一 ##############

"""

# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()

# ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

i2 = requests.post(

    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

    data={

        'phone': "8615131255089",

        'password': "xxooxxoo",

        'oneMonth': ""

    },

    cookies=i1_cookies

)

# ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）

gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']

i3 = requests.post(

    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",

    cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}

)

print(i3.text)

"""

# ############## 方式二 ##############

"""

import requests

session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

i2 = session.post(

    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

    data={

        'phone': "8615131255089",

        'password': "xxooxxoo",

        'oneMonth': ""

    }

)

i3 = session.post(

    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"

)

print(i3.text)

"""

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# ############## 方式一 ##############

#

# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token

# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')

# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')

# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})

# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')

# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()

# i1.close()

#

# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证

# form_data = {

# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,

#     "utf8": "",

#     "commit": "Sign in",

#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",

#     'password': 'xxoo'

# }

#

# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)

# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()

# c1.update(c2)

# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)

#

# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')

# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')

#

# from bs4.element import Tag

#

# for child in list_group.children:

#     if isinstance(child, Tag):

#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')

#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')

#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )

#         print(temp)

# ############## 方式二 ##############

# session = requests.Session()

# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token

# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')

# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')

# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})

# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')

# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()

# i1.close()

#

# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证

# form_data = {

#     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,

#     "utf8": "",

#     "commit": "Sign in",

#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",

#     'password': 'xxoo'

# }

#

# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)

# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()

# c1.update(c2)

# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')

#

# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')

# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')

#

# from bs4.element import Tag

#

# for child in list_group.children:

#     if isinstance(child, Tag):

#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')

#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')

#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )

#         print(temp)

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import time

import requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get(

    url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

    }

)

soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')

xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})

xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')

current_time = time.time()

i2 = session.get(

    url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',

    params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

    })

with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:

    f.write(i2.content)

captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')

form_data = {

    "_xsrf": xsrf,

    'password': 'xxooxxoo',

    "captcha": 'captcha',

    'email': '424662508@qq.com'

}

i3 = session.post(

    url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',

    data=form_data,

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

    }

)

i4 = session.get(

    url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

    }

)

soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')

tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')

nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string

print(nick_name)

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import re

import json

import base64

import rsa

import requests

def js_encrypt(text):

    b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'

    der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)

    pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)

    v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)

    value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')

    value = value.decode('utf8')

    return value

session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')

rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")

v = re.search(rep, i1.text)

verification_token = v.group(1)

form_data = {

    'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),

    'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),

    'remember': False

}

i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',

                  data=json.dumps(form_data),

                  headers={

                      'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',

                      'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',

                      'VerificationToken': verification_token}

                  )

i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')

print(i3.text)

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

# 第一步：访问登陆页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code

# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html

# 2、请求方法:GET

# 3、请求头:

#    User-agent

r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',

                 headers={

                     'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',

                 },

                 )

X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]

X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]

print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)

# print(r1.cookies.get_dict())

# 第二步：登陆

# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json

# 2、请求方法:POST

# 3、请求头:

#    cookie

#    User-agent

#    Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html

#    X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984

#    X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78

#    X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest

# 4、请求体：

# isValidate:true

# username:15131252215

# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d

# request_form_verifyCode:''

# submit:''

r2 = requests.post(

    'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',

        'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',

        'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code,

        'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token,

        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'

    },

    data={

        "isValidate": True,

        'username': '',

        'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d',

        'request_form_verifyCode': '',

        'submit': ''

    },

    cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()

)

print(r2.text)