sql语句-单表查询

一:单表查询

CREATE TABLE `Score`(
`s_id` VARCHAR(20),
`c_id` VARCHAR(20),
`s_score` INT(3),
PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`,`c_id`)
); insert into Score values('' , '' , 80);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 90);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 99);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 70);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 60);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 80);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 80);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 80);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 80);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 50);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 30);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 20);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 76);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 87);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 31);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 34);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 89);
insert into Score values('' , '' , 98);

成绩表

CREATE TABLE `Student`(
`s_id` VARCHAR(20),
`s_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`s_birth` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`s_sex` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`)
); insert into Student values('' , '赵雷' , '1990-01-01' , '男');
insert into Student values('' , '钱电' , '1990-12-21' , '男');
insert into Student values('' , '孙风' , '1990-05-20' , '男');
insert into Student values('' , '李云' , '1990-08-06' , '男');
insert into Student values('' , '周梅' , '1991-12-01' , '女');
insert into Student values('' , '吴兰' , '1992-03-01' , '女');
insert into Student values('' , '郑竹' , '1989-07-01' , '女');
insert into Student values('' , '王菊' , '1990-01-20' , '女');

学生表

1.查询条件

比较

等于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score=80
大于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score>80
小于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score<80
小于等于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score<=80
大于等于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score>=80
不等于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score!=80
不等于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score<>80
不小于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score!<80
不大于
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score!>80

范围

在60-80之间的记录
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score BETWEEN 60 AND 80
不在60-80之间的记录
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score NOT BETWEEN 60 AND 80

in的使用

成绩只要是80的记录
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score IN(80)
成绩不是80的其他所有记录
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score NOT IN(80)
如果是中文就要用单引号,记得名字要写全不要只写一个云或李
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name IN('李云')
姓名不是云的所有记录(因为姓名都是两个字的)
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name NOT IN('云')
多组的话可以这样查(成绩是80和60的会被查出来,14表中没有就没有了,sql不会出错的)
SELECT * FROM score WHERE s_score IN(80,60,14)

like的使用

名字中最后一个字是云的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name LIKE '%云'
名字中最先一个字是李的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name LIKE '李%'
名字中包含一个字是雷的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name LIKE '%雷%'
名字中不包含一个字是云的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name NOT LIKE '%云%'
名字中类似第二个字是云的且只有两个字的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name LIKE '_云'

空值

学生表中名字这个字段是null的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name IS NULL
学生表中名字这个字段不是null的记录
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_name IS NOT NULL

and与or

id大于3且性别是男的
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_id>3 AND s_sex='男'
要么是id大于3的,要么性别是男,两者符合一个就行,都符合当然也行
SELECT * FROM student WHERE s_id>3 OR s_sex='男'

order by

通常是用做对查询结果按照一个或多个属性进行升序、降序

按照成绩(s_score)升序,成绩相同的按照id(s_id)升序
SELECT * FROM score ORDER BY s_score,s_id ASC 降序是 DESC

distinct   与  group by 两者都有去重的能力

去重后的成绩
SELECT DISTINCT s_score FROM score 分组(分组后是去重的)后的成绩与其对应的id
SELECT s_score,s_id FROM score GROUP BY s_score

结论:distinct只适用于查询不重复记录的条数,例如select coun(distinct s_score) from score  代表不重复的成绩记录有多少条

SELECT DISTINCT s_score,s_id FROM score  这样会变成成绩与id都相同的才会去重
SELECT s_id,DISTINCT s_score FROM score  而这样mysql会报错

只有group by适合查询一整条不重复记录的数据

聚集函数

count  统计条数    select count(*) from score;select count(distinct s_score) from score;   distinct不写的话默认是all

sum   计算某一列的总和(必须是数值型)select sum(s_score) from score

avg   计算某一列的平均值(必须是数值型)select avg(s_score) from score

max  求某一列的最大值   select max(s_score) from score

min   求某一列的最小值   select min(s_score) from score

值得一提的是,计算所有老师的平均工资可以这样  select avg(salary) from salary

如果要计算每个院系的老师的平均工资就要分组 select dept_name,avg(salary) from salary group by dept_name

也就是说(假设) ,把100个老师(共五个院系,每个院系20个老师)分为五组,每组20人,对每组的20人计算平均值,以不同院系区分

如果,select dept_name,id,avg(salary) from salary group by dept_name   中间加个id这样是不可以的,因为id没有被分组除非

select dept_name,id,avg(salary) from salary group by dept_name,id      这样才行

另外group by后面可以接having语句,having可以用聚集函数,where不可以

区别在于,having是分组之后才生效的,where是未分组时生效的

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