【密码】Oracle用户密码系列
1.1 BLOG文档结构图
1.2 前言部分
1.2.1 导读和注意事项
各位技术爱好者，看完本文后，你可以掌握如下的技能，也可以学到一些其它你所不知道的知识，~O(∩_∩)O~：
① 用户的9种状态含义（重点）
② 如何解锁账户
③ 如何修改密码无效状态
④ 如何获取密码的密文，如何利用密文修改用户的密码（重点）
⑤ 如何查询失败的登陆次数
⑥ 11g 密码大小写问题
⑦ 11g 密码延迟验证
⑧ 密码复杂性校验
Tips：
① 本文在itpub（http://blog.itpub.net/26736162）、博客园(http://www.cnblogs.com/lhrbest)和微信公众号（xiaomaimiaolhr）上有同步更新。
② 文章中用到的所有代码、相关软件、相关资料及本文的pdf版本都请前往小麦苗的云盘下载，小麦苗的云盘地址见：http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-1624453/。
③ 若网页文章代码格式有错乱，请下载pdf格式的文档来阅读。
④ 在本篇BLOG中，代码输出部分一般放在一行一列的表格中。
本文若有错误或不完善的地方请大家多多指正，您的批评指正是我写作的最大动力。
1.2.2 本文简介
客户的一个账户密码过期了，但是客户设置了永不过期，问到我为什么。我当时觉得设置了永不过期那肯定是生效的，只是这个部分的内容忘得差不多了，当时还想到可能是resource_limit这个参数没有设置为TRUE的缘故，后来查了官方文档才知道并不是这个原因。于是下决心把这部分的内容系统学习一下，自己总结的内容分享给大家。
1.3 使用profile管理用户口令
Oracle用户的状态是由密码来决定的，而Oracle中的密码是由PROFILE来配置的。PROFILE是口令限制、资源限制的命令集合。当建立数据库时，Oracle会自动建立名称为DEFAULT的PROFILE。当创建用户而没有指定PROFILE选项时，Oracle就会将DEFAULT分配给用户。
通过如下的命令可以查出与密码相关的PROFILE的值：
SELECT *
FROM DBA_PROFILES D
WHERE D.PROFILE = 'DEFAULT'
AND (D.RESOURCE_NAME LIKE '%PASSWORD%' OR
D.RESOURCE_NAME = 'FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS');
每个参数的含义如下所示：
l FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 设定登录到Oracle数据库时可以失败的次数。一旦某用户尝试登录数据库的达到该值时，该用户的帐户就被锁定，只能由DBA能解锁。
l PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 设定口令的有效时间（天数），一旦超过这一时间，必须重新设口令。缺省为UNLIMITED。
l PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME 许多系统不许用户重新启用过去用过的口令。该资源项设定了一个失效口令要经过多少天，用户才可以重新使用该口令，缺省为UNLIMITED。
l PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX 重新启用一个先前用过的口令前必须对该口令进行重新设置的次数（重复用的次数）。
l PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 设定帐户被锁定的天数（当登录失败达到FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS时）。
l PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 设定在口令失效前，给予的重新设该口令的宽限天。当口令失效之后回，在登录时会出现警告信息显示该天数。如果没有在宽限天内修改口令，口令将失效。
l PASSWORD_VERITY_FUNCTION 该资源项允许调用一个PL/SQL来验证口令。Oracle已提供该应用的脚本，为$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlpwdmg.sql。但是，用户可以制定自己的验证脚本。该参数的设定就是PL/SQL函数的名称，缺省为NULL。
1.3.1 修改密码为永不过期
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SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,profile from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAM ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE PROFILE ------- ------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------ LHRSYS OPEN 2016-12-07 15:20:36 TESTPROFILE
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys password expire;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,profile from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAM ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE PROFILE ------- ------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------ LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-02 16:36:24 TESTPROFILE
SYS@lhrdb> ALTER PROFILE TESTPROFILE LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME UNLIMITED;
Profile altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,profile from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAM ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE PROFILE ------- ------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------ LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-02 16:36:24 TESTPROFILE
SYS@lhrdb> SELECT NB.PASSWORD FROM USER$ NB WHERE NB.NAME ='LHRSYS';
PASSWORD ------------------------------ F809740420A44EFC
SYS@lhrdb> ALTER USER LHRSYS IDENTIFIED BY VALUES 'F809740420A44EFC';
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,profile from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAM ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE PROFILE ------- ------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------ LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE
SYS@lhrdb>
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1.3.2 ACCOUNT_STATUS的九种状态
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SYS@lhrdb> SELECT * FROM USER_ASTATUS_MAP;
STATUS# STATUS ---------- -------------------------------- 0 OPEN 1 EXPIRED 2 EXPIRED(GRACE) 4 LOCKED(TIMED) 8 LOCKED 5 EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED) 6 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED) 9 EXPIRED & LOCKED 10 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED
9 rows selected.
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以上九种可以分为两大类：1.基本状态；2.组合状态。
前五种是基本状态：
0 OPEN
1 EXPIRED
2 EXPIRED(GRACE)
4 LOCKED(TIMED)
8 LOCKED
后四种是组合状态：
5 EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED)
6 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED)
9 EXPIRED & LOCKED
10 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED
规律是这样的：后四种的组合状态可以通过状态号STATUS#获得它是哪两种状态的组合，例如10=2+8（10 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED = 2 EXPIRED(GRACE) + 8 LOCKED）。因此只要了解基本状态的含义其他便可无师自通。
这五种基本状态又可以分为三类：1.正常状态；2.锁定状态；3.密码过期状态。
1）OPEN表示用户处于正常状态。
2）用户被锁定状态，LOCKED和LOCKED(TIMED)两种状态都属于锁定状态
用户被锁定一般分为两种：一种是DBA显式的通过SQL语句对用户进行锁定；另外一种是被动的锁定，例如默认情况下如果密码输入错误超过10次（这个限制是由PROFILE中的FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS控制的，该信息可以通过DBA_PROFILES视图查询），用户将被锁定。
1.3.2.1 锁定状态
一、 LOCKED
显式锁定LHRSYS用户LOCKED状态演示
SELECT D.USERNAME,
D.ACCOUNT_STATUS,
D.LOCK_DATE,
D.EXPIRY_DATE,
D.PROFILE,
NVL(D.PASSWORD,
(SELECT NB.PASSWORD FROM USER$ NB WHERE NB.NAME = D.USERNAME)) PASSWORD
FROM DBA_USERS D
WHERE D.USERNAME = 'LHRSYS';
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SYS@lhrdb> ALTER USER LHRSYS ACCOUNT LOCK;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28000: the account is locked
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE. @> conn / as sysdba Connected.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,d.lock_date from dba_users d where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS LOCKED 2016-12-02 09:33:50
SYS@lhrdb> ALTER USER LHRSYS ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,d.lock_date from dba_users d where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
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二、 LOCKED(TIMED)
输入10次错误密码后被动锁定LOCKED(TIMED)状态演示
尝试输入10次错误密码后再次查询用户状态。
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SYS@lhrdb> SELECT * FROM Dba_Profiles d WHERE d.profile='DEFAULT' AND D.resource_name LIKE '%FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS%' ;
PROFILE RESOURCE_NAME RESOURCE LIMIT ------------------------------ -------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------- DEFAULT FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS PASSWORD 10
SYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE. @> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-28000: the account is locked<<<<<<<<<------超过10次后用户被锁定
@> CONN / AS SYSDBA Connected.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,d.lock_date from dba_users d where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS LOCKED(TIMED) 2016-12-02 09:37:20 SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb>
SYS@lhrdb> ALTER USER LHRSYS ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,d.lock_date from dba_users d where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
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1.3.2.2 过期状态
用户密码过期状态，EXPIRED和EXPIRED(GRACE)两种状态都属于密码过期状态。
一、 EXPIRED
密码是否过期是通过修改PROFILE中的PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME实现的，密码过期后还可以使用的天数是通过PROFILE中的PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME控制的。
关于密码过期我们也可以使用SQL显式的去完成，简单演示一下。
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SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys password expire;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-01 16:29:01
SYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28001: the password has expired
Changing password for lhrsys New password: Retype new password: Password changed Connected.
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
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下面通过修改系统的日期来演示：
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SYS@lhrdb> SELECT D.USERNAME, 2 D.ACCOUNT_STATUS, 3 D.LOCK_DATE, 4 D.EXPIRY_DATE, 5 D.PROFILE, 6 NVL(D.PASSWORD, 7 (SELECT NB.PASSWORD FROM USER$ NB WHERE NB.NAME = D.USERNAME)) PASSWORD 8 FROM DBA_USERS D 9 WHERE D.USERNAME = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DATE PROFILE PASSWORD ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ LHRSYS OPEN DEFAULT F809740420A44EFC
SYS@lhrdb> create profile TESTPROFILE LIMIT password_life_time 5 password_grace_time 0;<<<<<<<<<------这里将password_grace_time设置为0
Profile created.
SYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS profile TESTPROFILE;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-07 14:50:36
--修改系统时间 [root@orcltest ~]# date '12071450' Wed Dec 7 14:50:00 CST 2016 [root@orcltest ~]# 系统查询： SYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:50:19
SYS@lhrdb> conn LHRSYS/lhr Connected. LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn LHRSYS/lhr ERROR: ORA-28001: the password has expired
Changing password for LHRSYS New password: Password unchanged Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
@> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED TESTPROFILE 2016-12-12 10:36:06
SYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS identified by lhr;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-12 14:52:54
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二、 EXPIRED(GRACE)
当设置了PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME以后，第一次成功登录后到口令到期后有多少天时间可改变口令，在这段时间内，帐户被提醒修改口令并可以正常登陆，account_status显示为EXPIRED(GRACE)。expired(grace) 与 locked(timed)是由系统的profile来进行控制的。
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SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-07 14:09:09
SYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-02 14:09:32
SYS@lhrdb> ALTER PROFILE TESTPROFILE LIMIT password_grace_time 3;
Profile altered.
SYS@lhrdb> SELECT * 2 FROM DBA_PROFILES D 3 WHERE D.PROFILE = 'TESTPROFILE' 4 AND (D.RESOURCE_NAME LIKE '%PASSWORD%' OR 5 D.RESOURCE_NAME = 'FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS');
PROFILE RESOURCE_NAME RESOURCE LIMIT ------------------------------ -------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- TESTPROFILE FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS PASSWORD DEFAULT TESTPROFILE PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME PASSWORD 5 TESTPROFILE PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME PASSWORD DEFAULT TESTPROFILE PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX PASSWORD DEFAULT TESTPROFILE PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION PASSWORD DEFAULT TESTPROFILE PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME PASSWORD DEFAULT TESTPROFILE PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME PASSWORD 3
7 rows selected.
SYS@lhrdb>
--修改系统时间 [root@orcltest ~]# date '12071408'<<<<<<<<<------14:09过期，我们设置到14:08分 Wed Dec 7 14:08:00 CST 2016 [root@orcltest ~]#
系统查询： LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:08:03
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr Connected.
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:09:06
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:09:09
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:09:11<<<<<<<<<------已过了密码有效期
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-07 14:09:09<<<<<<<<<------但该用户的状态未改变，下面尝试第一次登陆
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28002: the password will expire within 3 days<<<<<<<<<------第一次登陆后报错，但用户依然可以登陆，且EXPIRY_DATE已经变化
Connected. LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) TESTPROFILE 2016-12-10 14:09:34 <<<<<<<<<------再次查询状态，变为了EXPIRED(GRACE)
再次调整日期： [root@orcltest ~]# date '12081430' Thu Dec 8 14:30:00 CST 2016
LHRSYS@lhrdb> LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-08 14:30:12
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28002: the password will expire within 2 days<<<<<<<<<------变为了2天
Connected. LHRSYS@lhrdb> 继续更改日期： [root@orcltest ~]# date '12101409' Sat Dec 10 14:09:00 CST 2016 [root@orcltest ~]# 查询： LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-10 14:09:07
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28002: the password will expire within 0 days<<<<<<<<<------变为了0天
Connected.
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) TESTPROFILE 2016-12-10 14:09:34
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-10 14:09:39<<<<<<<<<------GRACE日期已过
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28001: the password has expired
Changing password for lhrsys New password: Password unchanged Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
@> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED TESTPROFILE 2016-12-10 14:09:34
SYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS identified by lhr;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-15 14:13:08
SYS@lhrdb>
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1.3.2.3 组合状态
关于四种组合状态的解释
因为锁定的两种状态（LOCKED和LOCKED(TIMED)）和密码过期的两种状态（EXPIRED和EXPIRED(GRACE)）之间没有关系。因此他们之间可以任意组合，2×2=4，因此有四种组合状态：
5 EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED)
6 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED)
9 EXPIRED & LOCKED
10 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED
一、 EXPIRED & LOCKED
EXPIRED & LOCKED状态表示用户密码过期且同时处于锁定状态
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SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN 2016-12-07 15:02:56 SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys password expire;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-02 15:11:12
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys account lock;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED & LOCKED 2016-12-01 16:51:38
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys account unlock;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-01 16:51:38
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys identified by lhr;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
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二、 EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED)
EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED)状态表示用户密码过期后，错误密码尝试次数超过PROFILE中的FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS的限制
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SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys password expire;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-02 10:07:27
SYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE. @> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> conn / as sysdba Connected.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED) 2016-12-02 10:07:27 2016-12-02 10:09:03
SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys account unlock;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-02 10:07:27
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys identified by lhr;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
SYS@lhrdb>
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三、 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED
EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED状态表示用户在密码过期后的有效期内被DBA手工锁定。
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LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-07 14:39:20
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:39:17
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:39:25
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-07 14:39:20
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28002: the password will expire within 3 days
Connected. LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) TESTPROFILE 2016-12-10 14:39:54
LHRSYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys account lock;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED 2016-12-10 14:39:54 2016-12-07 14:40:20
LHRSYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys account unlock;
User altered.
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) TESTPROFILE 2016-12-10 14:39:54
LHRSYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS identified by lhr;
User altered.
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-12 14:40:46
LHRSYS@lhrdb> |
四、 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED)
EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED)状态表示用户在密码过期后的有效期内，失败登录次数超过PROFILE中的FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS的限制。
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SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN 2016-12-07 14:50:06
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-02 14:50:13
修改系统日期： [root@orcltest ~]# date '12071450' Wed Dec 7 14:50:00 CST 2016 [root@orcltest ~]# 查询： LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:50:03
LHRSYS@lhrdb> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE ------------------- 2016-12-07 14:50:12
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN 2016-12-07 14:50:06
LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn lhrsys/lhr ERROR: ORA-28002: the password will expire within 3 days
Connected. SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) 2016-12-10 14:50:21
LHRSYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE. @> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb
ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> @> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-28000: the account is locked
@> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED) 2016-12-10 14:50:21 2016-12-07 14:53:30
SYS@lhrdb> alter user lhrsys account unlock;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED(GRACE) TESTPROFILE 2016-12-10 14:50:21
SYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS identified by lhr;
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> select username,account_status,profile,EXPIRY_DATE from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS PROFILE EXPIRY_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN TESTPROFILE 2016-12-12 14:55:04
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1.3.3 在不知道用户密码的情况下如何更改密码
在Oracle中，若用户的密码变为锁定状态（LOCKED、LOCKED(TIMED)）则DBA直接执行ALTER USER用户名 ACCOUNT UNLOCK就可以解锁了。但是，如果用户的状态变成过期状态（EXPIRED、EXPIRED(GRACE)），则DBA必须要更改用户的密码账户才能重新使用。但有些时候，因为各种原因并不知道原密码的明文是什么，这时候可以有如下2种办法来更新密码。
1.3.3.1 用原密码的密文来更改密码
在Oracle 10g中，DBA_USERS视图的PASSWORD字段提供了密码的密文形式，而在Oracle 11g中，该字段被弃用了，内容为空，但是在基表USER$中的PASSWORD字段依然有记录密文形式，所以可以通过如下的形式来获取密码的密文形式：
SELECT D.USERNAME,
D.ACCOUNT_STATUS,
D.LOCK_DATE,
D.EXPIRY_DATE,
D.PROFILE,
NVL(D.PASSWORD,
(SELECT NB.PASSWORD FROM USER$ NB WHERE NB.NAME = D.USERNAME)) PASSWORD
FROM DBA_USERS D
WHERE D.USERNAME = 'LHRSYS';
另外，可以通过DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL包或者expdp、exp命令来获取创建用户的语句从而获取密码的密文形式：
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SYS@lhrdb> set long 9999 SYS@lhrdb> SELECT DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL('USER', 'LHRSYS') DDL_SQL FROM DUAL;
DDL_SQL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATE USER "LHRSYS" IDENTIFIED BY VALUES 'S:853EA80BAE11F79D6946453F38059E30313FE84C96AE2EE4F3AA35A648BD;F809740420A44EFC' DEFAULT TABLESPACE "USERS" TEMPORARY TABLESPACE "TEMP"
SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb>
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获取了密码的密文后就可以用如下的命令来修改了，注意：使用密文的命令中多了一个values关键字：
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SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS identified by values 'F809740420A44EFC';
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/lhr@192.168.59.129/lhrdb Connected. LHRSYS@192.168.59.129/lhrdb> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> alter user LHRSYS identified by values 'S:853EA80BAE11F79D6946453F38059E30313FE84C96AE2EE4F3AA35A648BD;F809740420A44EFC';
User altered.
SYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/lhr@192.168.59.129/lhrdb Connected. LHRSYS@192.168.59.129/lhrdb>
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这种情况下，虽然我们不知道原密码是什么，但可以用它的密文来更改密码，这样，在不知道原密码的情况下，既保持了密码不改变，又可以把expired的状态更改掉。
在MOS The Impact of PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME Database Profile Parameter Default to 180 Days on Network Charging and Control (文档 ID 1543668.1)中搜到了如下的命令也可以直接获取密码：
SELECT SQLTEXT
FROM (SELECT NAME,
'alter user ' || NAME || ' identified by values ''' ||
PASSWORD || ''';' SQLTEXT
FROM USER$
WHERE SPARE4 IS NULL
AND PASSWORD IS NOT NULL
UNION
SELECT NAME,
'alter user ' || NAME || ' identified by values ''' || SPARE4 || ';' ||
PASSWORD || ''';' SQLTEXT
FROM USER$
WHERE SPARE4 IS NOT NULL
AND PASSWORD IS NOT NULL)
WHERE NAME = 'LHRSYS';
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SYS@lhrdb> SELECT SQLTEXT 2 FROM (SELECT NAME, 3 'alter user ' || NAME || ' identified by values ''' || 4 PASSWORD || ''';' SQLTEXT 5 FROM USER$ 6 WHERE SPARE4 IS NULL 7 AND PASSWORD IS NOT NULL 8 UNION 9 SELECT NAME, 10 'alter user ' || NAME || ' identified by values ''' || SPARE4 || ';' || 11 PASSWORD || ''';' SQLTEXT 12 FROM USER$ 13 WHERE SPARE4 IS NOT NULL 14 AND PASSWORD IS NOT NULL) 15 WHERE NAME = 'LHRSYS';
SQLTEXT ------------------------------------------ alter user LHRSYS identified by values 'S:853EA80BAE11F79D6946453F38059E30313FE84C96AE2EE4F3AA35A648BD;F809740420A44EFC';
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1.3.3.2 直接更新USER$基表
不管用户的状态是什么，通过更新USER$表可以让用户处于OPEN状态：
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SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS EXPIRED 2016-12-02 10:40:09
SYS@lhrdb> UPDATE USER$ SET ASTATUS=0 WHERE NAME='LHRSYS';
1 row updated.
SYS@lhrdb> commit;<<<<<<<<<------及时提交
Commit complete.
SYS@lhrdb> select username, account_status,EXPIRY_DATE,lock_date from dba_users where username = 'LHRSYS';
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS EXPIRY_DATE LOCK_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LHRSYS OPEN
SYS@lhrdb>
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1.3.4 user$.lCOUNT列记录了失败的登陆次数
登录失败，lcount加1；只要成功登录后，lcount栏位就会置0。
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SYS@lhrdb> select NAME,LCOUNT from user$ a WHERE a.NAME='LHRSYS';
NAME LCOUNT ------------------------------ ---------- LHRSYS 0
SYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE. @> CONN LHRSYS/XXXX@192.168.59.129/lhrdb ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
@> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> select NAME,LCOUNT from user$ a WHERE a.NAME='LHRSYS';
NAME LCOUNT ------------------------------ ---------- LHRSYS 2
SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb> CONN LHRSYS/lhr Connected. LHRSYS@lhrdb> conn / as sysdba Connected. SYS@lhrdb> select NAME,LCOUNT from user$ a WHERE a.NAME='LHRSYS';
NAME LCOUNT ------------------------------ ---------- LHRSYS 0
SYS@lhrdb>
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另外，审计表也记录了登陆失败的信息：
SELECT d.username,d.timestamp,d.action_name,d.os_username,d.terminal
FROM DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL D
WHERE D.RETURNCODE = 1017
AND D.USERNAME = 'LHRSYS'
ORDER BY d.timestamp DESC ;
1.3.5 11g密码区分大小写--sec_case_sensitive_logon
Property |
Description |
Parameter type |
Boolean |
Default value |
true |
Modifiable |
ALTER SYSTEM |
Range of values |
true | false |
Basic |
No |
从Oracle 11g开始，密码区分大小写，采用参数sec_case_sensitive_logon控制，该参数默认为TRUE。
SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON enables or disables password case sensitivity in the database.
Values:
true：Database logon passwords are case sensitive.
false：Database logon passwords are not case sensitive.
1.3.6 密码延迟验证
从11g开始，如果一个用户使用不正确的密码尝试登录数据库，那么随着登录失败次数的增加，每次登录验证前延迟等待的时间也会增加。
通过设置EVENTS 28401可以屏蔽密码延迟验证：
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENT = '28401 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER, LEVEL 1' SCOPE = SPFILE； |
设置该事件后重启数据库即可。
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[oracle@orcltest ~]$ oerr ora 28401 28401, 00000, "Event to disable delay after three failed login attempts" // *Document: NO // *Cause: N/A // *Action: Set this event in your environment to disable the login delay // which will otherwise take place after three failed login attempts. // *Note: THIS IS NOT A USER ERROR NUMBER/MESSAGE. THIS DOES NOT NEED TO BE // TRANSLATED OR DOCUMENTED. [oracle@orcltest ~]$
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1.3.7 哪些用户密码没有被修改过
Oracle在11g中对于安全方面进行了很大的改进，比如增加了密码大小写验证，增加了密码复杂度的验证等等。在Oracle 11g中还提供了一个视图DBA_USERS_WITH_DEFPWD用来指出那些用户的密码没有被修改过，仍然是数据库默认密码。Oracle并不是简单的监测是否密码被修改，而是检查密码是否修改为别的值，如果新密码和旧密码保持一致，那么即使密码被修改，这个用户仍然在DBA_USERS_WITH_DEFPWD视图中。
SELECT * FROM DBA_USERS_WITH_DEFPWD;
1.3.8 密码复杂性校验
脚本位置：$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlpwdmg.sql
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[oracle@orcltest ~]$ ll $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlpwdmg.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 11555 Aug 13 2006 /u02/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/utlpwdmg.sql [oracle@orcltest ~]$
SYS@lhrdb> @?/rdbms/admin/utlpwdmg.sql
Function created.
Profile altered.
Function created.
SYS@lhrdb>
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该脚本中有如下的一段：
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ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 180 PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 7 PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME UNLIMITED PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX UNLIMITED FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 10 PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1 PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function_11G;
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更改之后查看：
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SYS@lhrdb> SELECT * FROM Dba_Profiles d WHERE d.profile='DEFAULT';
PROFILE RESOURCE_NAME RESOURCE LIMIT ------------------------------ -------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- DEFAULT COMPOSITE_LIMIT KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT SESSIONS_PER_USER KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT CPU_PER_SESSION KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT CPU_PER_CALL KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT IDLE_TIME KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT CONNECT_TIME KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT PRIVATE_SGA KERNEL UNLIMITED DEFAULT FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS PASSWORD 10 DEFAULT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME PASSWORD 180 DEFAULT PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME PASSWORD UNLIMITED DEFAULT PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX PASSWORD UNLIMITED DEFAULT PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION PASSWORD VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G DEFAULT PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME PASSWORD 1 DEFAULT PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME PASSWORD 7
16 rows selected.
SYS@lhrdb> create user lhrpwd identified by lhr; create user lhrpwd identified by lhr * ERROR at line 1: ORA-28003: password verification for the specified password failed ORA-20001: Password length less than 8
SYS@lhrdb> SYS@lhrdb> alter profile default limit PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION null;<<<<<<<<<------取消复杂性验证
Profile altered.
SYS@lhrdb> create user lhrpwd identified by lhr;
User created.
SYS@lhrdb> alter profile default limit PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G;<<<<<<<------启用密码复杂性验证
Profile altered.
SYS@lhrdb>
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1.3.9 resource_limit
官方文档资料：
To create a profile, you must have the CREATE PROFILE system privilege.
To specify resource limits for a user, you must:
?Enable resource limits dynamically with the ALTER SYSTEM statement or with the initialization parameter RESOURCE_LIMIT. This parameter does not apply to password resources. Password resources are always enabled.
?Create a profile that defines the limits using the CREATE PROFILE statement
?Assign the profile to the user using the CREATE USER or ALTER USER statement
1）用户所有拥有的PROFILE中有关密码的限制永远生效，不受限制。
2）用户所有拥有的PROFILE中有关资源的限制与resource_limit参数的设置有关，当为TRUE时生效，当为FALSE时（默认值是FALSE）无效。