import tkinter as tk

 #1.创建一个窗口对象，表现为一个窗口形式的图形用户界面

 window = tk.Tk()

 window.title('Graphical User Interface')  # 窗口称谓

 window.geometry('800x800')  # 窗口的几何大小，长宽

 #2.各种组件，注意对应的master

 #2.1画布：在屏幕上显示一个矩形区域，多用来作为容器，可以添加图片,画线，画圆，正方形等

 canvas = tk.Canvas(window, bg='blue', height=200, width=500)

 #2.1.1加载图片，把图片的定点（‘nw’）放到画布的某个位置(10,10)，anchor定点‘nw’

 image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='ins.gif')#加载图片

 image = canvas.create_image(10, 100, anchor='nw', image=image_file)

 #2.1.2，画其他图形

 x0, y0, x1, y1= 50, 50, 80, 80

 line = canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1)#画线

 oval = canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, fill='red')#填满红色，画圆

 arc = canvas.create_arc(x0+30, y0+30, x1+30, y1+30, start=0, extent=180)#扇形从角度0到角度180

 rect = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 30, 100+20, 30+20)#正方形

 canvas.pack(side='top')

 ###############################################################################

 #2.2标签控件；可以显示文本和位图，[主体，文本，字体，背景，标签大小（相对于一个字符而言）等]

 tk.Label(window, text='label: ',bg='green', font=('Arial', 12), width=15,height=2).place(x=200, y=150)

 ###############################################################################

 #2.3输入控件；用于显示简单的文本内容

 var_usr_name = tk.StringVar()#设定字符串变量

 var_usr_name.set('example@python.com')#设定变量值

 entry_usr_name = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_name, show='*').place(x=250, y=220)#textvariable文本变量,show显示方式

 ###############################################################################

 #2.4弹窗,用于显示你应用程序的消息框

 import tkinter.messagebox

 def but():

     tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')  # return 'ok'#提示信息对话窗

     #     #tk.messagebox.showwarning(title='Hi', message='nononono')   # return 'ok'#提出警告对话窗

     #     #tk.messagebox.showerror(title='Hi', message='No!! never')   # return 'ok'#提出错误对话窗

     #     #print(tk.messagebox.askquestion(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return 'yes' , 'no'#询问选择对话窗

     #     #print(tk.messagebox.askyesno(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False

     #     print(tk.messagebox.askretrycancel(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False

     #     print(tk.messagebox.askokcancel(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False

     #     print(tk.messagebox.askyesnocancel(title="Hi", message="haha"))     # return, True, False, None

 ###############################################################################

 #2.5按钮控件；在程序中显示按钮。设计一个按钮，command执行命令

 bt = tk.Button(window, text='Button', command=but).place(x=200, y=300)

 ###############################################################################

 #2.6框架

 frm = tk.Frame(window,bg='blue').pack(side='bottom')#窗口主框架

 frm_l = tk.Frame(frm, ).pack(side='left')#左框架

 frm_r = tk.Frame(frm).pack(side='right')#右框架

 ###############################################################################

 #2.7勾选checkbutton用于在程序中提供多项选择框

 def print_selection():

     pass

 var1 = tk.IntVar()#整数变量

 #参数onvalue和前面讲的部件radiobutton中的value相似， 当我们选中了这个checkbutton，

 # onvalue的值1就会放入到var1中， 然后var1将其赋值给参数variable，offvalue用法相似，

 # 但是offvalue是在没有选中这个checkbutton时，offvalue的值1放入var1，然后赋值给参数variable 这是创建一个checkbutton部件，

 # 以此类推，可以创建多个checkbutton

 c1 = tk.Checkbutton(frm_l, text='A', variable=var1, onvalue=1, offvalue=0,

                     command=print_selection).pack(side='left')

 ###############################################################################

 #2.8范围控件；显示一个数值刻度，为输出限定范围的数字区间

 def print_selection(v):

     pass

 #SCALE尺度对象，从（5）到（10），orient方向（横向），在屏幕上的显示（像素的宽度高度），showvalue是否显示值

 #tickinterval标签的单位长度，resolution保留位数（0.01,0.1,1.。。）

 s = tk.Scale(frm_l, label='try me', from_=5, to=11, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,

              length=200, showvalue=1, tickinterval=2, resolution=0.01, command=print_selection).pack(side='left')

 ##########################################################################

 #2.9选择按钮

 var = tk.StringVar()

 l4 = tk.Label(frm_r, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')

 def print_selection():

     l4.config(text='you have selected ' + var.get())#配置参数

 l4.pack(side='top')

 #我们鼠标选中了其中一个选项，把value的值A放到变量var中，然后赋值给variable

 r1 = tk.Radiobutton(frm_r, text='Option A',variable=var, value='A',command=print_selection).pack()

 r2 = tk.Radiobutton(frm_r, text='Option B',variable=var, value='B',command=print_selection).pack()

 r3 = tk.Radiobutton(frm_r, text='Option C',variable=var, value='C',command=print_selection).pack()

 ################################################################

 #2.10列表框控件；在Listbox窗口小部件是用来显示一个字符串列表给用户

 var3 = tk.StringVar()#字符变量

 l2 = tk.Label(window, bg='yellow', width=4, textvariable=var3).pack()

 def print_selection():

     value = lb.get(lb.curselection()) # 获取listbox中的值（lb中光标选定的值）

     var3.set(value)

 b1 = tk.Button(window, text='print selection', width=15,

               height=2, command=print_selection).pack()

 var2 = tk.StringVar()

 var2.set((11,22,33,44))#设定变量值

 lb = tk.Listbox(window, listvariable=var2)#列表盒子对象，列表变量

 list_items = [1,2,3,4]

 for item in list_items:

     lb.insert('end', item)#列表插入（相当于文本插入）

 lb.insert(1, 'first')#索引插入

 lb.insert(2, 'second')

 lb.delete(2)#索引删除

 lb.pack()

 #################################################################

 #3菜单：显示菜单栏,下拉菜单和弹出菜单

 l6 = tk.Label(window, text='', bg='yellow').pack()

 counter = 0#计数

 def do_job():

     global counter

     l6.config(text='do '+ str(counter))#把label的text改

     counter+=1

 menubar = tk.Menu(window)#菜单对象

 filemenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)#子菜单，tearoff能否分开

 menubar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=filemenu)#添加子菜单，label命名

 filemenu.add_command(label='New', command=do_job)#子菜单添加功能

 filemenu.add_command(label='Open', command=do_job)

 filemenu.add_command(label='Save', command=do_job)

 filemenu.add_separator()#分开的隔间（添加一条线）

 filemenu.add_command(label='Exit', command=window.quit)#退出窗口

 editmenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)#menubar对象的子菜单对象，不分开

 menubar.add_cascade(label='Edit', menu=editmenu)

 editmenu.add_command(label='Cut', command=do_job)

 editmenu.add_command(label='Copy', command=do_job)

 editmenu.add_command(label='Paste', command=do_job)

 submenu = tk.Menu(filemenu)#filemenu的子菜单

 filemenu.add_cascade(label='Import', menu=submenu, underline=0)#

 submenu.add_command(label="Submenu1", command=do_job)

 window.config(menu=menubar)#改变参数

 window.mainloop()#不断刷新循环（相当于while）

 import tkinter as tk

 from tkinter import messagebox  # import this to fix messagebox error

 import pickle

 window = tk.Tk()

 window.title('Welcome to Mofan Python')

 window.geometry('450x300')

 # welcome image

 canvas = tk.Canvas(window, height=200, width=500)

 image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='welcome.gif')

 image = canvas.create_image(0,0, anchor='nw', image=image_file)

 canvas.pack(side='top')

 # user information

 tk.Label(window, text='User name: ').place(x=50, y= 150)

 tk.Label(window, text='Password: ').place(x=50, y= 190)

 var_usr_name = tk.StringVar()

 var_usr_name.set('example@python.com')

 entry_usr_name = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_name)

 entry_usr_name.place(x=160, y=150)

 var_usr_pwd = tk.StringVar()

 entry_usr_pwd = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_pwd, show='*')

 entry_usr_pwd.place(x=160, y=190)

 def usr_login():

     usr_name = var_usr_name.get()

     usr_pwd = var_usr_pwd.get()

     try:

         with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'rb') as usr_file:

             usrs_info = pickle.load(usr_file)

     except FileNotFoundError:

         with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'wb') as usr_file:

             usrs_info = {'admin': 'admin'}

             pickle.dump(usrs_info, usr_file)

     if usr_name in usrs_info:

         if usr_pwd == usrs_info[usr_name]:

             tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Welcome', message='How are you? ' + usr_name)

         else:

             tk.messagebox.showerror(message='Error, your password is wrong, try again.')

     else:

         is_sign_up = tk.messagebox.askyesno('Welcome',

                                'You have not signed up yet. Sign up today?')

         if is_sign_up:

             usr_sign_up()

 def usr_sign_up():

     def sign_to_Mofan_Python():

         np = new_pwd.get()

         npf = new_pwd_confirm.get()

         nn = new_name.get()

         with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'rb') as usr_file:

             exist_usr_info = pickle.load(usr_file)

         if np != npf:

             tk.messagebox.showerror('Error', 'Password and confirm password must be the same!')

         elif nn in exist_usr_info:

             tk.messagebox.showerror('Error', 'The user has already signed up!')

         else:

             exist_usr_info[nn] = np

             with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'wb') as usr_file:

                 pickle.dump(exist_usr_info, usr_file)

             tk.messagebox.showinfo('Welcome', 'You have successfully signed up!')

             window_sign_up.destroy()

     window_sign_up = tk.Toplevel(window)

     window_sign_up.geometry('350x200')

     window_sign_up.title('Sign up window')

     new_name = tk.StringVar()

     new_name.set('example@python.com')

     tk.Label(window_sign_up, text='User name: ').place(x=10, y= 10)

     entry_new_name = tk.Entry(window_sign_up, textvariable=new_name)

     entry_new_name.place(x=150, y=10)

     new_pwd = tk.StringVar()

     tk.Label(window_sign_up, text='Password: ').place(x=10, y=50)

     entry_usr_pwd = tk.Entry(window_sign_up, textvariable=new_pwd, show='*')

     entry_usr_pwd.place(x=150, y=50)

     new_pwd_confirm = tk.StringVar()

     tk.Label(window_sign_up, text='Confirm password: ').place(x=10, y= 90)

     entry_usr_pwd_confirm = tk.Entry(window_sign_up, textvariable=new_pwd_confirm, show='*')

     entry_usr_pwd_confirm.place(x=150, y=90)

     btn_comfirm_sign_up = tk.Button(window_sign_up, text='Sign up', command=sign_to_Mofan_Python)

     btn_comfirm_sign_up.place(x=150, y=130)

 # login and sign up button

 btn_login = tk.Button(window, text='Login', command=usr_login)

 btn_login.place(x=170, y=230)

 btn_sign_up = tk.Button(window, text='Sign up', command=usr_sign_up)

 btn_sign_up.place(x=270, y=230)

 window.mainloop()