PostgreSQL VACUUM 之深入浅出 (三)

VACUUM 相关参数

对 VACUUM 有了一定的了解之后,下面系统介绍下 VACUUM 相关参数。

VACUUM 相关参数主要分为三大类。

第一类 与资源相关参数

#-----------------------------
# RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL)
#-----------------------------
# - Memory -
#maintenance_work_mem = 64MB # min 1MB
#autovacuum_work_mem = -1 # min 1MB, or -1 to use maintenance_work_mem
# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -
#vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds (0 disables)
#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits

这里有两部分。

第一部分是内存相关。主要是 autovacuum_work_mem,默认值为 -1,即同 maintenance_work_memmaintenance_work_mem 默认值为 64MB。

第二部分是 Cost-Based Vacuum Delay。

当 VACUUM 工作超出一定量之后,会 sleep 一段时间。

一定量是多少呢?是 vacuum_cost_limit。默认值为 200。

sleep 多长时间呢?是 vacuum_cost_delay 。默认值是 0,即不 sleep。

工作量又是怎么算出来的?根据要 VACUUM 的 page 的不同,其 cost 是不一样的。

以下是三种不同 page 的 cost,默认值分别为 1、10、20,基本不用调整。

vacuum_cost_page_hit - The estimated cost for vacuuming a buffer found in the shared buffer cache.

vacuum_cost_page_miss - The estimated cost for vacuuming a buffer that has to be read from disk.

vacuum_cost_page_dirty - The estimated cost charged when vacuum modifies a block that was previously clean.

日常工作中手动 VACUUM 时主要调整 vacuum_cost_limitvacuum_cost_delay 。如调整为:

vacuum_cost_delay = 2
vacuum_cost_limit = 2000

即当 VACUUM 工作量超出 2000 之后,sleep 2ms。

需要注意,手动 VACUUM 和 AUTOVACUUM 的参数是不一样的。当 AUTOVACUUM 参数为 -1 时,则同手动 VACUUM 参数。

手动 VACUUM 对应的参数是 maintenance_work_memvacuum_cost_delayvacuum_cost_limit

AUTOVACUUM 对应的参数是 autovacuum_work_memautovacuum_vacuum_cost_delayautovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit

可以从下面 AUTOVACUUM 参数中可以看到, autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay 默认值为 20ms,这样的话,AUTOVACUUM 运行时其对数据库影响较小。PostgreSQL 12 开始,其默认值调整为了 2ms。

#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms    # default vacuum cost delay for
# autovacuum, in milliseconds;
# -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for
# autovacuum, -1 means use
# vacuum_cost_limit

第二类 AUTOVACUUM 相关参数

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# AUTOVACUUM
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #autovacuum = on # Enable autovacuum subprocess? 'on'
# requires track_counts to also be on.
#log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1 # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and
# their durations, > 0 logs only
# actions running at least this number
# of milliseconds.
#autovacuum_max_workers = 3 # max number of autovacuum subprocesses
# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs
#autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before
# vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before
# analyze
#autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze
#autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000 # maximum XID age before forced vacuum
# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000 # maximum multixact age
# before forced vacuum
# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms # default vacuum cost delay for
# autovacuum, in milliseconds;
# -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for
# autovacuum, -1 means use
# vacuum_cost_limit

以下参数前面已有提到,一般调整为通用配置后基本不调整,调整的话多是调整表级的参数,即根据不同的表设置不同的参数

#autovacuum = on
#log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1
#autovacuum_naptime = 1min
#autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50
#autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50
#autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2
#autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1

下面两个参数是当某个表的 age 达到一定阈值后,AUTOVACUUM 会对整个数据库实例进行 aggressive vacuum 以避免 wraparound,即使表没有 dead tuple。数据库运行良好的话,很少会触发。

#autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000
#autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000

当数据库中表比较多,甚至一个实例中数据库也比较多的情况,可适当增大 autovacuum_max_workers

#autovacuum_max_workers = 3             # max number of autovacuum subprocesses
# (change requires restart)

问题来了,增大 autovacuum_max_workers 后,一定会提高 AUTOVACUUM 速度吗?

这里需要注意,autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit 是所有 autovacuum worker 所用 cost 之和达到 limit 之后 sleep,增大 autovacuum_max_workers 之后,每个 worker 平均的 cost limit 就小了,即就相对更容易达到 limit,这样做同样的工作,就会 sleep 更多的时间,反而就更慢了。

所以,在增大 autovacuum_max_workers 之后,可以相应比例增大 autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit

第三类 FREEZE 相关参数

以下是 FREEZE 相关参数,以后将系统介绍 FREEZE,本文不再展开讨论。

#------------------------------------------
# CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS
#------------------------------------------
#vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000
#vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000
#vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 150000000

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