Python学习day11-函数基础(1)

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Python学习day11-函数基础(1)

函数的定义及定义方式

函数的定义

什么是函数呢?相信大家都接触过别的编程语言,对函数并不陌生,在笔者的理解中,函数就是工具,我们写程序所准备的工具,不管是程序自带的各种函数,还是自己封装的各种函数,都是我们写程序的工具,可以让我们写出来的程序结构更鲜明更简单易懂,修改和扩展的时候也会方便很多。

函数的定义也就相当于提前把工具准备好,随时准备搞出一个不得了的程序,改变世界。

函数的定义方式

函数常用的定义方式有三种,分别是无参函数,有参函数和空函数。下面逐一介绍:

  1. 无参函数

    顾名思义,无参函数就是没有参数的函数,参数就是定义函数时候后面括号里加的东西,如下:

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    3
     
     
     
     
    1
    def func():
    2
        print('lalalala')
    3
    func()# 这里括号里都没有参数,故可以被称为无参函数
     
     

    需要注意的点是,如果定义的时候函数就是无参函数,那么调用的时候也无需传入参数,如果整个函数体并不需要依赖外来的值,自己本身就可以执行和运算,那必须要定义成无参函数。

  2. 有参函数

    字面意思,括号里有参数,就叫做有参函数。注意的一点是,如果一个函数定义的时候有参数,那么调用的时候就必须传入参数,不然就会报错。而如果整个函数体逻辑需要依赖外部传入的值,必须要定义成有参函数,不然该函数就无法运行。

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    6
     
     
     
     
    1
    def mul(x,y):
    2
        """乘法"""
    3
        res = x*y
    4
        print(res)
    5
    return res
    6
    mul(2,3)# 6
     
     
  3. 空函数

    当我们整个程序的结构已经构思之后,若是对某一部分的函数还没有思路,一般可以写一个空函数放在那里,只定义一个函数名,以便于以后回来继续写。例如:

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    2
     
     
     
     
    1
    def func():
    2
        pass
     
     

函数的调用及返回值

顾名思义,函数的调用其实就是把定义好的函数拿出来用,调用函数就会执行该函数,直到碰到return或者执行完函数体内的所有代码。

 
 
 
xxxxxxxxxx
3
 
 
 
 
1
def foo():
2
    pass
3
print(foo())
 
 

以上函数,如果没有写return返回值,默认返回值是None。

函数的返回值需要注意的大致有几点:

  1. return是一个函数结束的标志,即函数自上而下执行,执行到第一个return就会跳出来,不会执行下面的内容。

  2. return的返回值可以使任意数据类型,字符串,列表,字典,布尔值,都可以

  3. return的返回值没有个数限制,只要用逗号隔开,可以返回任意多个值。但返回值的个数会影响其格式,

    • 0个返回值,返回None。
    • 一个返回值,维持其原值本身。
    • 多个值,返回值是元组。
  • 函数调用的三种形式:

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    12
     
     
     
     
    1
    def mul(x,y):
    2
        """乘法"""
    3
        res = x*y
    4
        print(res)
    5
    return res
    6
    7
    # 1. 
    8
    mul(2,3)# 直接调用
    9
    # 2. 
    10
    res = mul(2,3)*100# 可以经过二次计算后赋值调用
    11
    # 3. 
    12
    mul(mul(23,34),4000)# 即可以嵌套调用
     
     

函数的参数

  1. 形参和实参

    1.1 形参

    形参就是在定义函数的时候括号内写的参数,叫做形式参数,意思就是,这地方我占了,形参的本质是变量名。

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    2
     
     
     
     
    1
    def func(x,y):#这里括号里的x,y其实就是形参
    2
        print(x)
     
     

    1.2 实参

    实参是在调用函数的时候括号内写的值,也就是实际参数,其本质其实就是变量的值。

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    1
     
     
     
     
    1
    func(1,2)#这里括号里的1,2就是实际参数
     
     
  2. 位置参数

    位置参数同样分为位置形参和位置实参。

    其定义类似于形参和实参,不同的是要按照括号内从左到右的顺序依次定义,所以叫位置形参以及位置实参。

    需要注意的是,按照位置形参定义的函数,所有的形参都必须被传值,不能多一个或者少一个。

  3. 关键字实参

    我们调用函数的时候,会见到如下形式:

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    1
     
     
     
     
    1
    func(y = 2,x = 1)
     
     

    也就是说关键字实参是类似于字典key:value的形式为指定的参数传值,其特点是可以打破位置的限制,不必在意左右的位置顺序。

    要注意的两点是:

    1. 位置实参和关键字实参可以一起使用,但是位置实参必须在关键字实参的左边。
    2. 位置实参和关键字实参混用的时候,不能对一个形参重复赋值。
     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    1
     
     
     
     
    1
    func(x,y = 2)
    2
    func(y = 2,x)#报错SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
    3
    func(x,x = 1)#报错NameError: name 'x' is not defined
     
     
  4. 默认形参

    从名字就可以看出,默认形参就是在定义阶段就已经被赋值的形参。

     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    1
     
     
     
     
    1
    def func(x,y = 10):
    2
        print(x)
    3
        print(y)
    4
        
    5
    func(2)
     
     

    由于在定义的时候就已经赋值了,所以其调用的时候可以不用为其赋值。

猜年龄游戏的函数改编版

之前做的猜年龄游戏,整个代码写下来,虽然写的人很清楚逻辑,但是在旁人看来还是会非常复杂,所以在加入函数之后,整个函数体的结构就会十分的清晰,可读性变高,扩展性也会变好,另外又加入了注册和登录函数,代码如下:

 
 
 
xxxxxxxxxx
1
113
1
116
 
 
 
 
1
import random
2
3
def create_age():
4
'''生成年龄函数'''
5
age = random.randint(18, 19)  # 随机一个数字,18-60岁
6
return age

7
def open_file():
8
'''打开文件函数'''
9
with open('price.txt', 'r', encoding='utf8')as f:  # price.txt右下角为当前文件编码,则encoding后面添加相应编码即可
10
price_dict = f.read()
11
price_dict = eval(price_dict)  # type:dict # 获取奖品字典
12
return price_dict
13
14
15
def select_reward(price_dict = open_file()):
16
'''选择奖品函数'''
17
price_self = dict()
18
# 打印商品
19
for k, v in price_dict.items():
20
print(f'奖品编号:{k} {v}')
21
22
# 获取奖品的两次循环
23
for i in range(2):
24
price_choice = input('请输入你需要的奖品编号:')
25
26
if not price_choice.isdigit():
27
print("恭喜你已经获得一次奖品,奖品为空!并且请输入正确的奖品编号!")
28
continue
29
30
price_choice = int(price_choice)
31
32
if price_choice not in price_dict:
33
print('你想多了吧!')
34
else:
35
price_get = price_dict[price_choice]
36
print(f'恭喜中奖:{price_get}')
37
38
if price_self.get(price_get):
39
price_self[price_get] += 1
40
else:
41
price_self[price_get] = 1
42
43
print(f'恭喜你获得以下奖品:{price_self}')
44
    
45
    
46
def guess_age(age = create_age()):
47
'''猜年龄函数'''
48
count = 0  # 计数
49
while count < 3:
50
count += 1
51
inp_age = input('请输入你想要猜的年龄:')
52
# 判断是否为纯数字
53
if not inp_age.isdigit():
54
print('搞事就骂你傻逼')
55
continue
56
inp_age = int(inp_age)
57
# 筛选年龄范围
58
if inp_age > 60 or inp_age < 18:
59
print('看好题目,18-60岁,非诚勿扰')
60
continue
61
# 核心逻辑
62
if age == inp_age:
63
print('猜中了,请选择你的奖品')
64
select_reward()
65
break
66
elif age > inp_age:
67
print('猜小了')
68
elif age < inp_age:
69
print('猜大了')
70
continue
71
        
72
        
73
def login():
74
'''登录函数'''
75
username = input('请输入用户名:')
76
pwd = input('请输入密码:')
77
with open('user_db.txt','rt',encoding='utf8')as fr:
78
data = fr.read()
79
user_list = data.split('\n')
80
user = f'{username}:{pwd}'
81
if user in user_list:
82
print('恭喜您登陆成功')
83
lo = 1
84
else:
85
print('用户名或密码错误')
86
lo = 0
87
return lo
88
89
90
def register():
91
'''注册函数'''
92
tag = 1
93
while tag:
94
username = input('请输入您想注册的用户名:').strip()
95
pwd = input('请输入您的密码:').strip()
96
pwd_confirm = input('请确认您的密码:').strip()
97
if pwd != pwd_confirm:
98
print('两次密码输入不一致,请重新输入')
99
continue
100
else:
101
print('注册成功!')
102
tag = 0
103
user = f'{username}:{pwd}'
104
with open('user_db.txt','at',encoding='utf8')as fw:
105
fw.write(user)
106
fw.write('\n')
107
108
            
109
# game start
110
while True:
111
list = ['1.登录',
112
'2.注册']
113
choice = input(f'请输入您想做的事情:{list}')
114
if choice == '1':
115
lo = login()
116
if lo:
117
create_age()
118
open_file()
119
guess_age()
120
break
121
elif choice == '2':
122
register()
123
continue
124
125
 
 

以上每个def都是定义的一个函数,功能分开,逻辑更清楚。

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