sentence patterns

2022-10-10 08:53:53

第四部分推理题

1.世界上每个角落的每个人都有立场，都有背景，都有推理性，能推理出一个人语言的真意，才成就了真正的推理能力；

2.换言之，如果你能通过一个人的说话推理出其身份职业，你的推理能力更上一层楼。

一 . 临门一脚

1. “I believe in human ingenuity – that when we decide on a task to be done, no matter how daunting it may seem at the beginning, we are able to unleash human ingenuity and human innovative capacity that was unknown, and takes us to a solution.”

– Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

「我相信人类的创新力 – 当我们决定完成一个任务时，不管开始看来多么困难，我们都能释出创新及原来不知道的创造能力，并带我们找到解决办法。」- 克莉丝缇亚娜·费盖雷斯 (联合国气候变迁首长)

克莉丝缇亚娜·费盖雷斯 (1956- ) 是联合国气候变化纲要公约的秘书长，致力改善全球气候暖化 60 年之久，2015 年通过遏阻全球暖化的历史性巴黎协定，确保全球升温抑制在「远低于」摄氏 2 度。

2. “I’ve never been one who enjoys maintaining the status quo. I’m always pushing for new ideas, whether it’s in business or philanthropy.”

– Eli Broad, Entrepreneur

「我从来就不会满足现状，我不断开创新想法，不管是在商界或慈善事业。」- 伊莱·博德 (企业家)

伊莱·博德 (1933- ) 是美国企业家及慈善家，创立了建设公司 KB Home 及金融保险公司 SunAmerica，前者在纽约上市，后者则被 AIG 并购，《财星》杂志在 2015 年将他列为全球第 65 富有的人。

3. “My goal is to constantly be improving. Year after year you can grow as a player, just as in life. You can always learn something new. And sometimes in the moment you can reveal something in yourself.”

– Lionel Messi, Soccer Player

「我的目标是持续的进步，年覆一年身为球员的你会成长，就像在人生里一样，你永远都可以学到新的东西，而有时候你会发现自己另一面。」- 利昂内尔·梅西 (足球员)

利昂内尔·梅西 (1987- ) 为阿根廷足球顶尖球员，职业足球效力于西班牙明星队伍巴塞隆纳，横扫多项赛事冠军，包括 4 次欧洲冠军联赛冠军，并获得 5 届金球奖和世界足球先生头衔。

“When life puts you in tough situations, don’t say ‘Why Me?’ Just say ‘Try Me.’”

– Dwayne Johnson, Professional Wrestler

「当你面临困难的处境，不要说『为何是我？』，说『来试试我。』」– 道恩‧强森 (职业摔角手)

道恩‧强森 (1972- ) 为美国职业摔角手，外号 The Rock (巨石强森)，是 WWE 人气最高的选手之一，赢得冠军头衔达 16 次之多，他的知名度让他转战电影业，处女秀为 The Scorpion King (魔蝎大帝)。

“Your success will not be determined by your gender or your ethnicity, but only on the scope of your dreams and your hard work to achieve them.”

– Zaha Hadid, Architect

「你的成功不是取决于你的性别或族群，它仅取决在你梦想的规模，以及为达成所做的努力。」– 札哈·哈蒂 (建筑师)

札哈·哈蒂 (1950-2016) 出生伊拉克，后来定居英国，是首位获得「普利兹克建筑奖」的女性建筑师，她的设计前卫、常融入具未来感的曲线，带来强烈视觉效果，知名作品有伦敦水上运动中心、西班牙萨拉戈萨桥及广州大剧院等。

6.“Only if we understand, will we care. Only if we care, will we help. Only if we help shall all be saved.”

– Jane Goodall, Ethologist

「唯有了解，我们才会关心；唯有关心，我们才会去帮忙；唯有去帮忙，我们才能得救。」– 珍·古德 (动物行为学家)

珍·古德 (1934- ) 是英国动物学家，长期从事黑猩猩的野外研究，改写了人类与动物关系的科学观点，她也是著名的动保人士，教育青年关怀自然环境，曾荣获大英帝国勋章，并在 2002 年获颁联合国和平使者。

7.“Writing for me is cutting out the fat and getting to the meaning.”

– James McBride, Writer

「写作对我而言是去掉累赘的字，直接传达意思。」– 詹姆士‧麦克布莱德 (作家)

詹姆士‧麦克布莱德 (1957- ) 是美国作家，曾为《华盛顿邮报》、《纽约时报》等多家知名媒体撰稿，其回忆录《水的颜色》被视为美国经典文学，其小说 The Good Lord Bird 则在 2013 年获美国国家图书奖。

8. “Great necessities call out great virtues. When a mind is raised, and animated by scenes that engage the heart, then those qualities which would otherwise lay dormant, wake into life and form the character of the hero and the statesman.”

– Abigail Adams, First Lady of the U.S.

「巨大的需求会引发伟大的美德，当一个人长成、被感动人心的景像所鼓舞，那些原本潜藏的特质，就会被唤起进入生活，并形成英雄及政治家的性格。」– 艾碧该·亚当斯 (美国第一夫人)

艾碧该·亚当斯 (1744-1818) 是美国第二任总统约翰·亚当斯之妻，也是美国第六任总统约翰·昆西·亚当斯之母，她提倡妇女应有财产权和更多机会，特别是受教育，借此发展她们的智能。

9.“Adversity has the effect of eliciting talents, which in prosperous circumstances would have lain dormant.”

– Horace, Poet

「逆境可以引出一个人的才能，它在富足的环境只是潜伏著。」– 贺拉斯 (诗人)

贺拉斯 (65 BC – 8 BC) 是古罗马著名的诗人、评论家及翻译家，以用词优美多变且精准著称，代表作有《诗艺》，讲述诗歌的作用、艺术与生活的关系、文艺对教育的作用等。

10.

“Let the future tell the truth, and evaluate each one according to his work and accomplishments. The present is theirs; the future, for which I have really worked, is mine.”

– Nikola Tesla, Inventor

「让未来述说真相，以工作成果及成就来评估一个人，现在属于他们的，但未来，我为它做了许多努力，是属于我的。」– 尼古拉·特斯拉 (发明家)

尼古拉·特斯拉 (1856-1943) 是塞尔维亚裔的美籍发明家、电力商业化的重要推动者，被认做是电机工程学的先驱，他的多项专利及电磁学的研究，更成为现代无线通信的基石。

11.“What drives me is a hard problem that hasn’t been solved, that has a really interesting and impactful solution. And for me it doesn’t even matter what the problem is. I just gravitate towards it.”

— Travis Kalanick, Uber Co-founder

「给我动力的是尚未解决的困难问题，且具有有趣及影响力深远的解决办法，是什么问题对我并不重要，我就是会向它靠拢。」– 崔维斯·卡兰尼克 (Uber 共同创办人)

impactful (adj.) 极有影响力的。gravitate (v.) 吸引。

崔维斯·卡兰尼克 (2009- ) 是乘车服务 Uber 的共同创办人及执行长，被《时代》杂志选为 2015 年排名第 6 的风云人物，他以五年的时间将 Uber 拓展至全球 66 个国家，被天提供 300 万次乘车服务，市值预估 625 亿美金，直逼世界第一大车厂 Volkswagen。

12.“You have to love what you do, whether it be gardening, hairdressing, etc. When you love it, then the money follows. Even if it doesn’t, you will still be happy. Being happy and poor is better than being unhappy and poor.”

— Jim Rogers, Investor

「你必须热爱你的工作，不管是园艺、剪发等等，如果你有热忱，钱就会跟着来，就算没有，你还是能得到快乐，贫穷但快乐比贫穷又不快乐还好。」– 詹姆士·罗杰斯 (投资家)

詹姆士·罗杰斯 (1942- ) 是投资界的的传奇人物，曾与索罗斯共同创立量子基金，以投资于商品期货闻名，有「商品大王」之称，他在 37 岁退休，环游世界后在哥伦比亚大学讲授金融课程，并常在媒体发表其看法。

二． 思路透析

策略：逻辑常识，忠于原文，感情色彩，不偏不倚

方向： Imply, infer, deduce,

learn， show, demonstrate

提示：1）、推理就是演绎过程，顺着作者的思路顺向理解！

2）.推理切记夹杂个人生活习惯理解，切忌造成推理过度，推理偏移！

举例：

如果知道人=男+女  和  乐乐--不是女   以下那个是正确的
    a.乐乐--是男的

    b.乐乐--是女的

    c.乐乐--不知道是什么

d.乐乐--是女人是不可能的

1. 作者肯定还是否定

【1999】年 主题：

61. It
could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European
model of professional training is ________.

[A] dependent upon the starting age of
candidates

[B] worth trying in various social sections

[C] of little practical value

[D] attractive to every kind of
professional

真题解密

---- Many European schools
introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure
children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join.

------- It is, however, presumptuous to
insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many
businessmen, so many accountants.

【1999】年商业产品人身意外索赔

53. The
case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.

[A] some injury claims were no longer
supported by law

[B] helmets were not designed to prevent
injuries

[C] product labels would eventually be
discarded

[D] some sports games might lose popularity
with athletes

真题解密

----“We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed
to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons.

【2000】年

68. The
last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.

[A] customary of the educated to discard
ambition in words

[B] too late to check ambition once it has
been let out

[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the
fulfillment of the goal

[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy
benefits from ambition

真题解密

---- There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the
barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding
on them.

△hypocrisy虚伪或伪善，理解了这个词，后面的比喻就简单了。要理解这个比喻，最好把句中的马理解为ambition的象征。注意这个比喻和“亡羊补牢”没有任何关系，它的意思更接近于“掩耳盗铃”；在这里是指受过良好教育的人在自己的野心实现以后，从追求野心的过程中受了益，但他们得了便宜还卖乖，反过来谴责野心，并说自己并没有追求野心。

【2002】年幽默

42. The
joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.

[A] impolite to new arrivals

[B] very conscious of their godlike role

[C] entitled to some privileges

[D] very busy even during lunch hours

真题解密

---- A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He
sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.
Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for
lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who
rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by
himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came
the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”

【2005】年

22. The
statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
________.

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack
rivals

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’
nature

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be
jealous of each other

[D] no animals other than monkeys can
develop such emotions

真题解密

------ But a study by Sarah Brosnan and
Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been
published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

上一句

------ Such behaviour is regarded as “all
too human,”

上一句

------- Indeed, if he has a reputation for
slacking, you might even be outraged.

【2006】年

28. By
saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author
implies that ________.

[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects

[B] Stratford has long been in financial
difficulties

[C] the town is not really short of money

[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

真题解密

--- Stratford cries poor traditionally.

下一句

--- Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or
cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure
will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo
Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

【2008】年 Alvarez 是single
mother

24. The
sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
真题解密

---- I lived
from paycheck to paycheck.”（本段最后一句）

上面一句

----“It’s
the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the
car payment, and pay the debt.

【2009】年

39. The story of John Dane shows that less
well-educated New Englanders were often __________.

[A] influenced by superstitions [B] troubled with religious beliefs

[C] puzzled by church sermons [D] frustrated with family earnings

真题解密

----- A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an
account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual
confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a
decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw
would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them,
touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”

前面一句

------
Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.

【2010】年

39. The
author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they

[A] misinterpreted market price indicators

[B] exaggerated the real value of their
assets

[C] neglected the likely existence of bad
debts.

[D] denied booking losses in their sale of
assets.

真题解析

---- It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that
vastly overvalued assets.

10.

【2011】年

36.Jennifer Senior
suggests in her article that raising a child can bring

[A]temporary
delight

[B]enjoyment in
progress

[C]happiness in
retrospect

[D]lasting reward

真题解密

---“I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is
arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that
child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching
experience.

--- Senior writes that “the very things that
in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification
and delight.”

英文写作佳句300例

考研英语写作创作策略与高分范文

内容导读：

由于国内英语教学中写作训练薄弱，大批学生只会单词，不懂语境和搭配，出现了各种可笑的中文思维现象。我们写作教学中专门强调语感的培养，除单词记忆和句型操练之外，在此专门选编了300个闪光的英文句子，涉及面很广，配有译文并用黑体标出了句子衔接的主干框架。读者可以在阅读中仔细领会每句话表达的妙处，遣词造句的独特设计。也可以作为写作的范本加以背诵，提高自己的语感和闪光点意识。

1. When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S. President Bill Clinton, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard his actions as deplorable. I personally think the president committed impeachable offences.

当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔•克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时，大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是，还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错，应该被指控。

2. When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing, some people think that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.

涉及北京机动车使用量增加这一问题，有的人认为应该限制使用。另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是，无论车辆多少，必须对废气排放实行控制。

3. There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. They believe that strict limits should be placed on migrants entering China’s cities. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction program.

目前，针对流动工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。反对流动工人增加的人认为这会导致犯罪率升高，从而危害社会稳定。他们主张应该严格限制进入中国城市的流动工人。但是，另一方面，支持廉价劳动力流入的人主张，为了支持大规模的城市基础设施建设规划，流动人口是必需的。

4. It is widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding. Experts argue that China must introduce a massive forestations program. But I doubt whether forestations alone will solve the problem.

人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成了夏季特大洪水。专家认为中国必须推行大规模的植树造林计划。但我对仅仅植树造林就能解决问题表示怀疑。

5. Most people are of the opinion that wealth provides solutions to all problems. But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides, I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness.

大多数人认为财富为所有问题提供解决的办法。但是，我认为，尽管财富提供物质上的利益，一个人应该放弃物质至上的追求，而是集中精力追求幸福。

6. Many people believe that capital punishment deters crime. But although criminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject, little evidence exists to support the claim.

很多人相信极刑能阻止犯罪。但是，虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究，几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。

7. An increasing number of people are joining the”Information Age” via the Internet. In reaction to the phenomenon, some say the Internet has removed barters and provided people with immediate access to the world. But do they realize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to intrusions of privacy?

越来越多的人通过互联网进入了“信息时代”。针对这一现象，一些人认为互联网消除了障碍，为人们提供了与世界即时链接的途径。但是，他们有没有意识到迅速发展的信息技术也能导致侵犯隐私？

8. The use of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting business, but is it a wise one? The method is now being challenged by more and more people .利用关系是做生意的普遍做法，但这种做法明智吗？现在，越来越多的人对这种方法提出了质疑。

9. These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and poor. Some argue the developed world has totally ignored the problem. But has it? Close examination fails to bear out the argument.

最近，我们经常听到贫富差距扩大了的说法。一些人认为发达世界完全忽略了这个问题。事实是这样吗？细致的调查无法证实这一观点。

10. We ' re often told that the world is tethering on the brink of destruction . But is this really the case?

我们经常被告知世界处于毁灭的边缘。但事实真是这样吗？

11. One of the pressing problems facing our nation (China) today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels.

我们国家（中国）如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。

12. One of the most serious problems many people talk about centers on the lack of adequate housing space.

许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。

13. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is official corruption, which is pervasive in all levels of government.

也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是遍布各级*的官员腐败。

14. Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face.

通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。

15. The rapid expansion of urban areas has in many cases encroached on valuable cultivatable land, and led to a general recognition that development must not be carried at the cost of agriculture. The government has attached greater importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being terminated.

城区的迅速扩大在很多情况下侵占了宝贵的可耕地，使人们普遍认识到发展不能以牺牲农业为代价。*更加重视这个问题，越来越多的不必要的工程被终止。

16. There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for strengthened environmental protection.

世界上越来越多的人认识到加强环境保护的必要性。

17. There has been a dramatic increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS in recent years, with a new study projecting that the dreaded disease will affect over 30 million people worldwide by the year 2005.

近年来，艾滋病蔓延的幅度进一步扩大，一项新的研究预测，到2005年，世界上有超过三千万人将感染这一可怕的疾病。

18. Working with the disabled cannot help but leave one impressed with their indefatigable desire.

与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象深刻。

19. Perhaps no issues are more controversial than euthanasia and abortion, both of which involve taking the life of a human being.

也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性，它们都涉及结束一个人的生命。

20. Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident than now.

历史上，人口过剩的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。

21. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that college degrees are a guarantee of intelligence.

也许现在是应该重新考虑大学为是智力的保证这种想法的时候了。

22. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that wealth is not the sole prerequisite for happiness.

越来越多的人开始意识到财富不是幸福的惟一先决条件。

23. In spite of the extraordinary progress made in science and technology, problems remain in terms of guaranteeing that achievements benefit the greatest number of people.

尽管科学技术取得了非凡的进步，但是在保证进步成果使尽可能多的人受益这方面还存在一些问题。

24. A famous thinker once wrote that “the greatest threat to mankind is mankind itself!” If this is indeed the case, then the current situation should make us ponder our future existence.

一位著名的思想家曾经写道：“对人类最大的威胁是人类自身！”如果事实确实如此，那么，现状应该促使我们对我们未来的生存进行思索了。

25. U.S. President Harry Truman once remarked: “The buck stops here!” His view has been confirmed by numerous world leaders who have assumed full responsibility for their actions.

美国总统杜鲁门曾经说过：“责任止于此！”（意为勿再把责任往别处推，这是杜鲁门办公室桌上的座右铭）他的观点得到了很多对自己的行动承担完全责任的世界领袖的肯定。

26. Large families were once seen as a blessing. Today, however, things are changing and an increasing number of Chinese parents realize that fewer are better.

大家庭曾经被看作是一种福气。然而，今天，情况改变了，越来越多的中国家长意识到家庭成员越少越好。

27. People used to place total reliance on the government. The so-called “iron rice bowl” prevailed in the past, but things are quite different today.

过去，人们习惯完全依靠*。以前盛行所谓的“铁饭碗”，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

28. Several years ago, Chinese streets were filled with people wearing identical drab clothing. Today, however, things are quite different and the streets are awash with people wearing fashionable bright colored outfits. Why has the change taken place?

许多年前，中国大街上的人都穿一样的灰褐色衣服。然而，今天的情况大不一样了，街上满是一个个身穿色彩艳丽的时髦衣服的人。出现这种变化的原因是什么呢？

29. Years of observing human behavior have enabled me to conclude that the major difference between mediocrity and success lies solely with the individual concerned. Successful individuals consistently seek advancement, while their less industrious contemporaries are merely content with the status quo.

对人们行为的多年观察使我能够得出这样的结论：平庸和成功的主要区别仅仅在于相关的个人。成功的个人不断寻求进步，而他们比较懒惰的同时代人仅仅满足于现状。

30. Traditional way of thinking has changed dramatically. The pendulum has swung and people are exhibiting greater open-mindedness and a burning desire to determine their own destiny.

传统的思维方式有了显著的变化。舆论发生了剧变，人们表现出更开放的思想以及决定他们自己命运的强烈愿望。

31. There has been undesirable trend in recent years towards the worship of money. A recent survey showed that X percent of respondents ranked getting rich as their top priority, compared to X percent only a few years ago. Why do people fail to realize that wealth does not necessarily bring happiness?

近年来出现了对社会有害的拜金主义倾向。最近的一项调查表明，X%的调查对象把致富作为他们的首选，相比之下，就在几年前，只有X%的人这样想。为什么人们没能意识到财富不一定带来幸福呢？

32. Some months ago, a friend of mine was killed in a tragic automobile accident involving a drunk driver. The incident was far from rare, and was in fact typical of thousands of cases involving people driving under the influence of alcohol.

几个月前，我的一个朋友死于一场与酒后驾车有关的悲惨车祸。这件事情一点儿也不罕见，事实上是数以千计的案件的典型，这些案件与在酒精作用下开车的人有关。

33. I recently read a newspaper article on the rampant spread of child abuse. The deplorable problem of the widespread abuse of innocent children has aroused public concern nationwide.

最近，我在报纸上读到一篇关于虐待儿童现象变得猖獗的文章。普遍虐待无辜儿童的问题令人深感遗憾，它已经引起了全国公众的关注。

34. Should parents spare the rod and spoil the child? Opinions concerning strict parental discipline vary widely. Some view strict discipline as nothing more than a form of abuse, while others argue it is an essential factor for instilling appropriate social behavior.

家长应不应该闲了棍子、惯了孩子？针对严厉的家教的看法大相径庭。有的人就是把严厉的管教看成一种虐待，而另外的人认为这是逐渐灌输得体的社会行为的要素。

35. What do you think of the increasing openness accompanying the ongoing sexual revolution? Do you ever fantasize? Answers to these questions should be based on a determination between appropriate and inappropriate behavior.

你如何看待对现在的性革命越来越开放的态度？你曾经想象过吗？回答这些问题之前应先界定得体和不得体的行为。

36. Why do some governments persist in spending billions of dollars on space exploration when starvation and poverty continue to grip many countries throughout the world? This particular question is being raised by an ever increasing number of people.

既然世界上许多国家仍被饥饿和贫困所困扰，为什么有的*还坚持花费数十亿美元用于太空探索？现在越来越多的人提出这个问题。

37. Judging from the reams of evidence presented, we can safely conclude that the Three Gorges Project will change the lives of an untold number of people forever.

根据现有的大量证据，我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论：三峡工程将永远改变无数人的生活。

38. The ample evidence presented enables us to reasonably conclude that the scourge of AIDS will be brought under control in the foreseeable future.

提出的充分证据使我们能够合理地得出这样的结论：艾滋病的*在可预见的将来就能得到控制。

39. We must seek immediate solutions for problems leading to the rapid depletion of the earth's ozone layer. If allowed to proceed unchecked, the problem will undoubtedly exacerbate global warming and threaten life as we know it today.

我们必须寻求立即解决引起地球臭氧层快速损耗的问题的办法。如果任其*发展，这一问题无疑会加剧全球升温，并且正如今天我们所知道的那样危及生命。

40. Quite obviously, immediate action is needed to extricate 80 million Chinese people from the grips of poverty in order to remove the danger of social unrest and ensure continuing stability.

很明显，需要立即采取行动使八千万中国人摆脱贫困，从而消除社会动荡的危险，确保持续的稳定。

41. China needs to reexamine the results of political and social modernization in order to ascertain the benefits and indeed the detrimental aspects from a new perspective. Otherwise, various perceived accomplishments might in fact prove to be far from beneficial.

中国需要重新检查政治和社会现代化带来的结果以便从新的角度明确它们的好处，甚至是有害的方面。否则，许多我们以为取得的成就实际上可能完全不会带来好处。

42. It is essential to heed warnings of potentially catastrophic consequences associated with the Year 2000 computer bug and, in turn, to attach top priority to finding effective solutions to ensure a smooth transition into the new century.

我们必须注意有关计算机千年虫可能带来的灾难性结果的警告，并且相应地优先考虑寻找有效的解决办法以确保顺利过渡到新世纪。

43. It is high time we put an end to the deplorable practice of infanticide.

我们早该杜绝杀婴这种应遭谴责的做法。

44. There is little doubt that immediate action is required to eliminate the scourge of corruption once and forever.

毫无疑问，必须立即采取行动彻底消除腐败的*。

45. In short, we must work diligently to make the world a better place for coming generations. We must not persist in pursuits harmful to the environment.

简而言之，我们必须勤奋工作，为了下一代把世界变成更美好的地方。我们不应该坚持对环境有害的追求。

46. We must avoid overindulgence and conspicuous consumption. We must instead continue to recognize the benefits of thrift in order to protect our newfound prosperity.

我们必须避免过分放纵和铺张浪费。相反，我们应该继续发扬节俭的优点以守护我们新获得的繁荣。

47. It is absolutely essential to reverse the irrational misuse of nonrenewable resources. For example, fuel-efficient motor vehicles must be developed to reduce oil consumption and alternative energy sources must be found to replace coal.

彻底改变对不可再生资源的非理性滥用是绝对有必要的。例如，必须开发节能的机动车减少汽油的消耗量，并且必须找到可替代能源取代煤。

48. While achieving success is easier said than done, persistence does in fact pay off. One of the most important traits of a successful person is self-confidence, another is desire, and still another is determination.

获得成功说起来比做起来容易，然而坚持不懈确实会有好结果。成功人士的最重要的特征之一是自信，第二是渴望，还有一个是决心。

49. Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution.

认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。

50. Many of the explanations offered thus far are at least to a certain extent valid, but none fully address the problem and the issue must be examined in a wider context.

目前提供的许多解释至少在一定程度上是正确的，但是，没有一个解释能完全处理问题，这件事情必须放在更广阔的背景中考虑。

51. There are no immediate solutions for reversing the Asian financial crisis, but convincing affected nations to practice fiscal restraint will be highly beneficial.

没有能立即扭转亚洲金融危机的办法，但是，它使受到影响的国家相信实行财政控制将大有益处。

立即解决贫困问题的办法仍然是难以捉摸的。然而，公众认识到为数百万人提供更高质量的生活的必要性是找到有效的解决办法的第一步。

如果人类继续浪费自然资源，未来将会有什么贮藏？没有人知道明确的答案，但是，科学家在预测后代将面对一个迥然不同的世界时确实有一定的把握。

扭转不好的社会趋势远非一件易事，看法需要有巨大的变化。对正误的深刻认识是判定得体的社会行为所必需的。

我们应该感谢许多为把世界变得更美好而奉献一生的人。然而，我们不能依靠他们的成绩，而必须努力工作，取得更辉煌的成就。

现在，中国面临的两大挑战是保持持续的经济增长和靠世界上仅仅百分之七的可耕地养活仍在增长的12亿人口。尽管遇到的困难很大，中国人无疑会表现出不知疲倦的活力，在两方面都取得巨大成功。

57. We do, in fact, have a long way to go to reach our final goal, but achieving some remains well within the realm of possibility.

事实上，我们达到最终的目标还有很长的路要走，但是，取得一些成绩还是可能做到的。

58. The time is right for us to take full advantage of ample existing opportunities.

这正是我们充分利用大量现有机会的时候。

环境恶化是否能得到控制这个问题仍然没有答案，但目前的前景一点儿也不乐观。全世界的人必须立即行动，防止情况进一步恶化。

提出的方法不一定保证最终的成功，但最后的结果非常值得付出努力。即使只获得部分成功也会使人类受益，

有利于创造一个更美好的世界。

诚然，确保持续的发展需要人们做出一定程度的牺牲和辛勤努力。但是，积累的成果不仅能使国家更强大，而且能保证中国公民过上更美好的生活。

62. The rapid emergence of homes for senior citizens represents a sharp divergence from the traditional Chinese practice of maintaining the nuclear family at all costs.

老人疗养院的迅速出现体现了与中国传统的不惜一切代价维持核心家庭的做法的显著分歧。

63. Participating in interactive experiences beneficial to all is something that no one should miss . The valuable lessons learned therefore should not be arbitrarily dismissed , but should instead be treasured .

参加对所有人都有益的互动式体验是任何一个人都不应该错过的。从中获得的宝贵经验不应该任意抛弃，而应该倍加珍惜。

64. Abortion advocates may be correct in their assertion that the practice is a necessary tool of population control, but they seem to neglect the preciousness of human life in its earliest stages.

人工流产的提倡者认为它是控制人口的一种必要手段。他们也许是对的，但他们可能忽略了人的生命在最初阶段的宝贵。

一些人断言没有什么事是不可能的。这些人应该把握现实，知道再造一个宇宙是不可能的。更现实的说法是不可能明确知道明天你会活着还是会死。

两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床。

67. Greed and a total lack of social consciousness have been cited as major reasons for the dramatic rise corruption.

人们认为贪婪和社会意识的彻底缺乏是造成腐败急剧增加的主要原因。

中国的犯罪率显著升高有很多原因——城区大量流动工人的涌入；社会价值的贬低以及贫富之间日益扩大的差距。

为什么越来越多的中国老人不和他们的孩子住在一起？原因之一是年轻一代的上进心增强了。另一个原因是社会上老人的机会增加了。然而，主要的原因可能是传统观念发生了巨大变化。

什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的可能在于锻炼带来的保健和心理上的好处。

要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事。例如，一些科学家把环境的恶化归结为一些自然因素，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上。

72. One doesn't have to look far to realize the direct correlation between smoking and cancer.

人们不用花费很大力气就能发现抽烟和癌症之间的直接联系。

对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素。有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功，有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力，还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的。

反社会行为的原因既复杂又多样。我认为这种现象是不恰当的角色典型和缺少行为规范的很好的定义造成的。然而，主要原因很可能是不断贬低的社会价值。

种族仇恨的起因没有现成的答案。然而，社会学家把原因归结为被误导的更高贵的种族的观念以及天生的对有色人种的不信任。主要原因可能仅仅是因为无知。

76. The scourge of HIV/AIDS currently engulfing the world will quite likely be brought under control within the next few years thanks to the untiring efforts of scientists and researchers worldwide.

现在席卷世界的艾滋病的*很有可能由于全世界科学家和研究人员的不懈努力在未来几年内得到控制。

癌症的发病率主要由以下诸多因素引起，包括不适当的饮食、不好的保健习惯以及没有及早发现。然而，医学的不断进步和对此不断增强的关注给未来带来了很大的希望。

城市人口的增长和车祸中死亡率的增加主要是由于近年内充斥城市道路的汽车。汽车使用量的增加带来的有害因素很有可能超过它的好处。

中国上升的离婚率可以，至少部分可以归结为婚姻的不和谐，受教育水平的差异，变化的社会看法以及年轻一代不断增强的上进心。

80. State-owned enterprises are not only failing because of inefficient management, but also because of their inability to a witch operational mode from the former planned economy to the new market economy.

国有企业失败不仅由于低效的管理，也因为他们不能实现从以前的计划经济到新的市场经济的运作模式的转换。

81. Although we do not know the long-term consequences of separation or deprivation, we do know that they can produce acute immediate distress.

虽然我们不知道分离和丧失亲人的长期后果，但我们知道它们能立即引起剧烈的悲痛。

82. One can readily trace the disappearance of dinosaurs to a major cataclysmic event.

人们很容易把恐龙消失的原因归结为重大的灾难性事件。

83. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness.

贫困的原因很多，但主要是因为缺少教育、缺少机会，有的情况下纯粹是由于懒惰。

儿童的发展取决于很多因素，包括生理的和心理的。从婴儿期到青春期的正确的家长教育决定一个成熟的个人的体质及智力的状况。

85. Factors such as self-confidence and ambition, combined with determination and willpower, contribute to eventual success or failure.

自信、雄心，加上决心和毅力等因素是造成最终的成功或失败的原因。

许多因素对中国最终加入世界贸易组织（WTO）有很大的影响。因素之一是彻底放弃保护主义，另一个因素是采用普遍接受的国际会计规范。

87. One of the most common failures of people today is to avoid telling the truth. People must realize that avoidance and lying have never in the past and, in fact, never will right a wrong.

如今人类最常见的一个不足是不说真话。人们必须意食道不说真话、说谎话在过去没有，事实上，将来也永远不会变错误为正确。

人们认为*计划至少是现在国有企业失败的部分原因。然而，最主要的原因可能是极低效的管理、关系的普遍运用、任用亲信和裙带关系、大量过剩的劳动力、社会救济金的滥用，当然还包括腐败。

最近的一项调查表明在同样职位上的男性与女性工人的收入水平存在差异。在决定工人工资和职位的时候，决定因素应该是资格，而不是性别。

90. Social finesse, willingness to relocate and language capacity is also determinant factory in assessing job qualifications.

社交手腕、愿意调动以及语言能力也是评估工作资格的决定性因素。

91. The tumultuous Cultural Revolution was chiefly responsible for the searing desire for change in China.

混乱的*是引起对中国发生变化的极度渴望的主要原因。

92. Traditional beliefs do not in themselves explain the lingering prevalence of outdated concepts in China.

传统信仰本身不能解释过时观念为何仍然在中国普遍存在。

有的人干脆认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的金融危机。然而，事实是一部分原因应归结为开拓新市场的不得力的方法、改进产品质量的失败以及*没有表示支持的行动。

94. We often ignore the real problem and instead search for a needle in a haystack. Solving problems of any kind requires one to adopt a direct approach which addresses all relevant issues.

我们经常忽略实际问题，而是大海捞针。解决任何类型的问题都需要一个人采取直接的办法处理所有相关事情。

声称缺少机会不过是敷衍失败的借口。通常，失败最根本的原因是相关的个人本身缺乏动力。

96. We can, and quite often do, blame our contemporaries for personal failures, but the fact of the matter is that the root causes for most problems go much deeper.

我们可以，而且经常因个人的失败抱怨我们的同时代人，但是，事实是许多问题的根本原因要深刻得多。

伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势。最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。

对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。

99. The arrival of the so-called “Information Age “will undoubtedly have a profound influence on our lives. The task at hand center on using the technology for beneficial purposes , while at the same time preventing intrusions of privacy and use of the electronic highway for deceitful purposes .

所谓“信息时代”的来临无疑将深刻地影响我们的生活。手头的任务主要是利用技术达到有意的目的，同时，防止侵犯隐私或者出于欺骗的目的利用电子高速路。

100. No one can doubt that the reform and opening policies introduced in 1979 have had a profound impact on the lives of Chinese citizens. Changes resulting therefore have not only impacted the economic system, but the social system as well.

没有人能怀疑1979年推出的改革开放政策对中国公民的生活产生了深刻的影响。由此造成的变化不仅影响了经济*，而且影响了社会*。

工业废水和原污水排放入河流、湖泊和近海岸区域不仅给海洋生物和水生资源带来了负面影响，而且也破坏了维持生命的主要必需品之一——饮用水。

102. It will have a direct bearing on the matter under discussion.

这将和正在讨论的问题有直接关系。

103. Rapid economic growth may lead to an overextension of resources and lead to an eventual catastrophic meltdown.

经济迅速增长可能导致过度使用资源，并引起最终巨大的灾难。

104. The immediate results of economic growth have created the illusion of unending prosperity. The best approach at this particular time is to perhaps err on the side of caution.

经济增长的直接结果是造成了关于无止境繁荣的幻想。现在这个特定时刻最好的办法也许是慎之又慎。

技术的好处不容否认。然而，技术经常否认工作场所需要人类，这一点值得仔细考虑，而且，为受到影响的个人推出再培训项目是必需的。

106. The lack of faith in government is the direct result of the prevailing distrust of politicians.

对*缺乏信心是普遍存在的对*官员的不信任直接造成的。

107. The advantages of harmonious relations far outweigh the disadvantages of confrontation.

和谐关系的好处远远大于冲突的坏处。

108. Independence offers many advantages, the first and foremost of which is self-determination.

独立带来很多好处，首先也是最重要的是自决。

109. The contrast between right and wrong is highlighted by the benefits accruing from the former.

由于正确而得到的好处更加强调了正误的对比。

110. the most striking conclusion that can be reached when weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the market economy is quite frankly prosperity.

很坦率地说，在权衡市场经济的利弊时能得出的最显著的结论是繁荣。

111. The ridiculous amount of money some countries spend on military hardware is absurd when considering the number of people starving in many developing countries.

考虑到一些发展中国家挨饿的人的数量，一些国家把大量资金花费在重型军事装备上显得很荒谬。

112. The loss of perquisites enjoyed by government officials and business executives pales in comparison to the plight of refugees in many war-torn countries.

与许多饱受战争创伤的国家的难民所处的困境相比，*官员和商业管理者失去所享受的特权就相形见绌了。

虽然全球变暖这一长期的问题确实很严重，但考虑到诸如环境的迅速恶化和不可更新资源的普遍滥用等当前的问题，它的重要性就有所降低了。

与拥有一辆自行车相比，人们更愿意拥有一辆汽车，但拥有后者涉及的问题远远超过前者。原因之一，汽车昂贵很多，需要更多的维护。原因之二，自行车不会引起污染。

115. The advantages of family planning more than compensate for the disadvantages.

计划生育的好处不仅仅弥补了它的害处。

性别平等的呼声中有少量自相矛盾的内容。最大的谬误在于工作场所和同工同酬的概念。另一个同样重要的方面与女性进入最高管理职位紧密相关。

正在进行的市场经济的转型很有可能将遇到限制和问题.一方面,需要紧要方法解决涉及国有企业的问题.另一棘手的问题涉及在市场力量形成的同时控制通货膨胀.

三峡工程将成为极大的成功或只是彻底的失败？反对意见指出了诸如工程的巨额成本，数百万当地居民的重新安置以及独特的自然环境的破坏等障碍。另一方面，支持者认为它的好处，例如对洪水控制的改善、发电能力的提高和对相关地区经济发展的影响将远远超过它坏处。至于建设这个工程明智与否，时间会告诉我们，历史会做出判断。

119. Nothing approaches the love of a mother for her child.

没有东西可以和母爱相比。

120. Few scientific and technological achievements equal the success of landing men on the moon.

几乎没有科技成就能与人类成功登陆月球同日而语。

需要回答的一个问题是：暴力与人类的天性联系更直接还是仅仅是社会恶习的体现？做出回答远非易事，而是值得仔细而审慎地考虑的事情。

122. From the standpoint of success, a good work ethic is no less important than an education. Success does, in fact, depend on the total integration of both aspects.

从成功的角度来说，良好的职业道德与教育同等重要。事实上，成功的确建立在两方面完全融合的基础上。

越来越多的妻子到外面工作，甚至和她们的丈夫再一起工作，一方面是为了和丈夫共同承担经济重担，一方面反映了女性感到需要有可衡量的个人价值。

124. Just as honor is a prerequisite for respectability, so is unblemished character a barometer of integrity.

正如声誉是可敬的前提条件，无暇疵的品格是正直的晴雨表。

125. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and the same is true for both the appreciation of art and music.

美在观察者的眼中，美术和音乐的欣赏也是如此。

126. The direct correlation between self-esteem and success also applies to one's ability to achieve.

自尊和成功的直接联系也适用于一个人取得成就的能力。

127. Improving the plight of teachers is indeed a priority item. However, improving the overall education system is likewise no less important.

改善教师的困难处境的确是优先处理的一件事情。但是，改进整个教育系统同等重要。

中国和美国有许多共同之处。首先，两个都是世界主要强国。第二，两个国家相互提供发展的有利因素——中国拥有巨大的潜在市场和劳动力，美国拥有先进的技术和专业的管理知识。

129. The shaky truce in the Middle East bears little resemblance to the realization of ultimate peace.

中东不可靠的休战与最终实现和平的相似性很小。

130. Idleness spawns discontent, whereas overwork leads to mental and physical exhaustion.

懒惰滋生不满，而过度工作导致精神和身体的疲劳。

131. Large and small enterprises differ in that the former usually involves conglomerates and the latter private individuals.

大企业和小企业的区别在于前者通常涉及联合大企业，后者涉及私营的个人。

132. Both automobiles and bicycles offer a convenient means of public conveyance, with one of the marked differences between the two centered on pollution caused by the former.

汽车和自行车都提供公共运输的便利方式，两者的显著区别之一在于前者引起污染。

酒和烟都是很容易上瘾的东西。但是，研究显示，与公认为引起癌症的烟不同，酒如果适量饮用确实对健康有益。

134. One man's treasure is another man's junk.

一个人的宝贝对于另一个人来说是垃圾。

135. AIDS is no longer one of the Top 10 American killers, but the same cannot be said for many countries.

艾滋病不再是美国的十大杀手之一，但许多国家的情况并非如此。

136. Individualism was unheard of short 30-odd years ago during the tumultuous Cultural Revolution. Things have changed today, however, with color returning to the streets of Chinese streets, people gaining a greater degree of self-determination and reform yielding monumental changes in traditional practices.

人们在三十多年前混乱的*时期没有听说过个人主义。然而，今天的情况不同了，中国的街道上又恢复了色彩，人们获得了更大的自主，改革带来了传统方式的巨变。

137. Social inequities of the past are rapidly giving way to expanded social consciousness.

过去社会的不公平正在被扩大的社会觉悟迅速取代。

许多人声称世界上最发达的国家应该对欠发达国家的困境承担全权责任。我非常怀疑他们的观点能经受住仔细审查的冲击。

虽然媒体详细报道大量的科技成就，但是，最近的调查显示，把它们迅速转化为生产力还需要做出很多努力。

140. The popular belief in the invincibility of man is constantly rebuked by revaluations of man's fallibility.

认为人类无敌的普遍看法经常遭到重新评价人类易犯错误的特点的非难。

141. While the inclination to procrastinate is common, one must fully consider the detrimental impact of unnecessary delays.

虽然拖延的倾向是普遍的，但是人们应该充分考虑到不必要的延误造成的有害影响。

142. The tendency to take things for granted is understandable, but the need for one to rationally evaluate the circumstances of any situation is absolutely essential.

想当然的倾向是可以理解的，但是，理智地估计任何情形的情况是完全必需的。

143. Most people are under the illusion that a college degree guarantees success. There is no such guarantee without hard work.

许多人错误地认为大学学位能保证成功。不努力工作就没有这样的保证。

144. Some stubbornly hold to the correctness of traditional practices, but in so doing they seem to totally ignore the fact that progress depends on change.

一些人固执地坚持传统做法的正确性，但是，他们这么做，似乎完全忽视了进步依靠变化的事实。

145. Generally speaking, previous parliamentary policy debates ignored the relevance of transparency.

总的来说，以前议会中针对政策的辩论忽视了透明度的重要性。

146. A precise definition of poverty is actually very difficult to determine. Where does one draw the line between those who are poor and those who are not?

对贫困的精确定义实际上是很难的。如何在贫穷和非贫穷的人之间划一条界限呢？

147. Admittedly, bribery and corruption are endemic to our political and economic systems, but it doesn't necessarily follow that all politicians and business people resort to illicit behavior.

诚然，贿赂和腐败在我们的政治和经济系统中很流行，但这并不是说所有的*官员和商界人士都采取违法行为。

148. There's little doubt that a third World War is avoidable, but it is highly unlikely that regional conflicts will disappear in the foreseeable future.

毫无疑问，第三次世界大战是可以避免的，但是，在可预见的将来地区冲突消失是非常不可能的。

149. Some people assume that investing in stock is a safe pursuit, but their assumption fails to hold water when considering the substantial risk involved.

有的人想当然地认为投资股票是有把握的事情，但是，考虑到涉及的巨大风险，他们的想当然就说不通了。

150. Some people have called for accelerated across-the-board changes. Their approach quite frankly ignores the need for gradual but effective changes.

一些人要求更快速的全盘改变。他们的做法的确忽略了渐进而有效的改变的必要性。

151. There is undoubtedly an element of truth in assertions that capital punishment is necessary, but proponents seem to ignore the fact that the practice has failed to deter heinous crimes.

毫无疑问，主张极刑的必要性有正确的成分，但是，支持者似乎忽略了这种做法不能阻止令人发指的罪行这一事实。

许多人想当然地认为一种植物或动物的灭绝产生的后果很小。然而，仔细的考察揭示出任何一个物种的灭绝会破坏食物链，一种植物的消失造成有可能生成治疗癌症的药物的关键成分的缺失。

153. At first glance , the characteristics of Bugs Bunny seem comical . However, a closer examination reveals the cartoon character never creates a problem, and instead simply hopes for quiet and peaceful life. This suggests that cartoons most often teach children the difference between good and evil.

乍一看，流氓兔的性格似乎滑稽。然而，仔细观察发现这个卡通人物从不制造麻烦，相反，它只希望过安静平和的生活。这说明卡通在大多数情况下教授给儿童好与坏之间的区别。

从逻辑而言，要求形成新的世界秩序听似正确，而且我真心实意地同意一些观点，但是，考虑到世界上二百余个国家在发展和外交上有不同的议事日程，这种要求就显得荒谬了。

155. In spite of claims to the contrary, it is common knowledge that corporal punishment most often has the exact opposite affect intended.

尽管有相反的主张，但是大家都知道体法在多数情况下产生适得其反的效果。

我们从小就相信男人的角色是提供生活所需，女人的角色是照顾家庭和子女。然而，今天，角色的互换变得越来越普遍。

一些人顽强地坚持种族优越性的错误观点。然而，他们坚持这样做正揭示了某些人自卑的心理和社会对立性。

158. Some people claim the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) far exceeds that of Western-style pharmaceuticals. More often than not, however, the exact opposite is true.

有的人声称中药的功效远远好于西药。但是，通常情况下，事实正好相反。

159. Workers commonly complain that causes for labor disputes rest solely on the shoulders of management. Quite likely the opposite is true.

工人经常抱怨劳资纠纷的责任完全在管理者的肩上。很可能正好相反。

有些人认为竞争促使人们发挥出最优秀的东西。另一些人认为它只是强迫一个人证明他/她比别人更优秀。提倡者叫嚣着支持其中的一个立场。我认为前一个立场比后一个立场更恰当。

161. Claiming something is true misses the point, while presenting verifiable fact proves its correctness.

声称某样东西是正确的没有什么意义，而提出可以证实的事实能证明它的正确性。

162. Suggesting that one thing ... is better than another thing ... bears no more significance than insinuating that black is better than white .

暗示一件东西比另一件东西更好比旁敲侧击地说黑比白好并没有更大的意义。

163. Ignoring cause and effect is exactly the same thing as failing to look both ways when crossing a busy intersection.

忽略因果就相当于横穿繁忙的十字路口时没有朝两边看。

164. One who advocates the rights of homosexuals should not be surprised by the belligerent stance of opposition forces.

主张同性恋者的权利的人对反对力量的好战姿态不应感到奇怪。

165. The greatest problem with political and religious zealots is their total inability to consider the views of others.

政治和宗教*者的最大问题在于他们完全不能考虑别人的观点。

166. The basic stumbling block to global peace rests with the self-serving ambitions of many nations.

全世界和平的基本障碍物在于许多国家谋私利的野心。

167. The overemphasis on one particular aspect of a problem often obscures the relevance of other issues.

过分强调问题的一个方面经常掩盖了其他方面的相关性。

168. Any presumption that smoking is in anyway beneficial is totally preposterous.

任何对抽烟不管怎样是有益的假设都是完全荒谬的。

169. The fallacies of many arguments are quite obvious.

许多论证的推论错误是相当明显的。

武断地无视性乱行为的增多和性传播疾病的迅速蔓延之间的直接联系是鲁莽的。一个更愚蠢的错误是否认在世界范围内开展广泛的性教育项目的必要性。

171. There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that a brighter future for the world is impossibility.

我们丝毫没有理由相信，世界不可能会有一个更光明的未来。

172. Meteorologists offer computer models leaving little doubt that this year's El Nino phenomenon has disappeared.

气象学家提供计算机模型，充分证明今年的厄尔尼诺现象已经消失了。

173. Facts prove the unjustifiability of claims that China will be unable to feed itself by the year 2020.

事实证明：断言中国到2020年将不可能养活自己是不合道理的。

以前对中国离婚率升高的解释是完全站不住脚的。事实是许多婚姻仅仅建立在便利的基础上，而且妻子不再愿意接受丈夫作威作福的态度。

声称进入中国市场会给外国公司带来立即获利的途径是非常错误的，事实已经一次次地证明了这一点。进入中国的关键在于“广阔的潜在市场”这一说法以及为了回报愿意等待多久。

176. Parents are not wrong in enforcing good study habits, but they must not do so at the expense of stifling normal child development.

家长把好的学习习惯强加给孩子没有错，但是，他们这么做不能以抑制儿童的正常发展为代价。

假定现代科学技术将继续进步是很有道理的。相信科技会大幅度地改变我们的生活方式也是同样有道理的。然而，同样的逻辑不能用于改善社会上的相互作用。

相信现代医学的奇迹是可以理解的。很有可能我们相信科学家能够找到延长生命的关键也是有根据的。但是，考虑到已经非常庞大的世界人口和预计的未来的增长，延长生命是否明智仍有疑问。

179. It is one thing to support euthanasia, but quite another to offer any justification for genocide.

支持安乐死是一回事，为种族灭绝提供正当的理由是另一回事。

180. Claiming the need for censorship is one thing, but rationally proving its redeeming values represents a quite different issue.

主张*的必要性是一回事，理智地证明它的可取之处是完全不同的另一回事。

181. Chances are that man will eventually land on Mars.

人类有可能最终登陆火星。

182. The likelihood for peace in the Middle East remains questionable.

中东和平的可能性仍让人怀疑。

183. The necessity for nuclear nonproliferation seems clear.

防止核扩散的必要性似乎清清楚楚。

184. It is perhaps more accurate to consider the family as a blanket of security, rather than a cloak of bondage.

把家庭看作保护安全的毯子可能比把它看作束缚的斗篷更确切。

185. While generalizations are dangerous, it is quite safe to present solid evidence.

抽象概括是危险的,但是,提供确凿的证据是万无一失的。

186. It seems almost certain that China will achieve this year's economic growth targets.

中国将完成今年经济增长的目标似乎是毫无疑问的。

187. Reaching this year's growth targets is almost a certainty.

达到今年的增长目标几乎是必然的。

188. The urgency of the situation makes it necessary to reiterate the monumental problems of population growth.

情况的紧迫性使我们有必要重申人口增长的重大问题。

最近的一项研究显示了一个令人惊讶的事实：许多学生仅仅依靠死记硬背通过考试。想到学生对主题没有透彻地理解就毕业了是令人震惊的。

190. Needless to say, advertising sells products. Where would we be without it? Shelves would be empty, consumers would have few choices and products information would disappear.

毋庸讳言，广告推销产品。没有它，情况将会怎样？货架将空空如也，消费者的选择将减少，产品的信息将消失。

191. The plain truth is that people are most often self-centered.

明显的事实是人经常是以自我为中心的。

年轻人发现很难找到合适的榜样并不奇怪。难怪他们喝酒、抽烟、打架、狂欢作乐或者做出不当的社会举动。

193. It should come as no surprise to learn that many abused children become abusers later in life.

发现很多受虐待的儿童后来虐待别人不应该感到奇怪。

194. There is probably a great deal of truth in the assertion that unscrupulous brokers are salivating at the thought of unsophisticated investors entering the securities market.

断言不道德的经纪人想到没有经验的投资者进入股票市场就垂涎三尺可能有一定的道理。

195. There's little doubt that China has spawned a new generation of “Little Emperors " , but the truth is that the fault rests with parents who " spare the rod to spoil the child " and not with children themselves .

毫无疑问，中国产生了新一代“小皇帝”，但事实是责任在于“闲了棍子，惯了孩子”的家长，而不是孩子自己。

196. There's little justification for objections to sex education. In fact, even a minimal introduction to consequences of sexual interaction (the bird's and bees) might have dramatically changed the lives of many people.

反对性教育几乎是没有道理的。实际上，最小限度的介绍性行为的后果（鸟和蜜蜂的）可能戏剧性地改变许多人的生活。

197. We can safely say that the world continues to turn and things have changed dramatically, but we can never claim the world is a safer place.

我们可以稳妥地说世界在继续传动，情况发生了巨大的变化，但是，我们永远不能声称世界变得更加安全了。

198. We can say this and we can say that, but the most important thing is not to say, but instead to do.

我们可以说这说那，但最重要的事不是说，而是做。

199. Divided we fall, united we conquer. This does not mean that conquest is the goat, but instead that unified efforts yield positive results.

分离就会垮台，团结就能征服。这不是说征服是目的，而是说团结一致的努力会产生积极的结果。

200. Historically speaking, our ancestors placed great emphasis on filial piety.

历史上，我们的祖先很重视孝顺。

201. It doesn't follow that one should abandon a workable plan simply because of minor setbacks. So doing would quite frankly be foolish.

一个人不能因为几个小挫折就放弃一个可行的计划。这样做的确很愚蠢。

202. One corrupt politician does not suggest that all politicians are bad. Any such presumption is totally misguided.

有一个腐败的*官员不能说明所有的*官员都是坏的。这样的假设完全是被误导的。

203. Don't get the idea that money grows on trees, or that there's such a thing as a free ride.

不要以为钱长在树上，也不要以为有免费的午餐。

204. Along with interest in music comes a greater awareness of culture.

伴随着对音乐的兴趣的是对文化更清晰的认识。

205. It's not that I don't want to be rich and famous. Obviously I do, but just haven't as yet found the way to get there.

并不是我不想致富成名。我当然想，但是还没有找到致富成名的途径。

206. If the claims of the other side prove true, we may be forced to alter our position.

如果对方的主张被证明是正确的，我们可能*要改变我们的立场。

207. The urgent need for nuclear nonproliferation is undeniable. Moreover, failure to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction increases the chance for nuclear holocaust.

防止核扩散的紧迫性是不可否认的。此外，制止大规模杀伤性武器扩散的失败增加了核毁灭的可能性。

208. Having recognized the problem, it follows that we must develop a plan of action.

意识到了问题，接下去我们必须制定行动计划。

209. Governments have reached a consensus on the need for peace and it follows that actions speak louder than words.

*一致同意和平的必要性，接下去就是行动胜于语言了。

210. The convincing proof that smoking causes cancer has failed to convince hundreds of millions of people to abandon the vile habit.

抽烟致癌的有力证据没能说服数百万人改掉这一恶习。

211. Traffic laws are of little use if drivers simply ignore them and law enforcement departments fail to adopt effective enforcement programs.

如果司机完全无视交通法，法律实施部门不能采取有效的实施程序，交通法就没有一点儿作用。

除非*大幅度地增加投资；农民接受高级的农业技术；消费者共同努力减少不必要的过度的浪费，农业现代化就不能实现。

213. Effective flood control is not only necessary, but is also essential for protecting the lives of millions of Chinese citizens.

有效地控制洪水不仅是必要的，而且对保护数百万中国公民的生命来说是必不可少的。

214. Simple expressions of indignation are no substitute for meaningful actions to right a wrong.

仅仅表示愤慨不能取代改正错误的有意义的行动。

215. Even modest increases in education allocations are better than none.

甚至对教育拨款的适度增加都比不增加好。

216. The slightest miscalculations in trajectory can spell doom for a successful space mission.

对轨道的细小的计算错误可以意味着对成功的太空任务的灭顶之灾。

217. Anyone with one eye and half sense (common sense) knows that good prevails over evil.

任何一个有一只眼睛和一半判断力（常识）的人都知道邪不压正。

218. It is impossible to reach appropriate conclusions without access to relevant information.

没有相关的信息不可能得出相关的结论。

219. The fact remains that the consequences of drug misuse and abuse can be devastating upon the entire community.

实际情况仍然是误用和滥用药物的后果对整个社会都会是破坏性的。

220. Respect is given where respect is due.

尊敬只给予值得尊敬的人。

221. It really doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, but instead whether or not it can catch the mouse.

猫是黑是白真的不重要，重要的是它是不是能抓老鼠。

222. Whatever the outcome, we must resolutely precede with our objective.

无论结果如何，我们必须坚定地继续为目标而努力。

223. However great the will to achieve, and however great the demand to succeed, one should never abandon his/her moral and social consciousness.

无论成功的决心多么坚定，成功的要求多么强烈，一个人永远不能丧失他/她的道德和社会觉悟。

224. However pressing the need and urgency of the problem one should not precede without a plausible plan.

无论需要多么紧迫，问题多么紧急，一个人不能没有看似有理的计划就开始行动。

225. Posing crime is often cited as a prime example of mounting social decay.

犯罪的上升经常被当作越来越严重的社会倒退的主要例子。

226. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, is a classic example of success.

微软的创始人比尔•盖茨是成功的经典范例。

227. Persistence pays off! A case in point centers on the ongoing negotiations and anticipated eminent resolution of the Middle East peace process.

坚持不懈能取得好结果！一个恰当的例子是正在进行的关于中东和平进程的谈判和预期达成的引人注目的决议。

228. The advertisement is a perfect example of misleading content designed to fool consumers.

广告是为愚弄消费者而设计的误导内容的很好的例子。

229. The land for peace deal represents a concrete agreement which will end conflict and bring stability to the Middle East.

达成和平协议的余地代表一个具体的协定，它将结束争端，给中东带来稳定。

230. We should gather additional facts to support existing evidence and illustrate the correctness of the contention.

我们需要收集更多的事实支持现有的证据，并证明论点的正确性。

231. A few more examples should be added to highlight the already familiar facts.

还需要增加几个例子强调已经很熟悉的真相。

232. We can cite Nelson Mandela's experience as an excellent example of overcoming adversity.

我们可以把纳尔逊•曼德拉的经历作为克服困境的很好的例子。

233. History abounds with great men worthy of adulation and emulation.

历史上有很多值得称赞和效法的伟人。

234. I, for one, will steadfastly resist any attempts to justify violence as a means to an end.

拿我来说，我会坚决抵制任何证明暴力是达到目的的一种正当手段的企图。

235. Take the “Gang of Four “as an example of a group of zealots who attempted to usurp power to serve their own purposes.

以“*”为例，他们是一群企图篡权为自己的目的服务的*者。

236. Racial cleansing serves as a case in point to illustrate the lengths some people will go to prove their superiority.

种族清洗是恰当的例子，用来说明一些人为了证明他们的优越性而走了多远。

237. We can safely assume that the indiscriminate acts of our generation will have an adverse impact on future generations.

我们可以万无一失地想当然认为我们这一代人任意的行为将给未来的人造成负面的影响。

238. Recurring themes are readily discernible in the annals of history. There's little doubt that history does, in fact, repeat itself.

在历史纪录上完全可以找到重复的主题。实际上，毫无疑问，历史会重演。

239. Numerous examples might be cited to support fallacious claims, but they most often lack a relevance to the issue under discussion.

可能有很多例子支持错误的主张，但它们经常缺少和正在讨论的问题的相关性。

240. I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon.

在夏季炎热的下午，我想不出什么东西比一杯冰凉可口的啤酒更好。

241. Perhaps there's no better example of high-level corruption than the case of former Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong .

也许没有比前北京市市长陈希同更好的高层腐败的例子。

242. The airliner crash is seen as merely the tip of an iceberg.

这次飞机坠落被看作仅仅是冰山一角（只是其中的一个例子）。

243. The importance of exercise to good health is only one example of aspects of life people most often take for granted.

锻炼对健康的重要性只是生活中人们想当然的事情的一个例子。

244. Just imagine how great the word would be if we would only exhibit greater concern for our fellowman.

想象一下如果我们稍微多关心一下我们的同胞，世界将变得多美好。

245. Suppose we're on a ship that hits an iceberg. Do we flip a coin to see who gets the seat on the lifeboat, or do we resort to violence to ensure our self-preservation?

假设我们在一艘撞到冰山的船上。我们会抛硬币决定谁上救生船，还是会诉诸暴力以求得自保。

246. Lets just assume that we've been lifelong friends and while you have food, I have none. Would you share your good fortune with me, or would you let me starve?

假设我们是一生的朋友，你有食物，而我没有。你会和我分享食物还是会让我饿死？

247. Just think of what would happen if one nuclear power launched a preemptive on another.

试想一下一个核大国先发制人会出现什么情况。

248. There are many avenues to explore before we reach a final decision.

在我们做出最后决定之前有很多可以探索的途径。

249. It is rare to find a person willing to totally abandon the comforts of life simply to help others.

一个人仅仅为了帮助别人而愿意完全放弃生活的舒适是很罕见的。

250. We should point out that the evidence is purely circumstantial.

我们应该指出，证据完全是依情况而定的。

251. We must admit that the overwhelming volume of indisputable circumstantial evidence far outweighed the presumption of innocence.

我们必须承认，大量无可辩驳的详尽的证据远远压倒了关于清白的假设。

252. We have to accept the facts no matter how astonishing they might sound.

无论它们听上去多么让人诧异，我们都必须接受这些事实。

253. We must point out that feigning ignorance of the plight of poverty-stricken people is simply an irresponsible act on the part of ignorance.

我们必须指出，假装不知道穷人的困境完全是出于无知的不负责任的表现。

254. The apparent success of this summer's flood control effort doesn't alter the fact a massive effort will be required to complete the reconstruction program.

今年夏天的洪水控制取得了明显的胜利，这并不能改变需要付出巨大的努力来完成重建工作这一事实。

有的人批评联合国对总体财政管理不善，但这一组织1997年最大的一部分预算用于人道主义援助，这些人的指控无法从这一事实中得出。

256. The continuing wanton loss of life provides ample justification for NATO intervention in Kosovo.

大量生命的不断丧失为北约干涉科索沃提供了充足的理由。

257. Ample evidence exists to prove that hereditary factors contribute to alcoholism.

存在丰富的证据证明遗传因素是酗酒的部分原因。

258. There is every reason to believe that China's resumption of sovereignty over Macao in 1999 will proceed smoothly.

完全有理由相信1999年中国对澳门恢复行使主权将进展顺利。

259. There is strong evidence to show that the hole in the Ozone Layer is expanding at an alarming rate.

有确凿的证据显示臭氧层上的空洞正在以惊人的速度扩大。

260. All reliable information points to the fact that the Y2K Virus (Millennium Bug) will create havoc with computer systems worldwide at the turn of the century.

所有可靠的证据表明，2000年病毒（千年虫）在世纪之交的时候会造成全世界计算机系统的混乱。

261. Statistical evidence lends support to the view that a massive influx of funding is needed to strengthen crime prevention programs.

统计数据证明加强防止犯罪的工作需要大量资金投入。

262. Personal experience has taught that kindness to others pays untold dividends.

个人经验告诉我：和善地对待别人会得到数不清的好处。

263. Case histories show that all nations face recurring periods of economic fluctuations.

案例记录表明：所有国家都面临循环出现的经济波动期。

264. Personal experience leads me to conclude that all people need to take time to smell the roses (evaluate and appreciate the many good things they have in their lives).

个人经验使我得出这样的结论：所有人都需要有时间放松（评价并欣赏他们生活中许多美好的事物）。

265. Recent studies conducted by doctors show that excessive exposure to the sun's ray’s cause’s skin cancer.

最近医生所做的研究表明：过度暴露在阳光下会致癌。

266. Nationwide surveys conducted in 1997 revealed a dramatic rise in the ownership of television sets, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines.

1997年所做的全国范围内的调查显示电视机、电冰箱、空调和洗衣机拥有量大幅升高。

267. History tells us that mankind has a tendency to repeat past mistakes.

历史告诉我们人类有重蹈覆辙的趋势。

268. We have amassed ample objective proof to show the urgent need for crisis intervention in suspected child abuse cases.

我们已经积累了充足的客观证据证明急需干涉可疑的虐待儿童的案件。

269. Unfortunately, available evidence fails to establish any direct link between smoking and cancer.

不幸的是，现有的证据不能证明抽烟和癌症之间有直接的联系。

270. Fortunately, mountains of reliable evidence prove the direct link between smoking and cancer beyond any shadow of the doubt.

庆幸的是，大量可靠的证据证明抽烟和癌症有直接联系是毫无疑问的。

271. Television violence has contributed directly to rising crime, as evidenced by statistics showing a dramatic rise in copycat crimes.

数据显示模仿的犯罪行为有大幅度的增加，这证明电视暴力是犯罪增加的一部分直接原因。

272. The introduction of advance agronomic techniques has contributed greatly to the development of agriculture, as indicated by statistics showing increased output in each of the past five years.

数据显示在过去的五年中，每一年的产量都有提高，这表明发达的农业技术的引入对农业发展起到了很大的作用。

273. While it may appear that the gap between rich and poor people is narrowing somewhat, recently released evidence suggests that the opposite is true.

贫富之间的差距看似有一定的缩小，但是最近发布的证据表明事实正好相反。

274. While attaining world peace remains within the realm of possibility, the prevailing trend revolves around regional conflicts and internal strife in many countries.

获得世界和平是有可能的，但是普遍的趋势是存在地区冲突和许多国家内部的斗争。

275. Although statistics are quite often far less reliable than one might wish, other reliable information allows one to closely approximate industrial output figures.

尽管数据经常比人们希望的不可靠得多，但是，其他可靠的信息使人们能得到接近工业产量的数字。

276. Although random sampling used for many surveys fails to cover large segments of the population, the procedure nonetheless offers insight into voting and consumption patterns.

虽然许多调查所用的随机取样不能覆盖大部分人口，但是这一过程使人们能更深刻地理解选举和消费的模式。

277. The need for more government services has proved to be the case time and again.

事实多次证明需要更多的*服务工作。

278. The funny thing about marriage is that the newness soon wears off.

婚姻的一个可笑之处是新鲜感马上就没有了。

279. There are instances when one must abandon the tendency for self-prevention in order to assist a person in grave danger.

存在这样的情况：为了帮助处于严重危险中的人，一个人必需抛弃自保的倾向。

280. There are situations in which it's highly advisable for a person to control his/her temper and keep his/her mouth shut.

有些情况下，一个人控制住自己的脾气并保持沉默是明智的。

281. Gone are the days when Chinese people could expect cradle to death support from the government.

中国人可以指望*提供从出生到死亡的资助的日子已经不复存在了。

282. The days when one could safely walk city streets at night are gone.

一个人可以在夜里安全地走在城市街道上的日子已经过去了。

283. China's population almost doubled to 1.2 billion people during the 1955-1995, according to the National Census Bureau.

根据全国人口普查局的数据，中国人口在1955年至1995年期间几乎翻了一番，增加到12亿。

284. A report by the Department of Education estimates that the student-teacher ratio in China is four times higher than in the United States.

教育部的一份报告估计中国的学生和老师的比例比美国高四倍。

285. Official figures released by the Ministry of Transportation show that motor vehicle fatalities have more than tripled since 1995.

交通部公布的官方数据表明机动车死亡事故从1995年起已经翻了两番多。

286. Women accounted for less than two percent of the total number of deputies to the National People's Congress in 1990, compared with almost 12 percent in 1998.

1990年，全国人民代表大会的妇女代表所占比例不到总人数的2%，1998年大约是12%。

287. Some 140 major state-owned companies have either declared bankruptcy or entered into mergers during 1998, up a whopping 75 percent on the total number for the 10-year period between 1985-1995.

1998年，已经有大约140个大的国有公司宣布破产或被兼并，与1985年到1995年这十年间的总数相比超出75%。

288. China's illiteracy rate has dropped by some 60 percent over the past few years, but nonetheless remains at one of the highest levels for any developing nation.

在过去的几年中，中国的文盲率下降了约60%，但仍是发展中国家中较高的。

289. The steady three-year annual rise in the export rate between 1995-1997 has been followed by steadily falling prices during 1998 and the trend is expected to continue indefinitely.

1995年到1997年，出口率持续稳定增长之后，1998年，价格稳步下跌，预计这一趋势会无限期地持续下去。

290. It is essential to examine every angle in order to fully understand the nature of a perplexing problem.

为了全面理解一个复杂问题的本质，必须从每个角度进行考查。

291. We must engage in thorough discussions in order to gain a better sense of the most appropriate and effective way to proceed with the project.

我们必须进行充分的讨论，以便更好地理解继续实施计划最合适和有效的途径。

292. We must develop a foolproof argument in order to effectively illustrate the urgency of implement stringent environmental protection measures.

为了有力地证明贯彻严格的环境保护措施的紧迫性，我们必须进行简单明了的论证。

293. A comparative analysis of the positive and negative aspects of the Three Gorges Project will perhaps provide us with a better sense of the eventual impact of the massive water control program.

三峡工程利弊的对比分析可能会使我们更清楚地认识这一庞大的治水工程的最终影响。

不能和谐相处只是不断升高的离婚率的部分原因。最重要的因素可能是某一方的陋习和不成熟，以及仅仅因为缺乏共同的东西。

295. The success of a company is directly related to the competency of its managers.

一个公司的成功与它的管理人员的能力直接相关。

296. Mental disorientation is but one of the many effects of alcohol consumption. Another is anti-social behavior, and still another is physical deterioration.

将神上的迷惑只是喝酒的众多后果之一，另一后果是反社会的行为，还有体质下降。

297. Apart from providing sheer enjoyment, music provides one with the opportunity to escape the daily pressures of life and enter an aesthetic world of sensual pleasure.

音乐除了带来纯粹的享受，还提供机会逃避日常生活的压力，进入一个感官享受的审美世界。

298. In spite of the costs involved space exploration is absolutely necessary to solve the puzzles of the Universe.

尽管太空探索代价很高，但它对于揭开宇宙之谜来说是完全需要的。

299. On the one hand, technological advances yield beneficial results, while on the other they create problems which threaten our very existence.

一方面，技术进步产生有益的结果，但另一方面，也制造了危及我们生存的问题。

300. There are other social factors worth serious considerations in evaluating those special behaviors.

在评价这些特殊行为时，需要考虑其他的一些社会因素。

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何*忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15. Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information I’ve collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I’ve collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡，然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to people’s physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle can’t be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person’s education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, I’m in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although people's lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方*发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, I’m firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn’t be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些*领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information I’ve collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗？这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多*想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasant’s lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议*应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平；应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何*忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

What went wrong? Put simply, City dropped its standards. What went wrong? Put simply, City dropped its standards. It was partly to do with demography, partly to do with earnest muddle-headedness. In the 1960s, universities across the country faced intense pressure to admit more minority students. Although City was open to all races, only a small number of black and Hispanic students passed the strict tests (including a future secretary of state, Colin Powell). That, critics decided, could not be squared with City's mission to “serve all the citizens of New York”.

哪里出问题了呢？简单点说，就是城市大学降低了它的标准。这一部分与人口统计有关，一部分与憨头憨脑的热忱有关。20世纪60年代，全美的大学都面临着招收少数民族学生的强大压力。尽管城市大学对各色人种都敞开校门，但也只有少数黑人和拉丁美洲裔学生能通过严格的测试（其中包括后来成为国务卿的科林•鲍威尔）。持批评意见的人士断定，这不符合城市大学“服务于全纽约市民”的宗旨。

The quality of education collapsed. At first, with no barrier to entry, enrolment climbed, but in 1976 the city of New York, which was then in effect bankrupt, forced CUNY to impose tuition fees. An era of free education was over, and a university which had once served such a distinct purpose joined the muddle of America's lower-end education.

可是，教育质量却因此骤然下降。一开始，由于没有入学限制，报名上学的人数不断攀升，但到了1976年，实际上已经陷入破产困境的纽约市，逼迫城市大学征收学费。免费教育的时代终结了，一所曾经有如此独特办学取向的大学从此成了美国低端教育的乌合之众。

But a burning cigarette is a complex thing, and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences. In particular, a bigger draw is generally a faster draw. （3）That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette. This, in turn, means more smoke per unit volume, and thus more tar and nicotine. The nature of the nicotine may change, too, with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb.

不过，一支点燃的卷烟可是一个复杂的玩意儿，并且空气量增加也会带来意想不到的结果，特别是当我们大口吸烟时往往会很快抽完一支烟，此时所吸入的空气更多来自于燃烧的烟草而非卷烟纸侧。因而，这就意味着每多吸一口空气，就会多吸一口焦油和尼古丁。多数尼古丁都以一种易被人体吸收的形式存在，因此尼古丁的性质也可能发生改变。

Regardless of how this came about, the irony is that low-tar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than high-tar ones.

不管事实真相是怎样的，具有讽刺意味的是，低焦油卷烟竟然比高焦油卷烟可能更有损于健康

Today, the artist who bred his own moths in order to depict them accurately in his fairy paintings hangs in the same gallery as those other attention-seekers, Mr Hirst and Tracey Emin; it is almost as if he were their long-lost ancestor.

如今，这位为了准确描绘仙女画中的飞蛾而亲自养殖的艺术家，同其他那些万众瞩目的人如赫斯特、特雷西•艾明一样，也进入了美术陈列室，看上去就像是这些人的鼻祖。

Thankfully James Gillray is also there, and his ★biting[29] caricatures lift the spirits.

令人欣慰的是，这里面也包括了詹姆斯•基尔雷，他的讽刺画发人深省，令人精神振奋。

The last room is one of the best.（10） Here Sir Christopher has added his cross-cultural ★hallmark[30]: a series of horror film clips that invoke Fuseli's “The Nightmare” as the ultimate shock-horror icon. And at the exit, Angela Carter's words, “We live in gothic times”, are emblazoned on the wall. The spirit of Barry and Fuseli lives on.

最后一间是最好的展室之一，克里斯托弗爵士的“跨文化”印记在此得以展现，那就是一系列以富塞利《梦魇》为最终惊悚形象的恐怖电影短片。并且，在展室出口处的墙上，安吉拉•卡特的名言“我们生活在哥特式时代”也赫然在目。巴里和富塞利的精神常驻人间。

The FBI's announcement this week that violent crime rose by 2.5% between 2004 and 2005 will soothe^[1] no nerves.

FBI本周宣布，暴力犯罪活动在2004年到2005年间增加了2.5％，这令所有人都感到坐立不安。

But still, some experts worry that America's long run of success in reducing crime may be over.

不过，有些专家仍然担心，美国长期以来在减少犯罪方面取得的成就可能就到此为止了。

He views Mr. Scoble's departure as evidence that Microsoft has been unable to move with the times: “I'm glad to see my old friend didn't go down with the ship.” Another blogger says that his departure forbodes the “end of honest blogging”.

他认为，斯考伯的离去证明微软公司无法与时俱进，“很高兴看到我的老朋友没有与微软一起走向没落。”另一个博客作家说，他的离开昭示着“诚实博客的终结”。

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1. When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S. President Bill Clinton , most people say the affair involves a purely private matter . But many other people regard his actions as deplorable . I personally think the president committed impeachable offences .
当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔·克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时，大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是，还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错，应该被指控。
2. When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing , some
people think that use should be limited . Others argue that the opposite is
true . There is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls
must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.
涉及北京机动车使用量增加这一问题，有的人认为应该限制使用。另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是，无论车辆多少，必须对废气排放实行控制。
3. There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers .
Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers
lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability . They believe that strict
limits should be placed on migrants entering China ' s cities . But people who
favor the influx of the cheap labor force , on the other hand , maintain that
migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction
program .
目前，针对流动工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。反对流动工人增加的人认为这会导致犯罪率升高，从而危害社会稳定。他们主张应该严格限制进入中国城市的流动工人。但是，另一方面，支持廉价劳动力流入的人主张，为了支持大规模的城市基础设施建设规划，流动人口是必需的。
4. It is widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy
summer flooding . Experts argue that China must introduce a massive
afforestation program . But I doubt whether afforestation alone will solve the
problem .
人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成了夏季特大洪水。专家认为中国必须推行大规模的植树造林计划。但我对仅仅植树造林就能解决问题表示怀疑。
5. Most people are of the opinion that wealth provides solutions to all
problems . But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides , I believe
one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the
pursuit of happiness .
大多数人认为财富为所有问题提供解决的办法。但是，我认为，尽管财富提供物质上的利益，一个人应该放弃物质至上的追求，而是集中精力追求幸福。
6. Many people believe that capital punishment deters crime . But although
criminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject ,
little evidence exists to support the claim .
很多人相信极刑能阻止犯罪。但是，虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究，几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。
7. An increasing number of people are joining the " Information Age "
via the Internet . In reaction to the phenomenon , some say the Internet has
removed barrters and provided people with immediate access to the world . But
do they realize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to
intrusions of privacy ?
越来越多的人通过互联网进入了“信息时代”。针对这一现象，一些人认为互联网消除了障碍，为人们提供了与世界即时链接的途径。但是，他们有没有意识到迅速发展的信息技术也能导致侵犯隐私？
8. The use of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting business , but is it
a wise one ? The method is now being challenged by more and more people .
利用关系是做生意的普遍做法，但这种做法明智吗？现在，越来越多的人对这种方法提出了质疑。
9. These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and poor .
Some argue the developed world has totally ignored the problem . But has it ?
Close examination fails to bear out the argument .
最近，我们经常听到贫富差距扩大了的说法。一些人认为发达世界完全忽略了这个问题。事实是这样吗？细致的调查无法证实这一观点。
10. We ' re often told that the world is tethering on the brink of destruction
. But is this really the case ?
我们经常被告知世界处于毁灭的边缘。但事实真是这样吗？
11. One of the pressing problems facing our nation ( China ) today is overcoming
disparities in urban and rural income levels .
我们国家（中国）如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。
12. One of the most serious problems many people talk about centers on the lack
of adequate housing space .
许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。
13. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is official
corruption , which is pervasive in all levels of government .
也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是遍布各级*的官员腐败。
14. Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face .
通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。
15. The rapid expansion of urban areas has in many cases encroached on valuable
cultivatable land , and led to a general recognition that development must not
be carried at the cost of agriculture . The government has attached greater
importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being
terminated .
城区的迅速扩大在很多情况下侵占了宝贵的可耕地，使人们普遍认识到发展不能以牺牲农业为代价。*更加重视这个问题，越来越多的不必要的工程被终止。
16. There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for strengthened
environmental protection .
世界上越来越多的人认识到加强环境保护的必要性。
17. There has been a dramatic increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS in recent
years , with a new study projecting that the dreaded disease will affect over
30 million people worldwide by the year 2005 .
近年来，艾滋病蔓延的幅度进一步扩大，一项新的研究预测，到2005年，世界上有超过三千万人将感染这一可怕的疾病。
18. Working with the disabled cannot help but leave one impressed with their
indefatigable desire .
与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象深刻。
19. Perhaps no issues are more controversial than euthanasia and abortion ,
both of which involve taking the life of a human being .
也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性，它们都涉及结束一个人的生命。
20. Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident
than now .
历史上，人口过剩的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。
21. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that college degrees are a
guarantee of intelligence .
也许现在是应该重新考虑大学为是智力的保证这种想法的时候了。
22. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that wealth is not the
sole prerequisite for happiness .
越来越多的人开始意识到财富不是幸福的惟一先决条件。
23. In spite of the extraordinary progress made in science and technology ,
problems remain in terms of guaranteeing that achievements benefit the greatest
number of people .
尽管科学技术取得了非凡的进步，但是在保证进步成果使尽可能多的人受益这方面还存在一些问题。
24. A famous thinker once wrote that " the greatest threat to mankind is
mankind itself ! " If this is indeed the case , then the current situation
should make us ponder our future existence .
一位著名的思想家曾经写道：“对人类最大的威胁是人类自身！”如果事实确实如此，那么，现状应该促使我们对我们未来的生存进行思索了。
25. U.S.
President Harry Truman once remarked : " The buck stops here ! " His
view has been confirmed by numerous world leaders who have assumed full
responsibility for their actions .
美国总统杜鲁门曾经说过：“责任止于此！”（意为勿再把责任往别处推，这是杜鲁门办公室桌上的座右铭）他的观点得到了很多对自己的行动承担完全责任的世界领袖的肯定。
26. Large families were once seen as a blessing . Today , however , things are
changing and an increasing number of Chinese parents realize that fewer is
better .
大家庭曾经被看做是一种福气。然而，今天，情况改变了，越来越多的中国家长意识到家庭成员越少越好。
27. People used to place total reliance on the government . The so-called
" iron rice bowl " prevailed in the past , but things are quite
different today .
过去，人们习惯完全依靠*。以前盛行所谓的“铁饭碗”，但今天的情况有很大的不同。
28. Several years ago , Chinese streets were filled with people wearing
identical drab clothing . Today , however , things are quite different and the
streets are awash with people wearing fashionable bright colored outfits . Why
has the change taken place ?
许多年前，中国大街上的人都穿一样的灰褐色衣服。然而，今天的情况大不一样了，街上满是一个个身穿色彩艳丽的时髦衣服的人。出现这种变化的原因是什么呢？
29. Years of observing human behavior has enabled me to conclude that the major
difference between mediocrity and success lies solely with the individual
concerned . Successful individuals consistently seek advancement , while their
less industrious contemporaries are merely content with the status quo .
对人们行为的多年观察使我能够得出这样的结论：平庸和成功的主要区别仅仅在于相关的个人。成功的个人不断寻求进步，而他们比较懒惰的同时代人仅仅满足于现状。
30. Traditional way of thinking have changed dramatically . The pendulum has
swung and people are exhibiting greater open-mindedness and a burning desire to
detemine their own destiny .
传统的思维方式有了显著的变化。舆论发生了剧变，人们表现出更开放的思想以及决定他们自己命运的强烈愿望。
31. There has been undesirable trend in recent years towards the worship of money
. A recent survey showed that X percent of respondents ranked getting rich as
their top priority , compared to X percent only a few years ago . Why do people
fail to realize that wealth does not necessarily bring happiness ?
近年来出现了对社会有害的拜金主义倾向。最近的一项调查表明，X%的调查对象把致富作为他们的首选，相比之下，就在几年前，只有X%的人这样想。为什么人们没能意识到财富不一定带来幸福呢？
32. Some months ago , a friend of mine was killed in a tragic automobile
accident involving a drunk driver . The incident was far from rare , and was in
fact typical of thousands of cases involving people drinking under the
influence of alcohol .
几个月前，我的一个朋友死于一场与酒后驾车有关的悲惨车祸。这件事情一点儿也不罕见，事实上是数以千计的案件的典型，这些案件与在酒精作用下开车的人有关。
33. I recently read a newspaper article on the rampant spread of child abuse .
The deplorable problem of the widespread abuse of innocent children has aroused
public concern nationwide .
最近，我在报纸上读到一篇关于虐待儿童现象变得猖獗的文章。普遍虐待无辜儿童的问题令人深感遗憾，它已经引起了全国公众的关注。
34. Should parents spare the rod and spoil the child ? Opinions concerning
strict parental discipline vary widely . Some view strict discipline as nothing
more than a form of abuse , while others argue it is an essential factor for
instilling appropriate social behavior .
家长应不应该闲了棍子、惯了孩子？针对严厉的家教的看法大相径庭。有的人就是把严厉的管教看成一种虐待，而另外的人认为这是逐渐灌输得体的社会行为的要素。
35. What do you think of the increasing openness accompanying the ongoing
sexual revolution ? Do you ever fantasize ? Answers to these questions should
be based on a determination between appropriate and inappropriate behavior .
你如何看待对现在的性革命越来越开放的态度？你曾经想像过吗？回答这些问题之前应先界定得体和不得体的行为。
36. Why do some governments persist in spending billions of dollars on space
exploration when starvation and poverty continue to grip many countries
throughout the world ? This particular question is being raised by an ever
increasing number of people .
既然世界上许多国家仍被饥饿和贫困所困扰，为什么有的*还坚持花费数十亿美元用于太空探索？现在越来越多的人提出这个问题。
37. Judging from the reams of evidence presented , we can safely conclude that
the Three Gorges Project will change the lives of an untold number of people
forever .
根据现有的大量证据，我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论：三峡工程将永远改变无数人的生活。
38. The ample evidence presented enables us to reasonably conclude that the
scourge of AIDS will be brought under control in the foreseeable future .
提出的充分证据使我们能够合理地得出这样的结论：艾滋病的*在可预见的将来就能得到控制。
39. We must seek immediate solutions for problems leading to the rapid
depletion of the earth's ozone layer . If allowed to proceed unchecked , the
problem will undoubtedly exacerbate global warming and threaten life as we know
it today .
我们必须寻求立即解决引起地球臭氧层快速损耗的问题的办法。如果任其*发展，这一问题无疑会加剧全球升温，并且正如今天我们所知道的那样危及生命。
40. Quite obviously , immediate action is needed to extricate 80 million
Chinese people from the grips of poverty in order to remove the danger of
social unrest and ensure continuing stability .
很明显，需要立即采取行动使八千万中国人摆脱贫困，从而消除社会动荡的危险，确保持续的稳定。
41. China
needs to reexamine the results of political and social modernization in order
to ascertain the benefits and indeed the detrimental aspects from a new
perspective . Otherwise , various perceived accomplishments might in fact prove
to be far from beneficial .
中国需要重新检查政治和社会现代化带来的结果以便从新的角度明确它们的好处，甚至是有害的方面。否则，许多我们以为取得的成就实际上可能完全不会带来好处。
42. It is essential to heed warnings of potentially catastrophic consequences
associated with the Year 2000 computer bug and , in turn , to attach top
priority to finding effective solutions to ensure a smooth transition into the
new century .
我们必须注意有关计算机千年虫可能带来的灾难性结果的警告，并且相应地优先考虑寻找有效的解决办法以确保顺利过渡到新世纪。
43. It is high time we put an end to the deplorable practice of infanticide.
我们早该杜绝杀婴这种应遭谴责的做法。
44. There is little doubt that immediate action is required to eliminate the
scourge of corruption once and forever .
毫无疑问，必须立即采取行动彻底消除腐败的*。
45. In short , we must work diligently to make the world a better place for
coming generations . We must not persist in pursuits harmful to the environment
.
简而言之，我们必须勤奋工作，为了下一代把世界变成更美好的地方。我们不应该坚持对环境有害的追求。
46. We must avoid overindulgence and conspicuous consumption . We must instead
continue to recognize the benefits of thrift in order to protect our newfound
prosperity .
我们必须避免过分放纵和铺张浪费。相反，我们应该继续发扬节俭的优点以守护我们新获得的繁荣。
47. It is absolutely essential to reverse the irrational misuse of nonrenewable
resources. For example , fuel-efficient motor vehicles must be developed to
reduce oil consumption and alternative energy sources must be found to replace
coal .
彻底改变对不可再生资源的非理性滥用是绝对有必要的。例如，必须开发节能的机动车减少汽油的消耗量，并且必须找到可替代能源取代煤。
48. While achieving success is easier said than done , persistence does in fact
pay off . One of the most important traits of a successful person is
self-confidence , another is desire , and still another is determination .
获得成功说起来比做起来容易，然而坚持不懈确实会有好结果。成功人士的最重要的特征之一是自信，第二是渴望，还有一个是决心。
49. Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution .
认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。
50. Many of the explanations offered thus far are at least to a certain extent
valid , but none fully address the problem and the issue must be examined in a
wider context .
目前提供的许多解释至少在一定程度上是正确的，但是，没有一个解释能完全处理问题，这件事情必须放在更广阔的背景中考虑。

51.
There are no immediate solutions for reversing the Asian financial crisis , but
convincing affected nations to practice fiscal restraint will be highly
beneficial .
没有能立即扭转亚洲金融危机的办法，但是，它使受到影响的国家相信实行财政控制将大有益处。

52. Immediate solutions for solving problems surrounding poverty remain
elusive. However, public recognition of the necessity to provide a better
quality of life for millions of people will represent the first step in finding
effective solutions .
立即解决贫困问题的办法仍然是难以捉摸的。然而，公众认识到为数百万人提供更高质量的生活的必要性是找到有效的解决办法的第一步。

53. What dose the future hold if mankind persists in wasting natural resources?
While no one knows for sure , scientists do exhibit a degree of certainty when
predicting that future generations will face a dramatically different world .
如果人类继续浪费自然资源，未来将会有什么贮藏？没有人知道明确的答案，但是，科学家在预测后代将面对一个迥然不同的世界时确实有一定的把握。

54. Reversing undesirable social trends will be far from an easy task and will
require a dramatic change in attitudes . A keen awareness of right from wrong
is essential for determining appropriate social behavior .
扭转不好的社会趋势远非一件易事，看法需要有巨大的变化。对正误的深刻认识是判定得体的社会行为所必需的。

55. We owe a debt of gratitude to the many individuals who dedicated their
lives to making the world a better place . However , we must not rest on their
accomplishments , but must instead work assiduously to record even greater
achievements .
我们应该感谢许多为把世界变得更美好而奉献一生的人。然而，我们不能依靠他们的成绩，而必须努力工作，取得更辉煌的成就。

56. The two major challenges facing China today center on maintaining
sustained economic growth and feeding its growing population of over 1.2
billion people with only seven percent of the world's cultivable land. Despite
the monumental difficulties involved , Chinese people will undoubtedly exhibit
their indefatigable resilience and achieve great success in both regards .
现在，中国面临的两大挑战是保持持续的经济增长和靠世界上仅仅百分之七的可耕地养活仍在增长的12亿人口。尽管遇到的困难很大，中国人无疑会表现出不知疲倦的活力，在两方面都取得巨大成功。

57. We do, in fact , have a long way to go to reach our final goal , but
achieving some remains well within the realm of possibility .
事实上，我们达到最终的目标还有很长的路要走，但是，取得一些成绩还是可能做到的。

58. The time is right for us to take full advantage of ample existing
opportunities .
这正是我们充分利用大量现有机会的时候。

59. While it remains to be seen whether or not environmental deterioration can
be controlled, the current prospects are far from encouraging . People around
the world must act immediately to prevent the situation from deteriorating even
further.
环境恶化是否能得到控制这个问题仍然没有答案，但目前的前景一点儿也不乐观。全世界的人必须立即行动，防止情况进一步恶化。

60. The methodology suggested may not guarantee ultimate success , but the
eventual pay-off could well be worth the effort . Achieving even partial
success will benefit mankind and contribute to creating a better world .
提出的方法不一定保证最终的成功，但最后的结果非常值得付出努力。即使只获得部分成功也会使人类受益，

有利于创造一个更美好的世界。

61. Admittedly , ensuring sustainable development will require a certain level
of sacrifice and arduous efforts on the part of all people . Nonetheless , the
accrued returns will both strengthen the nation and ensure a better life for
all Chinese citizens .
诚然，确保持续的发展需要人们做出一定程度的牺牲和辛勤努力。但是，积累的成果不仅能使国家更强大，而且能保证中国公民过上更美好的生活。

62. The rapid emergence of homes for senior citizens represents a sharp
divergence from the traditional Chinese practice of maintaining the nuclear
family at all costs .
老人疗养院的迅速出现体现了与中国传统的不惜一切代价维持核心家庭的做法的显著分歧。

63. Participating in interactive experiences beneficial to all is something
that no one should miss . The valuable lessons learned therefrom should not be
arbitrarily dismissed , but should instead be treasured .
参加对所有人都有益的互动式体验是任何一个人都不应该错过的。从中获得的宝贵经验不应该任意抛弃，而应该倍加珍惜。

64. Abortion advocates may be correct in their assertion that the practice is a
necessary tool of population control , but they seem to neglect the
preciousness of human life in its earliest stages .
人工流产的提倡者认为它是控制人口的一种必要手段。他们也许是对的，但他们可能忽略了人的生命在最初阶段的宝贵。

65. Some people assert that nothing is impossible . Such people should get a
grip on reality and understand it's impossible to create another Universe . In
more down-to-earth terms , it's impossible to know with any certainty whether
you will live or die tomorrow .
一些人断言没有什么事是不可能的。这些人应该把握现实，知道再造一个宇宙是不可能的。更现实的说法是不可能明确知道明天你会活着还是会死。

66. Two major factors contributed to devastating summer flooding along the Yangtze River and its tributaries . First , erosion
resulting from excessive deforestation in the upper reaches of the river and ,
second ,heavy silting which raised the riverbed in the main channel .
两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床。

67. Greed and a total lack of social consciousness have been cited as major
reasons for the dramatic rise corruption .
人们认为贪婪和社会意识的彻底缺乏是造成腐败急剧增加的主要原因。

68. There are several reasons for the marked increase in China's crime rate—the
dramatic influx of itinerant workers in urban areas ; declining social values ;
and widening disparities between the haves and have-nots .
中国的犯罪率显著升高有很多原因——城区大量流动工人的涌入；社会价值的贬低以及贫富之间日益扩大的差距。

69. Why are an increasing number of elderly Chinese parents living apart from
their children ? One reason is the increasing upward mobility of the younger
generation . Another is expanding social opportunities for the elderly .
Perhaps the main reason , however , centers on dramatic changes in traditional
concepts .
为什么越来越多的中国老人不和他们的孩子住在一起？原因之一是年轻一代的上进心增强了。另一个原因是社会上老人的机会增加了。然而，主要的原因可能是传统观念发生了巨大变化。

70. What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise ? For one thing ,
people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness . For
another , the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to
patronize the increasing number of recreational venues . The main thing perhaps
centers on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides .
什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的可能在于锻炼带来的保健和心理上的好处。

71. Identifying the reasons for an emerging phenomenon which involves several
complicated factors is far from an easy task . For example , some scientists
attribute environmental deterioration to a series of natural factors , while
others place the blame solely on inappropriate human behavior .
要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事。例如，一些科学家把环境的恶化归结为一些自然因素，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上。

72. One doesn't have to look far to realize the direct correlation between
smoking and cancer .
人们不用花费很大力气就能发现抽烟和癌症之间的直接联系。

73. The explanation for the phenomenon of the rising teenage suicide rate
involves many complicated factors . Some attribute the rise to an overemphasis
on early success , others point to mounting peer pressure , and still others to
confusion over changing social values .
对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素。有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功，有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力，还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的。

74. The reasons for antisocial behavior are both complicated and varied . I
suggest the phenomenon results from inappropriate role models and the lack of
well-defined norms of behavior . However , the main reason is quite likely the
continuing degeneration of social values .
反社会行为的原因既复杂又多样。我认为这种现象是不恰当的角色典型和缺少行为规范的很好的定义造成的。然而，主要原因很可能是不断贬低的社会价值。

75. The causes of racial hatred are not readily definable . Sociologists ,
however , attribute them to the misguided concept of a superior race and an
innate mistrust of people of color . Perhaps the main cause is quite simply
ignorance .
种族仇恨的起因没有现成的答案。然而，社会学家把原因归结为被误导的更高贵的种族的观念以及天生的对有色人种的不信任。主要原因可能仅仅是因为无知

76.
The scourge of HIV/AIDS currently engulfing the world will quite likely be
brought under control within the next few years thanks to the untiring efforts
of scientists and researchers worldwide .
现在席卷世界的艾滋病的*很有可能由于全世界科学家和研究人员的不懈努力在未来几年内得到控制。

77. The incidence rate of cancer mainly stems from several factors , including
inappropriate diets , poor healthcare practices and the lack of early detection
. Continuing medical advances and rising awareness do , however , offer promising
hope for the future .
癌症的发病率主要由以下诸多因素引起，包括不适当的饮食、不好的保健习惯以及没有及早发现。然而，医学的不断进步和对此不断增强的关注给未来带来了很大的希望。

78. Increased urban pollution levels and the mounting death toll from motor
vehicles accidents can mainly be attributed to the glut of automobiles appearing
on city roads in recent years . Detrimental factors will quite likely outweigh
the benefits of rising automobile usage .
城市人口的增长和车祸中死亡率的增加主要是由于近年内充斥城市道路的汽车。汽车使用量的增加带来的有害因素很有可能超过它的好处。

79. The rising divorce rate in China can , at least in part , be attributed to
spousal incompatibility , disparities in education levels , changing social
attitudes and the increasing upward mobility of the younger generation .
中国上升的离婚率可以，至少部分可以归结为婚姻的不和谐，受教育水平的差异，变化的社会看法以及年轻一代不断增强的上进心。

80. State-owned enterprises are not only failing because of inefficient
management , but also because of their inability to awitch operational modes
from the former planned economy to the new market economy .
国有企业失败不仅由于低效的管理，也因为他们不能实现从以前的计划经济到新的市场经济的运作模式的转换。

81. Although we do not know the long-term consequences of separation or
deprivation , we do know that they can produce acute immediate distress .
虽然我们不知道分离和丧失亲人的长期后果，但我们知道它们能立即引起剧烈的悲痛。

82. One can readily trace the disappearance of dinosaurs to a major cataclysmic
event .
人们很容易把恐龙消失的原因归结为重大的灾难性事件。

83. The reasons for poverty are many , but for the most part center on
illiteracy , the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness .
贫困的原因很多，但主要是因为缺少教育、缺少机会，有的情况下纯粹是由于懒惰。

84. Child development depends on a number of factors , both physical and
psychological . Correct parental nurturing from infancy through adolescence
determines both the physical and mental profile of a mature individual .
儿童的发展取决于很多因素，包括生理的和心理的。从婴儿期到青春期的正确的家长教育决定一个成熟的个人的体质及智力的状况。

85. Factors such as self-confidence and ambition , combined with determination
and willpower , contribute to eventual success or failure .
自信、雄心，加上决心和毅力等因素是造成最终的成功或失败的原因。

86. Various factors will weigh heavily on China's eventual entry into the
World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . One centers on the total abandonment of
protectionism , and the other on the adoption of generally accepted
international accounting norms .
许多因素对中国最终加入世界贸易组织（WTO）有很大的影响。因素之一是彻底放弃保护主义，另一个因素是采用普遍接受的国际会计规范。

87. One of the most common failures of people today is to avoid telling the
truth . People must realize that avoidance and lying have never in the past and
, in fact , never will right a wrong .
如今人类最常见的一个不足是不说真话。人们必须意识到不说真话、说谎话在过去没有，事实上，将来也永远不会变错误为正确。

88. Central planning has , at least in part , been blamed for the current
demise of state-owned enterprises . Perhaps , however , the greatest blame
should be placed on factors such as grossly inefficient management ; the
rampant practice of " guanxi " , cronyism and nepotism ; excessively
large work forces ; abuses of social benefits ; and without a doubt corruption
.
人们认为*计划至少是现在国有企业失败的部分原因。然而，最主要的原因可能是极低效的管理、关系的普遍运用、任用亲信和裙带关系、大量过剩的劳动力、社会救济金的滥用，当然还包括腐败。

89. A recent survey revealed large disparities in the income levels of male and
female workers holding the same position . The determining factor should be
qualifications , rather than gender , when determining both the salary and
position of an individual .
最近的一项调查表明在同样职位上的男性与女性工人的收入水平存在差异。在决定工人工资和职位的时候，决定因素应该是资格，而不是性别。

90. Social finesse , willingness to relocate and language capacity are also
determinant factora in assessing job qualifications .
社交手腕、愿意调动以及语言能力也是评估工作资格的决定性因素。

91. The tumultuous Cultural Revolution was chiefly responsible for the searing
desire for change in China
.
混乱的*是引起对中国发生变化的极度渴望的主要原因。

92. Traditional beliefs do not in themselves explain the lingering prevalence
of outdated concepts in China
.
传统信仰本身不能解释过时观念为何仍然在中国普遍存在。

93. Some lay the blame for falling exports squarely on financial turmoil
sweeping many Asian countries . The fact of the matter is , however , that
proportionate blame should be assigned to the lackadaisical approach to
developing new markets , failure to improve product quality and government
inaction in the realm of support .
有的人干脆认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的金融危机。然而，事实是一部分原因应归结为开拓新市场的不得力的方法、改进产品质量的失败以及*没有表示支持的行动。

94. We often ignore the real problem and instead search for a needle in a
haystack . Solving problems of any kind requires one to adopt a direct approach
which addresses all relevant issues .
我们经常忽略实际问题，而是大海捞针。解决任何类型的问题都需要一个人采取直接的办法处理所有相关事情。

95. Claiming a lack of opportunities is nothing more than a superficial excuse
for justifying failure . The fundamental reason for failure is most often the
lack of drive on the part of the individual involved .
声称缺少机会不过是敷衍失败的借口。通常，失败最根本的原因是相关的个人本身缺乏动力。

96. We can , and quite often do , blame our contemporaries for personal
failures , but the fact of the matter is that the root causes for most problems
go much deeper .
我们可以，而且经常因个人的失败抱怨我们的同时代人，但是，事实是许多问题的根本原因要深刻得多。

97. The rapidly emerging sexual revolution has been accompanied by many
disturbing trends . Perhaps the most serious consequences center on the rapid
spread of sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) , rising prostitution and the
rise in AIDS cases .
伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势。最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。

98. The deep impact of opening to the outside world is readily discernible in a
number of areas : the adoption of many Western habits , both good and bad ;
changing social and moral values ; the trend towards individualism ; and the
introduction of state-of-the-art concepts and technology . The key to adopting
Western way centers on accepting the good and rejecting the bad .
对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。

99. The arrival of the so-called " Information Age " will undoubtedly
have a profound influence on our lives . The task at hand center on using the
technology for beneficial purposes , while at the same time preventing
intrusions of privacy and use of the electronic highway for deceitful purposes
.
所谓“信息时代”的来临无疑将深刻地影响我们的生活。手头的任务主要是利用技术达到有意的目的，同时，防止侵犯隐******私或者出于欺骗的目的利用电子高速路。

100. No one can doubt that the reform and opening policies introduced in 1979
have had a profound impact on the lives of Chinese citizens . Changes resulting
therefrom have not only impacted the economic system , but the social system as
well .
没有人能怀疑1979年推出的改革开放政策对中国公民的生活产生了深刻的影响。由此造成的变化不仅影响了经济*，而且影响了社会*。

101.
Effluent discharges of industrial wastewater and raw sewage into rivers , lakes
and inshore coastal areas have not only adversely affected marine life and
aquatic resources , but have also jeopardized one of the major necessities for
sustaining life—Potable Water .
工业废水和原污水排放入河流、湖泊和近海岸区域不仅给海洋生物和水生资源带来了负面影响，而且也破坏了维持生命的主要必需品之一——饮用水。

102. It will have a direct bearing on the matter under discussion .
这将和正在讨论的问题有直接关系。

103. Rapid economic growth may lead to an overextension of resources and lead
to an eventual catastrophic meltdown .
经济迅速增长可能导致过度使用资源，并引起最终巨大的灾难。

104. The immediate results of economic growth have created the illusion of
unending prosperity . The best approach at this particular time is to perhaps
err on the side of caution .
经济增长的直接结果是造成了关于无止境繁荣的幻想。现在这个特定时刻最好的办法也许是慎之又慎。

105. The benefits of technology are undeniable . Nonetheless , the fact that
technology often negates the need for human beings in the workplace deserves
careful consideration and retraining programs for affected individuals must be
introduced .
技术的好处不容否认。然而，技术经常否认工作场所需要人类，这一点值得仔细考虑，而且，为受到影响的个人推出再培训项目是必需的。

106. The lack of faith in government is the direct result of the prevailing
distrust of politicians .
对*缺乏信心是普遍存在的对*官员的不信任直接造成的。

107. The advantages of harmonious relations far outweigh the disadvantages of
confrontation .
和谐关系的好处远远大于冲突的坏处。

108. Independence
offers many advantages , the first and foremost of which is self-determination
.
独立带来很多好处，首先也是最重要的是自决。

109. The contrast between right and wrong is highlighted by the benefits
accruing from the former .
由于正确而得到的好处更加强调了正误的对比。

110. The most striking conclusion that can be reached when weighing the
advantages and disadvantages of the market economy is quite frankly prosperity
.
很坦率地说，在权衡市场经济的利弊时能得出的最显著的结论是繁荣。

111. The ridiculous amount of money some countries spend on military hardware
is absurd when considering the number of people starving in many developing
countries .
考虑到一些发展中国家挨饿的人的数量，一些国家把大量资金花费在重型军事装备上显得很荒谬。

112. The loss of perquisites enjoyed by government officials and business
executives pales in comparison to the plight of refugees in many war-torn
countries .
与许多饱受战争创伤的国家的难民所处的困境相比，*官员和商业管理者失去所享受的特权就相形见绌了。

113. While the long-term problem of global warming is indeed serious , its
significance diminishes somewhat when considering immediate problems such as
rapid environmental deterioration and the rampant misuse and abuse of
nonrenewable resources .
虽然全球变暖这一长期的问题确实很严重，但考虑到诸如环境的迅速恶化和不可更新资源的普遍滥用等当前的问题，它的重要性就有所降低了。

114. Owning a car might be preferable to owning a bicycle , but the problems
associated with owning the former far outweigh those of the latter . For one
thing , automobiles are exponentially more expensive and require greater
maintenance . For another , bicycles don't pollute .
与拥有一辆自行车相比，人们更愿意拥有一辆汽车，但拥有后者涉及的问题远远超过前者。原因之一，汽车昂贵很多，需要更多的维护。原因之二，自行车不会引起污染。

115. The advantages of family planning more than compensate for the
disadvantages .
计划生育的好处不仅仅弥补了它的害处。

116. Claims of gender equality are laced with contradictions . The principal
fallacy centers on the workplace and concept of equal pay for equal work .
Another , but no less important , aspect revolves around the entry of women
into top management positions .
性别平等的呼声中有少量自相矛盾的内容。最大的谬误在于工作场所和同工同酬的概念。另一个同样重要的方面与女性进入最高管理职位紧密相关。

117. Both limitations and problems will quite likely be encountered during the
ongoing transition to the market economy . For one thing , urgent measures are
required to resolve problems involving state-owned enterprises . Another thorny
issue involves controlling inflation in the face of emerging market forces .
正在进行的市场经济的转型很有可能将遇到限制和问题.一方面,需要紧要方法解决涉及国有企业的问题.另一棘手的问题涉及在市场力量形成的同时控制通货膨胀.

118. Will the Three Gorges Project prove to be a monumental achievement or
nothing more than a giant fiasco ? Opposition voices point to drawbacks such as
the massive cost of the project , the need to relocate millions of local
residents and destruction of the unique natural environment . Supporters , on
the other hand , contend that the advantages—i.e. improved flood control ,
increased power generation capacity and desirable impact on economic
development in related areas —will far outweigh the disadvantages . Time will
tell and history will judge the wisdom of the project .
三峡工程将成为极大的成功或只是彻底的失败？反对意见指出了诸如工程的巨额成本，数百万当地居民的重新安置以及独特的自然环境的破坏等障碍。另一方面，支持者认为它的好处，例如对洪水控制的改善、发电能力的提高和对相关地区经济发展的影响将远远超过它坏处。至于建设这个工程明智与否，时间会告诉我们，历史会做出判断。

119. Nothing approaches the love of a mother for her child .
没有东西可以和母爱相比。

120. Few scientific and technological achievements equal the success of landing
men on the moon .
几乎没有科技成就能与人类成功登陆月球同日而语。

121. A question begging an answer centers on whether violence is more directly
related to the innate characteristic of human being , or whether it is simply a
manifestation of the ills of society . Determining the answer will be far from
an easy proposition , but is nonetheless one that deserves careful and
deliberate consideration .
需要回答的一个问题是：暴力与人类的天性联系更直接还是仅仅是社会恶习的体现？做出回答远非易事，而是值得仔细而审慎地考虑的事情。

122. From the standpoint of success , a good work ethic is no less important
than an education . Success does , in fact ,depend on the total integration of
both aspects .
从成功的角度来说，良好的职业道德与教育同等重要。事实上，成功的确建立在两方面完全融合的基础上。

123. The growing trend for wives to work outside the home even when their
husbands are present and employed is in part a sharing of the financial burden
with the husband , and in part a reflection of the need these women feel to
have a measurable sense of personal worth .
越来越多的妻子到外面工作，甚至和她们的丈夫再一起工作，一方面是为了和丈夫共同承担经济重担，一方面反映了女性感到需要有可衡量的个人价值。

124. Just as honor is a prerequisite for respectability , so is unblemished
character a barometer of integrity .
正如声誉是可敬的前提条件，无暇疵的品格是正直的晴雨表。

125. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and the same is true for both the appreciation
of art and music .
美在观察者的眼中，美术和音乐的欣赏也是如此。

126.
The direct correlation between self-esteem and success also applies to one's
ability to achieve .
自尊和成功的直接联系也适用于一个人取得成就的能力。

127. Improving the plight of teachers is indeed a priority item . However ,
improving the overall education system is likewise no less important .
改善教师的困难处境的确是优先处理的一件事情。但是，改进整个教育系统同等重要。

128. China and United States
share many things in common . Firstly , both are major world powers . Secondly
, the two nations offer mutually beneficial factors for development—China with its vast potential market and labor
force , and the U.S.
with its advanced technology and management expertise .
中国和美国有许多共同之处。首先，两个都是世界主要强国。第二，两个国家相互提供发展的有利因素——中国拥有巨大的潜在市场和劳动力，美国拥有先进的技术和专业的管理知识。

129. The shaky truce in the Middle East bears
little resemblance to the realization of ultimate peace .
中东不可靠的休战与最终实现和平的相似性很小。

130. Idleness spawns discontent , whereas overwork leads to mental and physical
exhaustion .
懒惰滋生不满，而过度工作导致精神和身体的疲劳。

131. Large and small enterprises differ in that the former usually involves
conglomerates and the latter private individuals .
大企业和小企业的区别在于前者通常涉及联合大企业，后者涉及私营的个人。

132. Both automobiles and bicycles offer a convenient means of public
conveyance , with one of the marked differences between the two centered on
pollution caused by the former .
汽车和自行车都提供公共运输的便利方式，两者的显著区别之一在于前者引起污染。

133. Alcohol and tobacco are both highly addictive substances . However ,
unlike tobacco , which is known to cause cancer , studies indicate that alcohol
does offer some health benefits when consumed in moderation .
酒和烟都是很容易上瘾的东西。但是，研究显示，与公认为引起癌症的烟不同，酒如果适量饮用确实对健康有益。

134. One man's treasure is another man's junk .
一个人的宝贝对于另一个人来说是垃圾。

135. AIDS is no longer one of the Top 10 American killers , but the same cannot
be said for many countries .
艾滋病不再是美国的十大杀手之一，但许多国家的情况并非如此。

136. Individualism was unheard of a short 30-odd years ago during the
tumultuous Cultural Revolution . Things have changed today , however ,with
color returning to the streets of Chinese streets , people gaining a greater
degree of self-determination and reform yielding monumental changes in
traditional practices .
人们在三十多年前混乱的*时期没有听说过个人主义。然而，今天的情况不同了，中国的街道上又恢复了色彩，人们获得了更大的自主，改革带来了传统方式的巨变。

137. Social inequities of the past are rapidly giving way to expanded social
consciousness .
过去社会的不公平正在被扩大的社会觉悟迅速取代。

138. Many claim that the world's highly developed countries bear sole
responsibility for the plight of less-developed nations . I seriously doubt
their contentions will bear the brunt of close scrutiny .
许多人声称世界上最发达的国家应该对欠发达国家的困境承担全权责任。我非常怀疑他们的观点能经受住仔细审查的冲击。

139. Although media reports expound on the volume of scientific and
technological achievements , recent surveys indicate that the rapidity of
transforming same into productive forces leaves much to be desired .
虽然媒体详细报道大量的科技成就，但是，最近的调查显示，把它们迅速转化为生产力还需要做出很多努力。

140. The popular belief in the invincibility of man is constantly rebuked by
revaluations of man's fallibility .
认为人类无敌的普遍看法经常遭到重新评价人类易犯错误的特点的非难。

141. While the inclination to procrastinate is common , one must fully consider
the detrimental impact of unnecessary delays .
虽然拖延的倾向是普遍的，但是人们应该充分考虑到不必要的延误造成的有害影响。

142. The tendency to take things for granted is understandable , but the need
for one to rationally evaluate the circumstances of any situation is absolutely
essential .
想当然的倾向是可以理解的，但是，理智地估计任何情形的情况是完全必需的。

143. Most people are under the illusion that a college degree guarantees
success . There is no such guarantee without hard work .
许多人错误地认为大学学位能保证成功。不努力工作就没有这样的保证。

144. Some stubbornly hold to the correctness of traditional practices , but in
so doing they seem to totally ignore the fact that progress depends on change .
一些人固执地坚持传统做法的正确性，但是，他们这么做，似乎完全忽视了进步依靠变化的事实。

145. Generally speaking , previous parliamentary policy debates ignored the
relevance of transparency .
总的来说，以前议会中针对政策的辩论忽视了透明度的重要性。

146. A precise definition of poverty is actually very difficult to determine .
Where does one draw the line between those who are poor and those who are not ?
对贫困的精确定义实际上是很难的。如何在贫穷和非贫穷的人之间划一条界限呢？

147. Admittedly , bribery and corruption are endemic to our political and
economic systems , but it doesn't necessarily follow that all politicians and
business people resort to illicit behavior .
诚然，贿赂和腐败在我们的政治和经济系统中很流行，但这并不是说所有的*官员和商界人士都采取违法行为。

148. There's little doubt that a third World War is avoidable , but it is
highly unlikely that regional conflicts will disappear in the foreseeable
future .
毫无疑问，第三次世界大战是可以避免的，但是，在可预见的将来地区冲突消失是非常不可能的。

149. Some people assume that investing in stock is a safe pursuit , but their
assumption fails to hold water when considering the substantial risk involved .
有的人想当然地认为投资股票是有把握的事情，但是，考虑到涉及的巨大风险，他们的想当然就说不通了。

150. Some people have called for accelerated across-the-board changes . Their
approach quite frankly ignores the need for gradual but effective changes .
一些人要求更快速的全盘改变。他们的做法的确忽略了渐进而有效的改变的必要性。

151.
There is undoubtedly an element of truth in assertions that capital punishment
is necessary , but proponents seem to ignore the fact that the practice has
failed to deter heinous crimes .
毫无疑问，主张极刑的必要性有正确的成分，但是，支持者似乎忽略了这种做法不能阻止令人发指的罪行这一事实。

152. Many people assume that the extinction of a plant or animal species is of
little consequence . Careful examination , however , reveals that the
extinction of any one species disrupts the food chain , and the loss of a plant
species leads to the disappearance of a key ingredient which might yield a cure
for cancer .
许多人想当然地认为一种植物或动物的灭绝产生的后果很小。然而，仔细的考察揭示出任何一个物种的灭绝会破坏食物链，一种植物的消失造成有可能生成治疗癌症的药物的关键成分的缺失。

153. At first glance , the characteristics of Bugs BUnny seem comical . However
, a closer examination reveals the cartoon character never creates a problem ,
and instead simply hopes for quiet and peaceful life . This suggests that
cartoons most often teach children the difference between good and evil .
乍一看，流氓兔的性格似乎滑稽。然而，仔细观察发现这个卡通人物从不制造麻烦，相反，它只希望过安静平和的生活。这说明卡通在大多数情况下教授给儿童好与坏之间的区别。

154. Logically , calls for a New World Order
sound valid , and I whole-heartedly agree with some points , but the absurdity
arises when considering that the world's 200-odd nations have diverse agendas
when it comes to development and diplomacy .
从逻辑而言，要求形成新的世界秩序听似正确，而且我真心实意地同意一些观点，但是，考虑到世界上二百余个国家在发展和外交上有不同的议事日程，这种要求就显得荒谬了。

155. In spite of claims to the contrary , it is common knowledge that corporal
punishment most often has the exact opposite affect intended .
尽管有相反的主张，但是大家都知道体法在多数情况下产生适得其反的效果。

156. We were brought up to believe that the role of a man was to provide and
the role of a woman was to care for the household and family . Today , however
, role reversal is becoming increasingly commonplace .
我们从小就相信男人的角色市提供生活所需，女人的角色是照顾家庭和子女。然而，今天，角色的互换变得越来越普遍。

157. Some people tend to tenaciously cling to the misguided concept of racial
superiority . Their persistence in doing so , however , does readily reveal the
inferior mentality and social incompatibility of certain human beings .
一些人顽强地坚持种族优越性的错误观点。然而，他们坚持这样做正揭示了某些人自卑的心理和社会对立性。

158. Some people claim the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) far
exceeds that of Western-style pharmaceuticals . More often than not , however ,
the exact opposite is true .
有的人声称中药的功效远远好于西药。但是，通常情况下，事实正好相反。

159. Workers commonly complain that causes for labor disputes rest solely on
the shoulders of management . Quite likely the opposite is true .
工人经常抱怨劳资纠纷的责任完全在管理者的肩上。很可能正好相反。

160. There are those who claim that competition brings out the best in people .
Others contend it simply forces one person to prove he/she is better than
another . Advocates vociferously support one position or the other . I suggest
the former proposition bears greater relevance than the latter .
有些人认为竞争促使人们发挥出最优秀的东西。另一些人认为它只是强迫一个人证明他/她比别人更优秀。提倡者叫嚣着支持其中的一个立场。我认为前一个立场比后一个立场更恰当。

161. Claiming something is true misses the point , while presenting verifiable
fact proves its correctness .
声称某样东西是正确的没有什么意义，而提出可以证实的事实能证明它的正确性。

162. Suggesting that one thing ... is better than another thing ... bears no
more significance than insinuating that black is better than white .
暗示一件东西比另一件东西更好比旁敲侧击地说黑比白好并没有更大的意义。

163. Ignoring cause and effect is exactly the same thing as failing to look
both ways when crossing a busy intersection .
忽略因果就相当于横穿繁忙的十字路口时没有朝两边看。

164. One who advocates the rights of homosexuals should not be surprised by the
belligerent stance of opposition forces .
主张同性恋者的权利的人对反对力量的好战姿态不应感到奇怪。

165. The greatest problem with political and religious zealots is their total
inability to consider the views of others .
政治和宗教*者的最大问题在于他们完全不能考虑别人的观点。

166. The basic stumbling block to global peace rests with the self-serving
ambitions of many nations .
全世界和平的基本障碍物在于许多国家谋私利的野心。

167. The overemphasis on one particular aspect of a problem often obscures the
relevance of other issues .
过分强调问题的一个方面经常掩盖了其他方面的相关性。

168. Any presumption that smoking is in anyway beneficial is totally preposterous
.
任何对抽烟不管怎样是有益的假设都是完全荒谬的。

169. The fallacies of many arguments are quite obvious .
许多论证的推论错误是相当明显的。

170. Arbitrarily dismissing the direct link between increasing sexual
promiscuity and the rapid spread of sexually transmitted diseases would be foolhardy
. An even more foolish mistake would center on denying the need for extensive
sex education programs worldwide .
武断地无视性乱行为的增多和性传播疾病的迅速蔓延之间的直接联系是鲁莽的。一个更愚蠢的错误是否认在世界范围内开展广泛的性教育项目的必要性。

171. There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that a brighter future for
the world is an impossibility .
我们丝毫没有理由相信，世界不可能会有一个更光明的未来。

172. Meteorologists offer computer models leaving little doubt that this year's
El Nino phenomenon has disappeared .
气象学家提供计算机模型，充分证明今年的厄尔尼诺现象已经消失了。

173. Facts prove the unjustifiability of claims that China will be unable to feed itself
by the year 2020 .
事实证明：断言中国到2020年将不可能养活自己是不合道理的。

174. Previous explanations of the rising divorce rate in China are simply untenable . The
fact is that many marriages were simply based on convenience and wives are no
longer willing to accept the abusive domineering attitudes of husbands .
以前对中国离婚率升高的解释是完全站不住脚的。事实是许多婚姻仅仅建立在便利的基础上，而且妻子不再愿意接受丈夫作威作福的态度。

175. Claim that entering the Chinese market offers foreign companies an
immediate road to profits are grossly misstated and have been proven wrong time
and again . The key to entering China
rests with the phraseology " vast potential market " , and how long
one is willing to wait for returns .
声称进入中国市场会给外国公司带来立即获利的途径是非常错误的，事实已经一次次地证明了这一点。进入中国的关键在于“广阔的潜在市场”这一说法以及为了回报愿意等待多久。

176.
Parents are not wrong in enforcing good study habits , but they must not do so
at the expense of stifling normal child development .
家长把好的学习习惯强加给孩子没有错，但是，他们这么做不能以抑制儿童的正常发展为代价。

177. It is quite reasonable to assume that modern science and technology (
S&T ) will continue to advance . It is no less reasonable to believe that
S&T will radically improve the way we live . However , the same reasoning
cannot be applied to improving social interaction .
假定现代科学技术将继续进步是很有道理的。相信科技会大幅度地改变我们的生活方式也是同样有道理的。然而，同样的逻辑不能用于改善社会上的相互作用。

178. Belief in the wonders of modern medical science is quite understandable .
It is also quite possible that our faith in the ability of scientists to find
the key for prolonging life are well-founded . Yet , the wisdom of prolonging
life remains in question when considering the already massive global population
and projected future growth .
相信现代医学的奇迹是可以理解的。很有可能我们相信科学家能够找到延长生命的关键也是有根据的。但是，考虑到已经非常庞大的世界人口和预计的未来的增长，延长生命是否明智仍有疑问。

179. It is one thing to support euthanasia , but quite another to offer any
justification for genocide .
支持安乐死是一回事，为种族灭绝提供正当的理由是另一回事。

180. Claiming the need for censorship is one thing , but rationally proving its
redeeming values represents a quite different issue .
主张*的必要性是一回事，理智地证明它的可取之处是完全不同的另一回事。

181. Chances are that man will eventually land on Mars .
人类有可能最终登陆火星。

182. The likelihood for peace in the Middle East
remains questionable .
中东和平的可能性仍让人怀疑。

183. The necessity for nuclear nonproliferation seems clear .
防止核扩散的必要性似乎清清楚楚。

184. It is perhaps more accurate to consider the family as a blanket of
security , rather than a cloak of bondage .
把家庭看作保护安全的毯子可能比把它看做束缚的斗篷更确切。

185. While generalizations are dangerous , it is quite safe to present solid
evidence .
抽象概括是危险的,但是,提供确凿的证据是万无一失的。

186. It seems almost certain that China will achieve this year's
economic growth targets .
中国将完成今年经济增长的目标似乎是毫无疑问的。

187. Reaching this year's growth targets is almost a certainty .
达到今年的增长目标几乎是必然的。

188. The urgency of the situation makes it necessary to reiterate the
monumental problems of population growth .
情况的紧迫性使我们有必要重申人口增长的重大问题。

189. A recent study revealed the surprising fact that many students pass
examinations by relying on nothing more than rote memorization . It is
horrifying to think that students graduate without a thorough understanding of
the subject matter .
最近的一项研究显示了一个令人惊讶的事实：许多学生仅仅依靠死记硬背通过考试。想到学生对主题没有透彻地理解就毕业了是令人震惊的。

190. Needless to say , advertising sells products . Where would we be without
it ? Shelves would be empty , consumers would have few choices and products
information would disappear .
毋庸讳言，广告推销产品。没有它，情况将会怎样？货架将空空如也，消费者的选择将减少，产品的信息将消失。

191. The plain truth is that people are most often self-centered .
明显的事实是人经常是以自我为中心的。

192. There's little wonder why young people often find it difficult to find an
appropriate role model . No wonder they drink , smoke , fright , carouse and
otherwise engage in inappropriate social behavior .
年轻人发现很难找到合适的榜样并不奇怪。难怪他们喝酒、抽烟、打架、狂欢作乐或者做出不当的社会举动。

193. It should come as no surprise to learn that many abused children become
abusers later in life .
发现很多受虐待的儿童后来虐待别人不应该感到奇怪。

194. There is probably a great deal of truth in the assertion that unecrupulous
brokers are salivating at the thought of unsophisticated investors entering the
securities market .
断言不道德的经纪人想到没有经验的投资者进入股票市场就垂涎三尺可能有一定的道理。

195. There's little doubt that China has spawned a new generation of "
Little Emperors " , but the truth is that the fault rests with parents who
" spare the rod to spoil the child " and not with children themselves
.
毫无疑问，中国产生了新一代“小皇帝”，但事实是责任在于“闲了棍子，惯了孩子”的家长，而不是孩子自己。

196. There's little justification for objections to sex education . In fact ,
even a minimal introduction to consequences of sexual interaction ( the bird's
and bee's ) might have dramatically changed the lives of many people .
反对性教育几乎是没有道理的。实际上，最小限度的介绍性行为的后果（鸟和蜜蜂的）可能戏剧性地改变许多人的生活。

197. We can safely say that the world continues to turn and things have changed
dramatically , but we can never claim the world is a safer place .
我们可以稳妥地说世界在继续传动，情况发生了巨大的变化，但是，我们永远不能声称世界变得更加安全了。

198. We can say this and we can say that , but the most important thing is not
to say , but instead to do .
我们可以说这说那，但最重要的事不是说，而是做。

199. Divided we fall , united we conquer . This does not mean that conquest is
the goat , but instead that unified efforts yield positive results .
分离就会垮台，团结就能征服。这不是说征服是目的，而是说团结一致的努力会产生积极的结果。

200. Historically speaking , our ancestors placed great emphasis on filial
piety .
历史上，我们的祖先很重视孝顺。

201.
It doesn't follow that one should abandon a workable plan simply because of
minor setbacks . So doing would quite frankly be foolish .
一个人不能因为几个小挫折就放弃一个可行的计划。这样做的确很愚蠢。

202. One corrupt politician does not suggest that all politicians are bad . Any
such presumption is totally misguided .
有一个腐败的*官员不能说明所有的*官员都是坏的。这样的假设完全是被误导的。

203. Don't get the idea that money grows on trees , or that there's such a
thing as a free ride .
不要以为钱长在树上，也不要以为有免费的午餐。

204. Along with interest in music comes a greater awareness of culture .
伴随着对音乐的兴趣的是对文化更清晰的认识。

205. It's not that I don't want to be rich and famous . Obviously I do , but
just haven't as yet found the way to get there .
并不是我不想致富成名。我当然想，但是还没有找到致富成名的途径。

206. If the claims of the other side prove true , we may be forced to alter our
position .
如果对方的主张被证明是正确的，我们可能*要改变我们的立场。

207. The urgent need for nuclear nonprolifeation is undeniable . Moreover ,
failure to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction increases the chance
for nuclear holocaust .
防止核扩散的紧迫性是不可否认的。此外，制止大规模杀伤性武器扩散的失败增加了核毁灭的可能性。

208. Having recognized the problem , it follows that we must develop a plan of
action .
意识到了问题，接下去我们必须制定行动计划。

209. Governments have reached a consensus on the need for peace and it follows
that actions speak louder than words .
*一致同意和平的必要性，接下去就是行动胜于语言了。

210. The convincing proof that smoking causes cancer has failed to convince
hundreds of millions of people to abandon the vile habit .
抽烟致癌的有力证据没能说服数百万人改掉这一恶习。

211. Traffic laws are of little use if drivers simply ignore them and law
enforcement departments fail to adopt effective enforcement programs .
如果司机完全无视交通法，法律实施部门不能采取有效的实施程序，交通法就没有一点儿作用。

212. Agricultural modernization cannot be achieved unless the government
substantially increases funding ; farmers accept advanced agronomic techniques
; and consumers engaged in a concerted effort to reduce unnecessary and
exorbitant waste .
除非*大幅度地增加投资；农民接受高级的农业技术；消费者共同努力减少不必要的过度的浪费，农业现代化就不能实现。

213. Effective flood control is not only necessary , but is also essential for
protecting the lives of millions of Chinese citizens .
有效地控制洪水不仅是必要的，而且对保护数百万中国公民的生命来说是必不可少的。

214. Simple expressions of indignation are no substitute for meaningful actions
to right a wrong .
仅仅表示愤慨不能取代改正错误的有意义的行动。

215. Even modest increases in education allocations are better than none .
甚至对教育拨款的适度增加都比不增加好。

216. The slightest miscalculations in trajectory can spell doom for a
successful space mission .
对轨道的细小的计算错误可以意味着对成功的太空任务的灭顶之灾。

217. Anyone with one eye and half sense ( common sense ) knows that good
prevails over evil .
任何一个有一只眼睛和一半判断力（常识）的人都知道邪不压正。

218. It is impossible to reach appropriate conclusions without access to
relevant information .
没有相关的信息不可能得出相关的结论。

219. The fact remains that the consequences of drug misuse and abuse can be
devastating upon the entire community .
实际情况仍然是误用和滥用药物的后果对整个社会都会是破坏性的。

220. Respect is given where respect is due .
尊敬只给予值得尊敬的人。

221. It really doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white , but instead
whether or not it can catch the mouse .
猫是黑是白真的不重要，重要的是它是不是能抓老鼠。

222. Whatever the outcome , we must resolutely proceed with our odjective .
无论结果如何，我们必须坚定地继续为目标而努力。

223. However great the will to achieve , and however great the demand to
succeed , one should never abandon his/her moral and social consciousness .
无论成功的决心多么坚定，成功的要求多么强烈，一个人永远不能丧失他/她的道德和社会觉悟。

224. However pressing the need and urgency of the problem one should not
proceed without a plausible plan .
无论需要多么紧迫，问题多么紧急，一个人不能没有看似有理的计划就开始行动。

225. Pising crime is often cited as a prime example of mounting social decay .
犯罪的上升经常被当作越来越严重的社会倒退的主要例子。

226.
Bill Gates , founder of Microsoft , is a classic example of success .
微软的创始人比尔·盖茨是成功的经典范例。

227. Persistence pays off ! A case in point centers on the ongoing negotiations
and anticipated eminent resolution of the Middle East
peace process .
坚持不懈能取得好结果！一个恰当的例子是正在进行的关于中东和平进程的谈判和预期达成的引人注目的决议。

228. The advertisement is a perfect example of misleading content designed to
fool consumers .
广告是为愚弄消费者而设计的误导内容的很好的例子。

229. The land for peace deal represents a concrete agreement which will end
conflict and bring stability to the Middle East
.
达成和平协议的余地代表一个具体的协定，它将结束争端，给中东带来稳定。

230. We should gather additional facts to support exisiting evidence and
illustrate the correctness of the contention .
我们需要收集更多的事实支持现有的证据，并证明论点的正确性。

231. A few more examples should be added to highlight the already familiar
facts .
还需要增加几个例子强调已经很熟悉的真相。

232. We can cite Nelson Mandela's experience as an excellent example of
overcoming adversity .
我们可以把纳尔逊·曼德拉的经历作为克服困境的很好的例子。

233. History abounds with great men worthy of adulation and emulation .
历史上有很多值得称赞和效法的伟人。

234. I , for one , will steadfastly resist any attempts to justify violence as
a means to an end .
拿我来说，我会坚决抵制任何证明暴力是达到目的的一种正当手段的企图。

235. Take the " Gang of Four " as an example of a group of zealots
who attempted to usurp power to serve their own purposes .
以“*”为例，他们是一群企图篡权为自己的目的服务的*者。

236. Racial cleansing serves as a case in point to illustrate the lengths some
people will go to prove their superiority .
种族清洗是恰当的例子，用来说明一些人为了证明他们的优越性而走了多远。

237. We can safely assume that the indiscriminate acts of our generation will
have an adverse impact on future generations .
我们可以万无一失地想当然认为我们这一代人任意的行为将给未来的人造成负面的影响。

238. Recurring themes are readily discernible in the annals of history .
There's little doubt that history does , in fact , repeat itself .
在历史纪录上完全可以找到重复的主题。实际上，毫无疑问，历史会重演。

239. Numerous examples might be cited to support fallacious claims , but they
most often lack a relevance to the issue under discussion .
可能有很多例子支持错误的主张，但它们经常缺少和正在讨论的问题的相关性。

240. I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer
afternoon .
在夏季炎热的下午，我想不出什么东西比一杯冰凉可口的啤酒更好。

241. Perhaps there's no better example of high-level corruption than the case
of former Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong .
也许没有比前北京市市长陈希同更好的高层腐败的例子。

242. The airliner crash is seen as merely the tip of an iceberg .
这次飞机坠落被看作仅仅是冰山一角（只是其中的一个例子）。

243. The importance of exercise to good health is only one example of aspects
of life people most often take for granted .
锻炼对健康的重要性只是生活中人们想当然的事情的一个例子。

244. Just imagine how great the word would be if we would only exhibit greater
concern for our fellowman .
想象一下如果我们稍微多关心一下我们的同胞，世界将变得多美好。

245. Suppose we're on a ship that hits an iceberg . Do we flip a coin to see
who gets the seat on the lifeboat , or do we resort to violence to ensure our self-preservation
?
假设我们在一艘撞到冰山的船上。我们会抛硬币决定谁上救生船，还是会诉诸暴力以求得自保。

246. Let's just assume that we've been lifelong friends and while you have food
, I have none . Would you share your good fortune with me , or would you let me
starve ?
假设我们是一生的朋友，你有食物，而我没有。你会和我分享食物还是会让我饿死？

247. Just think of what would happen if one nuclear power launched a preemptive
on another .
试想一下一个核大国先发制人会出现什么情况。

248. There are many avenues to explore before we reach a final decision .
在我们做出最后决定之前有很多可以探索的途径。

249. It is rare to find a person willing to totally abandon the comforts of
life simply to help others .
一个人仅仅为了帮助别人而愿意完全放弃生活的舒适是很罕见的。

250. We should point out that the evidence is purely circumstantial .
我们应该指出，证据完全是依情况而定的。

251.
We must admit that the overwhelming volume of indisputable circumstantial
evidence far outweighed the presumption of innocence .
我们必须承认，大量无可辩驳的详尽的证据远远压倒了关于清白的假设。

252. We have to accept the facts no matter how astonishing they might sound .
无论它们听上去多么让人诧异，我们都必须接受这些事实。

253. We must point out that feigning ignorance of the plight of
poverty-stricken people is simply an irresponsible act on the part of ignorance
.
我们必须指出，假装不知道穷人的困境完全是出于无知的不负责任的表现。

254. The apparent success of this summer's flood control effort doesn't alter
the fact a massive effort will be required to complete the reconstruction
program .
今年夏天的洪水控制取得了明显的胜利，这并不能改变需要付出巨大的努力来完成重建工作这一事实。

255. Some people criticize the United Nations for gross financial mismanagement
, but their accusations fail to detract from the fact that the greatest portion
of the organization's 1997 budget went for humanitaryan assistance programs .
有的人批评联合国对总体财政管理不善，但这一组织1997年最大的一部分预算用于人道主义援助，这些人的指控无法从这一事实中得出。

256. The continuing wanton loss of life provides ample justification for NATO
intervention in Kosovo .
大量生命的不断丧失为北约干涉科索沃提供了充足的理由。

257. Ample evidence exists to prove that hereditary factors contribute to
alcoholism .
存在丰富的证据证明遗传因素是酗酒的部分原因。

258. There is every reason to believe that China's
resumption of sovereignty over Macao
in 1999 will proceed smoothly .
完全有理由相信1999年中国对澳门恢复行使主权将进展顺利。

259. There is strong evidence to show that the hole in the Ozone Layer is
expanding at an alarming rate .
有确凿的证据显示臭氧层上的空洞正在以惊人的速度扩大。

260. All reliable information points to the fact that the Y2K Virus (
Millennium Bug ) will create havoc with computer systems worldwide at the turn
of the century .
所有可靠的证据表明，2000年病毒（千年虫）在世纪之交的时候会造成全世界计算机系统的混乱。

261. Statistical evidence lends support to the view that a massive influx of
funding is needed to strengthen crime prevention programs .
统计数据证明加强防止犯罪的工作需要大量资金投入。

262. Personal experience has taught that kindness to others pays untold
dividends .
个人经验告诉我：和善地对待别人会得到数不清的好处。

263. Case histories show that all nations face recurring periods of economic
fluctuations .
案例记录表明：所有国家都面临循环出现的经济波动期。

264. Personal experience leads me to conclude that all people need to take time
to smell the roses ( evaluate and appreciate the many good things they have in
their lives ) .
个人经验使我得出这样的结论：所有人都需要有时间放松（评价并欣赏他们生活中许多美好的事物）。

265. Recent studies conducted by doctors show that excessive exposure to the
sun's rays causes skin cancer .
最近医生所做的研究表明：过度暴露在阳光下会致癌。

266. Nationwide surveys conducted in 1997 revealed a dramatic rise in the
ownership of television sets , refrigerators , air conditioners and washing
machines .
1997年所做的全国范围内的调查显示电视机、电冰箱、空调和洗衣机拥有量大幅升高。

267. History tells us that mankind has a tendency to repeat past mistakes .
历史告诉我们人类有重蹈覆辙的趋势。

268. We have amassed ample objective proof to show the urgent need for crisis
intervention in suspected child abuse cases .
我们已经积累了充足的客观证据证明急需干涉可疑的虐待儿童的案件。

269. Unfortunately , available evidence fails to establish any direct link
between smoking and cancer .
不幸的是，现有的证据不能证明抽烟和癌症之间有直接的联系。

270. Fortunately , mountains of reliable evidence proves the direct link
between smoking and cancer beyond any shadow of the doubt .
庆幸的是，大量可靠的证据证明抽烟和癌症有直接联系是毫无疑问的。

271. Television violence has contributed directly to rising crime , as
evidenced by statistics showing a dramatic rise in copycat crimes .
数据显示模仿的犯罪行为有大幅度的增加，这证明电视暴力是犯罪增加的一部分直接原因。

272. The introduction of adcance agronomic techniques has contributed greatly
to the development of agriculture , as indicated by statistics showing
increased output in each of the past five years .
数据显示在过去的五年中，每一年的产量都有提高，这表明发达的农业技术的引入对农业发展起到了很大的作用。

273. While it may appear that the gap between rich and poor people is narrowing
somewhat , recently released evidence suggests that the opposite is true .
贫富之间的差距看似有一定的缩小，但是最近发布的证据表明事实正好相反。

274. While attaining world peace remains within the realm of possibility , the
prevailing trend revolves around regional conflicts and internal strife in many
countries .
获得世界和平是有可能的，但是普遍的趋势是存在地区冲突和许多国家内部的斗争。

275. Although statistics are quite often far less reliable than one might wish
, other reliable information allows one to closely approximate industrial
output figures .
尽管数据经常比人们希望的不可靠得多，但是，其他可靠的信息使人们能得到接近工业产量的数字。

276.
Although random sampling used for many surveys fails to cover large segments of
the population , the procedure nonetheless offers insight into voting and
consumption patterns .
虽然许多调查所用的随机取样不能覆盖大部分人口，但是这一过程使人们能更深刻地理解选举和消费的模式。

277. The need for more government services has proved to be the case time and
again .
事实多次证明需要更多的*服务工作。

278. The funny thing about marriage is that the newness soon wears off .
婚姻的一个可笑之处是新鲜感马上就没有了。

279. There are instances when one must abandon the tendency for self-prevention
in order to assist a person in grave danger .
存在这样的情况：为了帮助处于严重危险中的人，一个人必需抛弃自保的倾向。

280. There are situations in which it's highly advisable for a person to
control his/her temper and keep his/her mouth shut .
有些情况下，一个人控制住自己的脾气并保持沉默是明智的。

281. Gone are the days when Chinese people could expect cradle to death support
from the government .
中国人可以指望*提供从出生到死亡的资助的日子已经不复存在了。

282. The days when one could safely walk city streets at night are gone .
一个人可以在夜里安全地走在城市街道上的日子已经过去了。

283. China's
population almost doubled to 1.2 billion people during the 1955-1995 ,
according to the National Census Bureau .
根据全国人口普查局的数据，中国人口在1955年至1995年期间几乎翻了一番，增加到12亿。

284. A report by the Department of Education estimates that the student-teacher
ratio in China is four times
higher than in the United
States .
教育部的一份报告估计中国的学生和老师的比例比美国高四倍。

285. Official figures released by the Ministry of Transportation show that
motor vehicle fatalities have more than tripled since 1995 .
交通部公布的官方数据表明机动车死亡事故从1995年起已经翻了两番多。

286. Women accounted for less than two percent of the total number of deputies
to the National People's Congress in 1990 , compared with almost 12 percent in
1998 .
1990年，全国人民代表大会的妇女代表所占比例不到总人数的2%，1998年大约是12%。

287. Some 140 major state-owned companies have either declared bankruptcy or
entered into mergers during 1998 , up a whopping 75 percent on the total number
for the 10-year period between 1985-1995 .
1998年，已经有大约140个大的国有公司宣布破产或被兼并，与1985年到1995年这十年间的总数相比超出75%。

288. China's illiteracy rate has dropped by some 60 percent over the past few
years , but nonetheless remains at one of the highest levels for any developing
nation .
在过去的几年中，中国的文盲率下降了约60%，但仍是发展中国家中较高的。

289. The steady three-year annual rise in the export rate between 1995-1997 has
been followed by steadily failling prices during 1998 and the trend is expected
to continue indefinitely .
1995年到1997年，出口率持续稳定增长之后，1998年，价格稳步下跌，预计这一趋势会无限期地持续下去。

290. It is essential to examine every angle in order to fully understand the
nature of a perplexing problem .
为了全面理解一个复杂问题的本质，必须从每个角度进行考查。

291. We must engage in thorough discussions in order to gain a better sence of
the most appropriate and effective way to proceed with the project .
我们必须进行充分的讨论，以便更好地理解继续实施计划最合适和有效的途径。

292. We must develop a foolproof argument in order to effectively illustrate
the urgency of implement stringent environmental protection measures .
为了有力地证明贯彻严格的环境保护措施的紧迫性，我们必须进行简单明了的论证。

293. A comparative analysis of the positive and negative aspects of the Three
Gorges Project will perhaps provide us with a better sense of the eventual
impact of the massive water control program .
三峡工程利弊的对比分析可能会使我们更清楚地认识这一庞大的治水工程的最终影响。

294. Incompatibility provides only a partial explanation for the rising divorce
rate . Perhaps the most significant factors center on abuse , the immaturity of
one spouse or the other , and quite simply the lack of things in common .
不能和谐相处只是不断升高的离婚率的部分原因。最重要的因素可能是某一方的陋习和不成熟，以及仅仅因为缺乏共同的东西。

295. The success of a company is directly related to the competency of its
managers .
一个公司的成功与它的管理人员的能力直接相关。

296. Mental disorientation is but one of the many effects of alcohol
consumption . Another is anti-social behavior , and still another is physical
deterioration .
将神上的迷惑只是喝酒的众多后果之一，另一后果是反社会的行为，还有体质下降。

297. Apart from providing sheer enjoyment , music provides one with the
opportunity to escape the daily pressures of life and enter an aesthetic world
of sensual pleasure .
音乐除了带来纯粹的享受，还提供机会逃避日常生活的压力，进入一个感官享受的审美世界。

298. In spite of the costs involved space exploration is absolutely necessary
to solve the puzzles of the Universe .
尽管太空探索代价很高，但它对于揭开宇宙之谜来说是完全需要的。

299. On the one hand , technological advances yield beneficial results , while
on the other they create problems which threaten our very existence .
一方面，技术进步产生有益的结果，但另一方面，也制造了危及我们生存的问题。

300. There are other social factors worth serious considerations in evaluating
those special behaviors .
在评价这些特殊行为时，需要考虑其他的一些社会因素。

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和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（01）：增词法(上)

所谓增词法，就是在翻译时按意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象；还有一些词，虽然在英语原文中意义明确而完整，但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词法的翻译技巧。

一、增加原文中省略的部分

（一）增补回答句中省略的词语

Do you like sport? Yes, I do.
你喜欢体育运动吗？是的，我喜欢体育运动。

Are you tired? Not very.
你累了吗？不太累。

（二）增补并列结构中省略的词语

We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。
我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。（we never have and never will=we never
have retreated and never will retreat）

A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。（a man of genius and his money=a man of
genius and his money are soon parted）

（三）增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语

有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译时要适当加以补充。

Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?
如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？

Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.
学生应该想老师学习，老师也应该向学生学习。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（02）：增词法(下)

二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分

（一）增加动词

根据上下文的具体意义，在翻译时经常需要在某些名词及动词之前或之后增加动词，才能使译文的意思明确完整，读起来也较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。

He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。

He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.
他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。

After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting.
在观看篮球比赛之后，主席还有一个重要会议要参加。

（二）增加形容词或者副词

根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达原意。

What a leader he was!
他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。

The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐散开了。

As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

（三）增加名词

1．在不及物动词后面增加名词

英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词，当它作不及物动词用时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。例如To wash before
meal 是“饭前洗手”，如果不译出隐含的宾语“手”，译文“饭前洗一洗”的意思就不明确。同样，

To wash after getting up 和To wash before
going to bed也应分别译成“起床后洗脸”和“睡前洗脚”了。

Day after day he came to his work –sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。

He never drinks before driving.
他开车前从不喝酒。

Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.
哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。

2．在形容词前增加名词

This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是价廉物美。

A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing
attention.

一种新型的飞机正越来截止引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。

3．在抽象名词后增加名词

某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，解释具体，从而使译文更合乎规范。如：

to innovate革新——innovation革新措施

to evolve进化——evolution进化过程

to solve解决——solution解决方法

to derive推导——derivation推导过程

to persuade说服——persuasion说服工作

to prepare准备——preparation准备工作

backward落后——backwardness落后状态

tense紧张——tension紧张局势

arrogant自满——arrogance自满情绪

mad疯狂——madness疯狂行为

antagonistic敌对——antagonism敌对态度

redundant多余——redundancy多余信息

After all preparations were made, our meeting will begin.
一切准备工作就绪以后，会议就开始。

They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.
他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。

（四）增加表示名词复数的词

汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词后面加“们”字，如“the teachers”“教师们”，或在该名词前面加上“诸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and
gentlemen”诸位（各位）女士和先生。此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重迭词、数词或其它一些词来表达，这样做可以让汉语译文更加通顺，更加完整。

1．增加重迭词表示复数

Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。

2．增加数词或其他词表示复数

The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。

We have to face different problems.
我们得面对各种不同的问题。

Mr. Hobbs didn’t talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday
afternoon.
直到昨天下午，霍布斯先生才跟他兄弟讨论了我的各项建议。

（五）增加表达时态的词

英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化（如write, wrote）或加助动词（如will write ,
have written）来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化，表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一些表示时间的词。如：翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”；翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”；翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“会”、“便”、“就要”等等。除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往需要加一些其它的词。

１．对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。

Ｉhad known two great social systems.
那时以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。（这里除了用“过”字外，还增加了“那时以前”，强调过去完成的动作。）

The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。

2．强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词。

Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。

I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.
我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。

The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（03）：省略法(上)

省略法是指在翻译中，原文中有些词在译文中可以省略，不必翻译出来。因为译文中虽然没有这个词，但是已经具有了原文这个词所表达的意思，或者这个词在译文中的意义是不言而喻的。省略的目的在于使译文更加通顺流畅，更符合译文习惯。但需要注意的是，省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去，省略不能改变原文的意义。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法：

一、从语法角度来看

（一）省代词

1．省略作主语的人称代词

（1）省略作主语的人称代词

根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。

I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.
我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。

（2）英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。

We live and learn.
活到老，学到老。

When will he arrive?—You can never tell.
他什么时候到？——说不准。

The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he
longs to attain.
人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。

2．省略作宾语的代词

英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。

Please take off the old picture and throw it away.
请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。

3．省略物主代词

英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。一个句子往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来，那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。

I put my hand into my pocket.
我把手放进口袋。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（04）：省略法(中)

一、从语法角度来看

之（二）代词it的省略

it起着代词的作用，在译文中，当它被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，往往可以省略。

Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。

He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.
他一看表，是七点一刻了。

It took me a long time to reach the hospital.
我花了很长时间才到了医院。

It is the people who are really powerful.
人民才是最强大的。

（三）省略连接词

汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。

Ｈe looked gloomy and troubled.
他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连接词）

As it is late, you had better go home.
时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。（省略表示原因的连接词）

If I had known it, I would not have joined in to.
早知如此，我就不参加了。（省略表示条件的连接词）

John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing
mother.
火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。（省略表示时间的连接词）

（四）省略冠词

1．英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。

A teacher should have patience in his work.
当教员的应当有耐心。（省略不定冠词A）

The horse is a useful animal.
马是有益的动物。（省略定完词The）

It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.
在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。（省略定完词The）

The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
月亮慢慢从海上升起。（省略定冠词The）

2．英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，可以翻译为“一个，每一，这个，那个”等。例如：

Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.
埃格伯特说，他（开车）每天一英里就赚一块钱。

This is the book you wanted.
这就是你要的那本书。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（05）：省略法(下)

之（五）省略介词

一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语介词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。

1．省略表示时间的前置词

The People’s * was founded in 1949.
一九四九年*成立。

比较：*成立于一九四九年。
（介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略，在句尾就没有省略）

On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the People’s *.
一九九七年七月，香港回归了*。

2．省略表示地点的前置词

Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。

In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.
冬天，北方的天气比南方冷得多。

然而，表示地点的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后面却一般不省略，如：

He stood by the desk.
他站在桌旁。

I stayed in my brother’s house.
我住在弟弟家里。

（六）省略动词

英语句子中一般必须有谓语动词。而汉语我顺子的谓语并不一定非由动词充当，形容词和名词等同样可以作谓语。英译汉时可根据汉语的习惯适当省略原文中的某些动词。主要有两类：一些连系动词和一些与具有动作含义的名词等搭配使用的动词。

Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.
必须在购货单规定的时间交货。

二、从修辞角度看

（一）英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。

University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over
those who had not.
报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。（如果不作省略，译成“报考大学的人，有工作经验的，比没有工作经验的，优先录取”，就显得累赘。）

Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。（如果译成“...没有原因和理由”的话，就不够精炼。）

（二）根据汉语习惯，译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。

There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of
nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.
仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。（这里，The mechanisms
of man’s hands不必译为“人类的手造出来的机器”。）

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（06）：重复法翻译(1)

重复法是指在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语，以使意思表达得更加清楚；或者进一步加强语气，突出强调某些内容，收到更好的修辞效果。一般而言，英语往往为了行文简洁而尽量避免重复。所以，英语经常借助替代、省略或变换等其他表达方法。相反，重复却是汉语表达的一个显著特点。在许多场合某些词语不仅需要重复，而且也只有重复这些词语，语义才能明确，表达才能生动。为了达到汉语译文准确、通顺和完整的翻译标准，在考研翻译中，常常需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。

一、重复名词

（一）重复英语中作宾语的名词

Students must be cultivated to have the ability to analyze and solve problems.
必须培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。

They would be very reluctant to postpone or cancel the meeting.
他们不太愿意推迟这个会议或者取消这个会议。

（二）重复英语中作表语的名词

This has been our position—but not theirs.
这一直是我们的立场——而不是他们的立场。

John is your friend as much as he is mine.
约翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。

（三）重复英语介词前所省略的名词

英语中常重复使用介词，而将第二个、第三个介词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往可以重复这些省略的名词。

The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred
ordinary patients.
医生从我身上得到的实践，地比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。

（四）重复定语从句中作先行词的名词

英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（通常是名词、名词短语或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。

He gave ma a book which I kept to this day.
他曾经送给我一本书。这本书我一直保存至今。

Yesterday afternoon, I met an old friend of mine, who said that he would go abroad
the next week.
昨天下午，我遇到了一位老朋友。这位老朋友告诉我说他下个星期要出国去。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（07）：重复法翻译(2)

二、重复动词

（一）英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。

Is he a friend or an enemy?
他是个朋友呢，还是个敌人？

You can do that work very well if you care to.
如果你肯做那项工作，你就能做得更很好。

（二）英语句子中动词后有介词时，在第二次或者第三次往往只用介词而省略动词，在汉语译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。

We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of
each other—of everything.
我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况——谈到所有的一切事情。

有时候，在英语中连动词后面的介词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。
They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and
his obligations as an American.
他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。

三、重复代词

（一）英语代词的使用非常频繁，汉语中除非必要，一般不宜多用代词。因此，在翻译中，除了适当地将原文中的一些代词直译外，还经常将某些代词所替代的名词重复译出，以使译文意思清楚明了。

Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.
杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。

He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it
in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

（二）英语中用物主代词its, his, their等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时，翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语），以达到明确具体的目的。

Each country has its own customs.
各国有各国的风谷。

（三）英语中的关系代词或关系副词whoever, whenever, wherever等等，在翻译时，往往使用重复法处理。

Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.
谁犯了了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。

You may borrow whichever novel in my bookcase you like best.
我书架上的小说你最爱哪一本，你就可以借哪一本。

（四）英语用some... and others... (some..., others...)连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可以用“有的...，有的...”或者“一些...，一些....”的句式。

Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.
上大学的，上大学了；下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡了。）

Some played football and others played basketball.
踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了（一些人踢足球去了，一些人打篮球去了。）

四、其他重复法
为了使译文明确具体，除了上面谈到的一些重复手段外，还有一种情况：英语原文没有重复，在翻译的时候，可以在汉语译文中采用重复法或者用同义词来重复。

Please wait a moment.
请等一等。

I had met with great difficulty in learning organic chemistry.
在学有机化学这门课程的时候，我碰到了重重困难。

He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.
他既精于飞行，又善于导航。（原文中形容词proficient没有重复，译文却以“精于”、“善于”两个不同形式重复同一个内容。）

最后，需要注意的是，重复法也不可盲目滥用。否则，过度重复会使译文罗嗦累赘、单调乏味。只有在准确理解原文的基础上，灵活运用重复法才能让译文表达得更加准确、更加通顺。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（08）：数字的翻译(1)

翻译中，我们时常也会碰到数词的翻译。由于英汉两种语言在表达数字以及倍数增减方面存在一定的差别，翻译时应十分小心，稍有不慎，就可能会出现错误。因此我们在翻译数字时务必格外谨慎，力争做到准确无误。

一、数词组成的常用短语

这类短语大多是由数词和介词搭配而成，或是数词和其他词类搭配而成，常用来表示不确定的范围和概念，有时也可表示事物所处的状态或其他情况。例如：

by hundreds 数以百计

by thousands 数以千计；大量

by(the) millions 数以百万计

by halves 不完全

hundreds of 数百；数以百计

thousands of 数千；数以千计

hundreds of thousands of 几十万；无数的

thousands upon thousands 万千上万

millions upon millions of 千百万

tens of, decades of 数十个

dozens of 几打；几十个

scores of 许多，大量

billions of 几十亿

hundreds of millions 亿万

a thousand and one 无数的

a hundred and one 许多

ten to one 十之八九

nine cases out of ten 十之八九

nine tenths 十之八九；几乎全部

tens of thousands 好几万

several millions of 数百万

fifty-fifty 各半的；对半的；平均

by one hundred percent 百分之百的；全部

a long hundred 一百多；一百二十

a few tenths of 十分之几；有几成

by twos and threes 三三两两

by ones or twos 三三两两；零零落落

in two twos 转眼；立即

at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟

one or two 少许；几个

twenty and twenty 三分之二，2/3

first of all 首先

second to none 首屈一指

last but one 倒数第二

a decade of 十个，10

a score of 二十，20

a dozen of 一打，12个

Thousands of people attended the meeting.
数千人参加了会议。

Ten to one she has forgotten it.
十有八九她把这件事给忘了。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（09）：数字的翻译(2)

二、需要换算数词的翻译

由于英语数字的表达与汉语数字的表达方式不同，汉译时需要换算。数字的换算看起来似乎很简单，但翻译工作者往往会因为不小心而犯错误，可谓失之毫厘、廖之千里。例如：

ten thousand（10个千）一万

one hundred thousand（100个千）十万

ten million（10个百万）千万

one hundred million（100个百万）亿

one billion十亿（美式英语）

ten billion（10个十亿）百亿

one hundred billion（100个十亿）千亿

one trillion 万亿

三、概数的译法

概数是用来表示简略、大概情况的数字。英语和汉语中都有使用概数来表示不确定的范围或概念的语言现象。例如汉语中的几个、十来个、若干、大约、大概、左右、上下、约有、不到、多于、少于等概念，在英语中都能找到与之对等的词。

（一）表示“大约”、“不确定”的翻译策略

在英语中，一般常使用about, some, around, round, nearly, towards, somewhere
about, estimated, approximately, in/of/on the border of, close to等词修饰数字，表示“不确定”、“大约”、“上下”、“将近”、“几乎”等。

It is nearly (or towards) 4 o’clock.
现在已是将近4点了。

The price of this new machine is in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars.
这台新机器的价格约1,000美元。

According to the weatherman, the temperature will be up 5℃ or so.
据天气预报，气温将升高5℃左右。

（二）表示“高于”、“多于”的翻译方法

英语常用more than, odd, over, above, long, past, or more, upwards
of , higher than, exceed, in excess of 等词修饰数字，表示“超过”、“以上”、“有余”、“高于”、“多于”等。

The weight of this child is said to be over one hundred pounds.
据说，这个孩子的体重有100多磅。

It took me more than two hours to finish the homework.
我花了两个多小时才做完家庭作业。

（三）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等的翻译方法

英语常用less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of ,
off, to, within, as few as 等词修饰数字，表示“少于”、“不到”、“以下”等。

The price of that tricycle is less than one hundred and eighty-five francs.
那辆三轮车的人售价还不到185法郎。

四、倍数的译法

倍数在英语中使用得相当普遍，但在表达方式上，英汉两种语言却大相径庭。例如：to increase 5
times，汉语可译成“增加到5倍”，也可译成“增加了4倍”；to decrease 5 times在汉语中通常不译为“减少5倍”，而译为“减少到1/5”或“减少了4/5”。因此“了”和“到”这类问题很容易使人混淆迷惑。翻译时务必谨慎严密，力争做到准确无误。

（一）倍数增加的译法

英语中表示倍数增加时，常常要把基数包括在内。增加的倍数通常指现在的数量为原来数量的倍数。译成汉语“增加到若干倍”、“为……的若干倍”或“若干倍于……”这种句型时，可将原文中数字照旧译出；若是译成“增加（了）若干倍”这种句型时，通常要把原文中的数字减去一。

1．倍数+as…as

The grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last
year.
今年的粮食产量大约是去年的三倍。（或：今年的粮食产量比去年多两倍左右。）

Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲比欧洲大3倍。（或：亚洲是欧洲的4倍大。）

2．倍数+比较级+than

Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than U.S. wells.
科威特油井的产油量几乎是美国油井的500倍。

Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.
铁的重量几乎是铝的3倍。（或：铁几乎比铝重两倍。）

3．表示增加意义的动词+倍数

常见的表示增加意义的动词有increase, rise, exceed, grow, raise, expand, go up等。

The number of the students enrolled in evening classes has increased more than
twofold.
注册上晚间课的学生人数增加了一倍多。

The production of various picture tubes has been increased four times as
against 1993.
各种显像管的产量比1993年增加了3倍。

4．表示增加意义的词+by a factor of+数词

这种名句译成汉语时，必须把原文中的数字减去一，因为汉语不把基数包括在内。

Today the speed of our car exceeds the ordinary speed by a factor of three.
今天，我们的汽车速度超过了平常速度的两倍。

The population of this county has increasedby a factor of five
这个县的人口已经增长了4倍。

5．表示倍数意义的词+宾语（或表语）

英语中表示倍数意义的动词主要有double（变成两倍），treble（变成三倍），quadruple（变成四倍）等。这些词也能当形容词使用。作不及物动词时，后面没有宾语或表语。

The new airport will double the capacity of the existing one.
新机场是现有机场容量的2倍。

The population has nearly trebled in forty years.
人口在40年中增加了近2倍。

The company quadrupled output to around 20 million tons.
该公司把产量增至2，000万吨左右，是原来的4倍。

（二）倍数减少的译法

英语中常使用表示减少意义的词加上数词来说明减少的倍数。减少的倍数通常指原来数量为现在数量的倍数。

1．用表示“减少”的动词（decrease, reduce, fall, lower等）连接“by n 或n%”，表示净减量；用系动词连接“n less(than)”表示净减量，所减数字均可照译。

180 decreased by 90 is 90.
180减去90等于90。

The cost decreased by 40%.
成本下降了40%。

This new process used 35% less fuel.
这种工艺少用了35%的燃料。

2．用表示“减少”的动词（decrease, reduce, fall, lower等）连接“by n times”,“n times”,“n times as + 形容词或副词+as”，“by a factor of
n”等，均可译作“减少了n分之(n-1)”或“减少到n分之1”。

因为英汉语言在使用分数方面的差异（如汉语的分母中极少使用小数点），如果英语减少的倍数中有小数点时，则应换算成分数。

The principal advantage is a four fold reduction in volume.
主要优点是体积缩小了3/4。

The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through
technical innovation.
通过技术革新该设备误差概率降低3/5。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（11）：状语从句的翻译(1)

状语从句内容丰富，涉及面广，可以用来表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、等意义。英语状语从句的翻译，一般比较容易处理，通常可以直接翻译。但是这里我们所要讨论的是，在汉语译文中，要如何将状语从句置于恰当的位置，并如何将其与主句之间自然连贯地连接起来，如何按汉语的习惯表达将句子类型进行相应的变化。由于两种语言表达上的不同，在状语从句的安排方面，存在着明显的差异，所以在翻译的时候也需要根据汉语习惯来灵活翻译。

一、时间状语从句

在英语中，时间状语从句的连接词常常有：when（当...的时候），whenever（每当...），as（当...时）， since（自从...），until（直到...，如果不....），till（直到...），before（在...前），after（在...后），as soon as（一...就），once（一旦...），the moment（一...就），immediately（一...就），the day（在...那天），no sooner...
than（一...就），hardly(scarcely)...
when（一...就），the instant（一...就），instantly（一...就），directly（一...就），the minute（一...就），the second（一...就），every time（每当...），by the time（等到....的时候）等。翻译的时候，一般翻译在主句的前面。

（一）译成相应的时间状语

While she spoke,
the tears were running down.
她说话时，泪水直流。

As he finished
the speech, the audience burst into applause.
他结束讲话的时候，听众掌声雷动。

（二）译成“一（刚、每）...就”的结构

Directly he
uttered these words there was a dead silence.
他刚说出这些话，大家就沉默下来。

（三）译成条件句

由于时间状语的引导词除了显示时间关系之外，有时候可以表示条件关系，
所以还可以翻译为条件句。

Turn off the
switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。

A body at rest
will not move till a force is exerted on it.
若无外力的作用，静止的物体不会移动。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（12）：状语从句的翻译(2)

二、原因状语从句

英语中，原因状语从句的连接词常常是：because（因为），since（既然，由于），as（因为），now that（既然），seeing that（既然），considering that（考虑到，因为），in that（在某方面），in view of the
fact that（鉴于）。在翻译的时候，大多数原因状语从句可以放在主句之前翻译。

（一）译成表示“原因”的分句，放在主句之前翻译，显示“前因后果”的关系。

The crops failed
because the season was dry.
因为气候干旱，作物歉收。

（二）原因状语从句在汉语中的位置，常常是“前因后果”。然而，英语则比较灵活，状语从句可以在主句前，也可以在主句后面。所以在翻译为汉语译文时，也有放在后面的。如果把原因状语从句放在主句后面翻译的话，有时候可以用汉语的“之所以...是因为”的结构来连接。

A gas differs
from solid in that it has no definite shape.
气体不同于固体是因为（就在于）它没有固定的形状。

He will get
promoted, for he has done good work.
他将得到提升，因为他工作干得好。
Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
理论之所以有价值，是因为它能给实践指出方向。

（三）not...because的结构
在翻译由because引导的具有否定意义的原因状语从句时，尤其要注意否定意义的表达一定要确切。not与because发生关系，常常要翻译成“并不是因为...”。

The machine did
not move because the fuel was used up.
机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料耗尽了。

三、条件状语从句

英语中连接条件状语从句的连接词常常有：if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），providing that（假如），so long as（只要），on condition that（条件是），suppose that（假如），in case（如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是...就好了）等。条件状语从句在翻译的时候，可以翻译在主句之前，也可以翻译在主句后面，有时候，还可以根据上下文省略连接词。

（一）翻译在主句前面。

It was better in
case they were captured.
要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。

If you tell me
about it, then I shall be able to decide.
假如你把一切都告诉我，那么我就能够作出决定。

（二）翻译在主句后面，用来补充说明条件。

“如果”、“要是”、“假如”等都是汉语中用来表示“假设”的常用关联词。汉语中表示“假设”的分句一般前置，但作为补充说明情况的分句则往往后置。

You can drive
tonight if you are ready.
你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话。

No doubt I could
earned something if I had really meant to.
毫无疑问，我本来是可以赚到一点的，如果我真有那样打算的话。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（13）：状语从句的翻译(3)

四、让步状语从句

英语中，表示让步关系的连接词常常有：though（虽然），although（虽然），even if（即使），as（尽管），while（尽管），whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter（不论，不管），for all that（尽管），granted that（即使），in spite of that fact that（尽管），despite the fact
that（不管）等等。翻译的时候，通常把这些让步状语从句翻译在主句前面。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
不管我说什么，也不管我怎么说，他说是认为我错了。

While we can not
see the air, we can feel it.
我们虽然看不见空气，但却能感觉到它。

Granted that you
don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting
others.
即使你不喜欢这个建议，你也不应该没有同别人商量就把它否决了。

五、目的状语从句

在英语中，连接目的状语从句的连接词常常有：that（为了，以便），so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免），for fear that（以防）in order that（为了）等等。

（一）一般翻译在主句前面。

一般来说，这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常放在主句前面翻译。
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
为了正午以前赶到那里，我们很早就动身了。

（二）还可以翻译在主句后面，表示“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。

They hid
themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them.
他们躲在树丛后面，以防被敌人发现。

六、结果状语从句

（一）英语中，连接结果状语从句的连词常常有：so that, so...that, such...that, to such
a degree等等，通常可以翻译为“结果，如此...以致于...”，可以直接翻译。

He made a wrong
decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了错误的决定，结果浪费了自己半生的时间。

（二）有时候，如果在主句中含有“never, never so, not so, not such”等否定词，“but that和but what”也可以连接结果状语从句，构成双重否定。翻译的时候，可以翻译为“没有...不”。
She is not so old but that she can read.
他并没有老到不能读书。

She came in when
I was having supper.
我正在吃饭的时候，她进来了。

He pushed open
the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（14）：定语从句的翻译

英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。如果英语的定语从句太长，无论是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜译成汉语中的定语，而应用其他方法处理。常见的定语从句翻译有以下几种方法。

一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。

He who has never
tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。

Space and oceans
are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。

His laughter,
which was infectious, broke the silence.
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。

二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。

英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。

（一）重复先行词。
由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。

I told the story
to John, who told it to his brother.
他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。

We wish to
express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities
deserve to be encouraged.
在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。

You, whose
predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a
greater accomplishment in this respect.
你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。

Although he
lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in
achieving success in the area.
他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。

（二）省略先行词。

如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。

They worked out
a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.
他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。

After dinner,
the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the
night.
饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。

三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。

融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be ”结构带有定语从句的句型。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）

楼下有人要见你。（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）

In our factory,
there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.
在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。（原句中的主句部分there are many people翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）

She had a
balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere.
她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。（原句的主句较简单，整句句子的重点是在定语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）

四、状译法

英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就是，英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切，它从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，需要灵活处理，在准确理解英语原文的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。

（一）译成表示“时间”的分句
A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.
司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。

（二）译成表示“原因”的分句
He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more
than usually insolent and disagreeable.
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。

（三）译成表示“条件”的分句
Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive
their families.
人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。

（四）译成表示“让步”的分句
He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子，。

（五）译成表示“目的”的分句
He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the
matter.
为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。
He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.
为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。

（六）译成表示“结果”的分句
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously
throughout the country.
他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。

（七）译成表示“转折”的分句
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（15）：比较结构的翻译

英语中，比较结构的句型复杂，表现形式多样。在翻译的时候，需要仔细分析，在准确理解的基础上，才能进行贴切的表达。所以，从理解与表达的角度来看，比较的形式是次要的，真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较，就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构的意义很容易理解，所以也比较容易翻译，如：I am taller than
he.（我比他高）。因此，这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法，而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。

一、as…as…句型
（一）as…as…句型
as…as…句型是同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候，通常翻译为“…和….一样”。

My parcel is as
heavy as yours.
我的包裹和你的包裹一样重。

She is as much
interested in music as ever.
她和以前一样对音乐感兴趣。

The economic
development in our country is as stable recently as formerly.
最近，我国的经济发展和以前一样稳定。

（二）not as (or so)…as…句型
跟as…as…句型相反的结构not as (or
so)…as…表示两者的程度不一样，前者不如后者，所以，通常翻译为“…不如…”。

My uncle is not
as (or so) tall as your father.
我叔叔不如你父亲高。

People are not
so honest as they once were.
人们现在不如过去那样诚实了。

（三）not so much …as…句型
not so much …as…这个结构表示的基本意义和not as (or so)…as…一样，但是通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。

He was not so
much angry as disappointed.
他与其说是生气，还不如说是失望了。（可以理解为：“他的生气不如失望多”，就是说“他更多的是失望，愤怒是其次。”）

The oceans do
not so much divide the world as unite it.
海洋与其说是把世界分割开来，还不如说是把世界连接在一起。

（四）not so much as…句型
not so much as…这个结构相当于“not even…”，所以通常翻译为“甚至不…，甚至没有…”。请注意与not so much …as…这个结构的区别。

He didn’t so
much as ask me to set down.
他甚至没有请我坐下。

He cannot so
much as spell a word.
他甚至连一个词也不会写.

He hadn’t so
much as his fare home.
他甚至连回家的路费都没有了。

二、比较级+ than to do…句型
由比较级与than to do sth.结合在一起的句型，通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。

You ought to
know better than to go swimming on such a cold day.
你不至于这么冷的天气去游泳吧。

I have more
sense than to tell him about our plan.
我不至于傻到会把我们的计划告诉他。

I had a better
command of English than to make such foolish mistakes.
我的英语学得很好，不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。

三、more…than…句型
（一）more A than B句型
more A than B通常用于同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或者特征上面的比较。翻译为“与其说B，不如说A”。类似的结构还有less A than B，翻译为“与其说A，不如说B”，请注意这两个结构中“与其实说”与“不如说”的对象，即A与B两者的在翻译中的位置。

He is more good
than bad.
与其说他很坏，不如说他很好。

He is less good
than bad.
与其说他很好，不如说他很坏。

He is more a
writer than a teacher.
与其说他是老师，不如说他是作家。

（二）more than…句型
在英语中，如果more than…句型后面所跟的词性不相同，意义也不尽相同，所以应该用不同的汉语词来翻译。

1．more than后面接数词，表示“多于…，….以上”的意思。
I have known him for more than twenty years.

我已经认识她二十多年了。
I have more than ten dollars in my pocket.
我口袋里还有十多美元。

2．more than后面接名词或者动词，表示“不只是…”的意思。

He is more than
a father to her.
他待她胜过父亲。

He more than
smiled, but laughed.
他不只是微笑，而是放生大笑。

3．more than后面接形容词、副词或者分词，表示“极其，非常”的意思。
She was more than kind to us.
他对我们非常友好。

He was more than
upset by the accident.
这个意外事故让他非常心烦。

4．more than… can…则表示“难以…，完全不能…”的意思。
That is more than I can understand.
那件事情，我实在是不明白。

The cold was
more than the children could bear.
寒冷是孩子们所不能忍受的。

（三）no more …than…句型
no more …than…句型在意义上与not any more than….一样，表示对两者都否定，所以可以翻译为“…和….一样不，不…正如…，既不…也不…，…和…两者都不”。跟no more …than…句型相近，但是意义相反的句型是no less…than…，可以翻译为“既是…，也是…，两者都是…”。

His grammar is
no better than mine.
他的语法同我的一样不好。

He is no more a
writer than a painter.
他既不是画家也不是作家。

He is no less a
writer than a painter.
他既是画家也是作家。

I am no more a
poet than he is a scholar.
我不是诗人，正如他不是学者一样。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（16）：主宾表语及同位语从句翻译方法

英语的名词性从句包括主语从名、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。翻译的时候，大多数可以按照原文的句子顺序翻译成相应的汉语译文。但是，有时候，可以采用其他翻译方法来灵活处理。

一、主语从句
（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。

What he told me
was only half-truth.
他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。

Whatever is
worth doing should be done well.
任何值得做的事情都应该做好。

Whether he comes
or not makes no difference.
他来不来都没有关系。

When we can
begin the expedition is still a question.
我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。

How he is going
to do it is a mystery.
他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。

（二）用it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来。

It doesn’t make
much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。（It没有翻译）

It seemed
inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.
驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的。（It翻译为“这”）
有时候，如果主语从句仍然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话，it一般不需要译出来。在汉语译文的开始，一般可以用“...的是，...”这样的结构来翻译。

It is strange
that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。（It不用翻译，还可以用“奇怪的是...”这样的结构来翻译）

二、宾语从句
（一）用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。

I told him that
because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.
我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。

Can you hear
what I say?
你听得到我所讲的吗？

I don’t know how
he swam across the river.
我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。

He has informed
me when they are to discuss my proposal.
他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。

有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。
Smith replied that he was sorry.
斯密斯回答说，他感到遗憾。

He would remind
people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.
他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。

（二）用it 作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。

I made it clear
to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.
我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十时前交卷。（it没有翻译）

I heard it said
that he had gone abroad.
听说他已经出国了。（it没有翻译）

但有时候，也可以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。
I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.
我被选参加会议，感到光荣。（it没有翻译）

We consider it
absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.
打开国门，实行开放，我们认为这是绝对必要的。（it翻译为“这”）

三、表语从句
英语中的表语从句放在连系动词后面，充当表语成分，一般可以按照英语原文顺序直接翻译。

It seems that it
is going to snow.
看起来要下雪了。

That is why Jack
got scolded.
这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。

The question
remains whether we can win the majority of the people.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。

His view of the
press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.
他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。

四、同位语从句
同位语从句主要是用来对名词作进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容。能接同位语从句的名词主要有：belief（相信），fact（事实），hope（希望）， idea（想法，观点），doubt（怀疑），news（新闻，消息），rumor（传闻），conclusion（结论），evidence（证据），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），order（命令），answer（回答），decision（决定），discovery（发现），explanation（解释），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（意见，观点），truth（真理，事实），promise（承诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），rule（规定），possibility（可能）等。

（一）一般来说，同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。
He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他表示希望再到中国来访问。

There is a
possibility that he is a spy.
有可能他是一个间谍。

（二）有时候在翻译同位语从句时，可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的修饰语，但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下，同位语从句都是比较简单。
We know the fact that bodies possess weight.
我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。

The rumor that
he was arrested was unfounded.
关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。

（三）增加“即”（或者“以为”）这样的词来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。
But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical
point of view, irrational.
但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看，他们今天仍是不合理的。

We have reached
the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.
我们已经得出这样的结论：实践是检验真理的标准。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（17）：否定结构翻译(1)

英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异，尤其在表达否定概念上，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式，而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中，这些否定句就象陷阱一样，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。因此翻译否定结构时，切不可望文生义，而必须细心揣摩，真正透彻理解其意义，然后根据汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型，才能使译文准确、恰当地表达出原文的含义。

一、部分否定
（一）英语中的所谓部分否定，是指代词或者副词如all, both, every, everybody, everyday,
everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly,
completely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使用。部分否定的翻译比较简单，常常翻译为“并非所有，并不是都。如：all…not（不全是，不都是），both…not（并非两个都，不是两者都），every…not（不是每个都），not always（不总是，不一定），not often(不经常)，not altogether（不全是），not necessarily（未必）等。

All that
glitters is not gold.
并非所有发光的都是金子。

Both the windows
are not open.
两扇窗户并不都是开着的。

Everybody does
not believe the rumor.
并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。

They are not
always in the office on Sundays.
他们不一定每个星期天都在办公室。

The
responsibility is not altogether mine.
责任并不全在于我身上。

（二）需要注意的是，“all…not”和“every…not”等结构属于传统用法。现代英语中，也会把否定词放在整个句子的最前面，而采用“Not all…”和“Not every…”这种表达形式。这种用法在语法和
逻辑上也能讲得通。

Not all metals
are good conductors.
并非所有的金属都是良导体。

Not everyone
accepts his proposal.
并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。

二、全部否定
在英语中，构成全部否定的单词和词组主要有以下这些：never（决不，从来不），no（没有，不），not（不，不是），none（没人，谁都不，没有任何东西），nobody（没人），nothing（什么也没有，没有任何事情），nowhere（没有什么地方），neither（两者都不），nor（也没有，也不），not at all （一点也不）。

He is no
professor.
他根本不是教授。

None of my
friends smoke.
我的朋友都不抽烟。

Our great
motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.
我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。

Nothing in the
world is difficult for the one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事，只怕有心人。

三、双重否定
双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词，即否定之否定。双重否定句表示的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重。翻译成汉语的时候，可以直接用汉语对应的双重否定来翻译，也可以直接翻译为汉语的肯定句。常见的双重否定形式主要有：no…not(没有……不)，without…not（没有……就不），never(no)…without（每逢……总是，没有……不），never(no)…but（没有……不），not(none)…the
less（并不……就不），not(never)…unless（不少于，不亚于，和……一样），not…any the less（没有……而少做）。

Now no spaceship
cannot be loaded with man.
现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。（用汉语的双重否定翻译）
现在所有的宇宙飞船
都可以载人。（用汉语的肯定结构翻译）

You will never
succeed unless you work hard.
如果你不努力，就决不能成功。（用汉语的双重否定翻译）
只要你努力，你就会成功。（用汉语的肯定结构翻译）

There is nothing
unusual there.
那里的一切都很正常。

The machine is
working none the worse for its long service.
这台机器并没有因为长期使用而运转不良。

She did not work
any the less for her illness.
她没有因为生病而少做一些工作。

That’s nothing
less than a miracle.
那完全是一个奇迹。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（18）：否定结构翻译(2)

四、形式肯定但意义否定
英语中有些句子虽然以肯定形式出现，但表达的却是否定的意义。翻译时要按其隐含的否定意义译成汉语中的否定句。

（一）more than can…结构
more than can…这个结构本身是英语的肯定结构，因为英语中没有任何否定词出现。但是这个结构具有肯定意义，所以需要翻译为汉语的否定句。more than can…在意义上相当于英语的can not…，可以翻译为“简直不，无法，难以”；而more than one
can help相当于as little as possible，可以翻译为“尽量不，绝对不”。

The beauty of the
park is more than words can describe.
这个公园美得无法形容。

The boy has
become very insolent and it is more than his parents can bear.
这男孩变得非常无礼，到了他父母都不能忍受的地步。

Don’t tell him
more than you can help.
能不跟他讲就尽量不要跟他讲。

She never does
more work than she can help.
能不做的事情，她是绝对不做的。

（二）anything but…结构
anything but…结构表示否定意义，常常翻译为“绝对不，根本不，一点也不”。

He is anything
but a scholar.
他绝对不是一个学者。

The wood bridge
is anything but safe.
那座木桥一点也不安全。

（三）have yet to do…结构
have yet to do…结构表示否定意义，相当于have not yet done…，常常翻译为“还没有”。

I have yet to
hear the story.
我还没有听过那个故事。

I have yet to
learn the new skill.
我没有学那项新技术。

（四）may (might) as well…结构
may (might) as well…结构表示否定意义，常常翻译为“还不如”。

It is still
raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
外面依然在下大雨，我们还不如呆在这里过夜呢。

You might as well
burn the book than give them to her.
你把这些书给他还不如烧毁了好。

（五）借助具有否定意义的动词或动词短语
英语句子中，由于有些动词或者动词短语具有否定意义，所以可以翻译为汉语的否定句。这样的动词或者动词短语常常有：miss（错过，即没有碰到），deny（拒绝，即没有答应），lack（缺乏，即不足），refuse（拒绝，即否认，没有答应），escape（逃避，即没有被发现），resist（抵抗，即没有放弃），reject（拒绝，即没有答应），decline（拒绝，即没有答应），doubt（怀疑，即不太确信），wonder（想知道，即不明白），fail（失败，即没有完成），exclude（排除，即没有接受，不包括），overlook（没有注意到），cease（终止，即没有坚持），neglect（没有注意到），defy（不服从），forbid（不许），give up（放弃，即没有坚持），refrain from（不允许），lose sight of（不管），keep up with（不落后于），save…from（使…不），shut one’s eyes to（不看），to say nothing
of（更不用说），not to mention（更不用说），protect(keep,
prevent)…from（不让），keep off（不接近），keep out（不让进入），
turn a deaf ear to（不听，不顾），fall short of（不足），live up to（不辜负），dissuade…from（劝…不要），keep…dark（不把…说出去）等。

The
specification lacks detail.
这份说明书不够详尽。

My husband
missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot.
丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车，所以只好步行回家。

The error in
calculation escaped the accountant.
会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。

Please keep the
news dark.
请不要把这个消息说出去。

（六）借助具有否定意义的名词
英语中有些名词具有否定意义，翻译的时候需要把这样的句子翻译为汉语的否定句。常见的具有否定意义的名词有：neglect（没有注意到），failure（失败，即没有完成），refusal（拒绝，即否认，没有答应），absence（不在，缺少），shortage（不足），reluctance（不情愿），ignorance（没有注意到），loss（没有），exclusion（排除，即没有接受，不包括），lack（缺乏，没有），negation（拒绝，即否认），Greek to（对…一无所知）等等。
We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions.
在不具备这些条件的情况下，我们不能完成这项工作。
She was at a loss what go do.
她不知所措。

（七）借助具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语
英语中，有些形容词及其短语含有鲜明的否定意义。在翻译的时候，掌握了这一否定含义，译者便可以摆脱这些形容词基本意义的干扰，用汉语的否定句来翻译就可以了。这样具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语常常有：far from（远不，一点也不），free from（不受…影响），safe from（免于），short of（缺少，不足），ignorant of（不知道，没有注意到），independent of（不受…的支配），impatient of（对…不耐烦），deficient（缺乏），devoid of（不具有，缺乏），alien to（不同），foreign to（不适合，与…无关），blind to（看不见），far and few
between（很少），absent from（不在），different from（不同），reluctant to（不愿意），less than（少于，不多于），dead to（对…没有反应），the last（最后的，即最不愿意，最不配，决不）等等。

The newspaper
accounts are far from being true.
报纸的报道远非事实。

Present supplies
of food are short of requirements.
目前食品供不应求。

Holidays are few
and far between.
放假的时候并不多。

He is the last
man she wants to meet.
她最不想见到的人就是他。

（八）借助具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语
英语中，有些介词具有否定意义。翻译的时候可以直接翻译为否定句，常见的有：past（超过），above（不低于），without（没有），beyond（超出），instead of（而不是），in vain（无效，没有），in the dark（一点也不知道），at a loss（不知所措），but for（要不是），in spite of（不管），at fault（出错），against（不同意），before（还没有…就），below（不到…），beside（与…无关），but（除…之外），except（除…之外），from（阻止，使…不做某事），off（离开，中断），under（在…之下，不足），within（不超出），beneath（不如，不足），beneath one’s notice（不值得理睬），out of（不在…里面，不在…状态），out of the question（不可能），in the dark
about（对…不知）等等。

That lazy boy
went to class before he had prepared his lesson.
那个懒惰的小孩不预习就去上课。

Mr. Smith was
above reproach.
史密斯先生是无可指责的。

Her beauty is
beyond compare.
她的美丽是无以伦比的。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（19）：否定结构翻译(3)

五、形式否定但意义肯定
英语中有些句子虽然以否定形式出现，但表达的却是肯定的意义，翻译时要按其隐含的肯定意义译成汉语中的肯定句。这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否”结合起来，就是通常人们所说的“正话反说、反话正说”的翻译技巧。常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有：not…until（直到……才），not…too（越……越好），none but（只有），nothing but（只有，只不过），nothing more
than（仅仅），no sooner…than（刚一……就），none other than（不是别的人或物而正是），none the less（依然，仍然），not but that（虽然）“make nothing of
”（对……等闲视之），for nothing（徒然，免费），not only…but also(不仅……而且)，not…long before（很快就），no more than（仅仅，只是），no other than（只有，正是）等等。

You can’t be too
careful in doing experiments.
你做实验要特别小心。

There is no
material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.
各种材料在力的作用下，多少都会有些变形。

It is no more
than a beginning.
这仅仅是个开端。

They gave me the
wrong book, and I didn’t notice it until I got back to my room.
他们把书给错了。直到我回到我的房间才注意到了。

六、否定成分的转译
有些否定句型的翻译必须按照汉语表达习惯进行否定成分的转译，这样才能避免生搬硬套、文理不通的现象。
（一）否定主语转换为否定谓语
有些句子，英语原文否定主语，翻译成汉语时候需要把否定转移到谓语上。
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.
能量既不能创造，也不能毁灭。

No sound was
heard.
没有听到声音。

Neither plan is
practicable.
两个方案都行不通。

（二）否定谓语转换为否定状语
英语原文否定谓语，翻译成汉语时，需要把否定转移到状语上。
He doesn’t study in the classroom.
他不在教室里学习。

I was not
playing all the time.
我并不是一直都在玩。

The woman did
not come here to ask us for help.
这位妇女来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。

Metals do not
change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.
金属不像塑料物体那样容易变形。

（三）主句的否定转换为从句的否定
英语原文否定主句，而翻译成汉语的时候，需要把否定转移到从句上。这样结构常常是not… because….，可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。

She did not come
because she wanted to see me.
她并非因为想见我才来。

You should not
despise him because he is young.
你不应该因为他年轻就轻视他。

（四）否定主句的谓语转换为否定宾语从句的谓语
1．这类否定的转移常常出现在动词think, believe, except, suppose, imagine, reckon, fancy,
anticipate, figure等后面的宾语从句中。翻译的时候，需要把否定转移到宾语从句的谓语动词前面。
I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.
我认为他们现在一定还没有到达那里。

I don’t suppose
they will object to my suggestion.
我想他们不会反对我的建议的。

I didn’t imagine
that he would go abroad.
我料想他不会出国了。

2．当有view, wish, belief, thought, opinion等名词作主句的表语从句时，可以把形式主语结构中的否定转移到后面从句中。
It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.
我认为他并不是做这项工作的最佳人选。

It is not my
thought that he can finish the work within a week.
我认为他不可能在一周内完成这项工作。

It is not my
wish that you should break your word.
我希望你不要违背诺言

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（20）：插入结构的翻译方法

英语中的插入结构表示说话人的态度和看法，解释或者说明整个句子而不是某个词。有些语法学家认为插入结构属于状语。其实，两者的主要区别在于，插入结构通常与句中其他成分的语法上并无十分密切的联系，常用来对全句加以说明，表示作者或说话者对句子表达内容的看法，或者用以对其内容作出补充说明等。插入结构一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开，一般位于句首、句中或者句尾。翻译成汉语时，有些插入语，尤其是位于句首的插入语，可保持原文中的词序。然而，在许多情况下，需要对英语原文句子的顺序作必要的调整，使译文符合汉语习惯。插入结构的成分可以是副词、形容词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语或者主谓结构，现在分别论述这些插入结构的翻译。

一、副词插入语
英语中，副词用作插入语的位置通常可以在句首、句中或者句尾。翻译的时候，可以把这个插入结构放在其修饰的句子的前面翻译。
Apparently, it is going to rain.
很明显，要下雨了。

Fortunately, I
passed the examination.
幸运的是，我通过了考试。

Incidentally,
your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.
顺便说一句，你的建议已经提交会议进行讨论了。

He was luckier,
however, because he was only slightly wounded.
然而，他比较幸运，因为他只是受了点轻伤。

He is young. He
has much experience in teaching English, though.
他很年轻，但是他有丰富的英语教学经验。

二、形容词短语作插入语
形容词词组作插入结构，一般翻译为“…的是，…”这样的结构，放在其修饰的句子前面翻译。
Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world.
最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。

I slept late
yesterday morning; worse still, my bike was out of order.
昨天早上我起得晚。更糟糕的是，我的自行车坏了。

Strange enough,
he doesn’t know that famous writer.
奇怪的是，他竟然不知道那位著名的作家。

三、介词短语作插入语
英语中，介词词组作插入语的结构有：all in all（总而言之），as a matter of
fact（事实上），as a result（结果），at worst（在最坏的情况下），by the way（顺便说一句），first of all（首先），for example（例如），in conclusion（总之，最后），in fact（事实上），in effect（实际上），in my opinion（依我我看来，我认为），in other words（换句话说，换言之），in short（简言之），to my delight（让我高兴的是），to one’s amazement（使某人惊讶的是），to one’s deep
regret（使某人深感遗憾的是），to one’s relief（使某人感到欣慰的是），to one’s
surprise（使某人感到吃惊的是）等。通常放到句子的最前面去翻译。
lace w:st="on" Chinalace , in fact, has caught up with and surpassed
the world advanced levels in many respects.
事实上，中国已经在许多方面赶上和超过了世界先进水平。

What happen to
him, by the way?
顺便问一句，他后来怎么样了？

All in all, her
condition is greatly improved.
总之，他的健康状况已经大大的改善了。

四、不定式短语作插入结构
不定式短语作插入结构时，对整个句子进行解释，常见的作插入结构的不定式短语有：so to speak（可以这样说），to tell you the truth（老实对你说），to be frank（说句实话），to begin with（首先），to start with（首先），to be more exact（更确切地说），to sum up（总之，概括地说），to put it briefly（简单说来），to put it in
another way（换句话说），to make a long story short（长话短说），to say the least of it（至少可以这样说），needless to say（不用说），strange to say（说来奇怪），to conclude（总之，最后），to be sure（可以肯定的说），to be specific（具体说来），to be precise（准确地说），to speak frankly（坦白地说）等等。翻译的时候，无论其在英语原文中的顺序怎样，一般放到句子的最前面翻译。
It wasn’t a very good dinner, to say the least of it.
至少可以这样说，这次宴会并不成功。

The movie, to be
frank, moved me to tears.
坦白地说，这部电影把我感动得流下了眼泪。

She wrote, to be
exact, ten novels in her lifetime.
确切地说，她一生写了十部小说。

五、分词短语作插入结构
分词短语作插入语通常在其所修饰的句子最前面翻译。在英语中，分词短语作插入结构的常常有：considering…（考虑到），all things considered（从整体来看），allowing for…（考虑到），generally speaking（一般说来），judging from…（从...来判断），putting it
another way（换句话说），roughly speaking（大体说来），taking account of…（考虑到），taking all
things into consideration（全面看来），taking… as an
example（以…为例），talking of…（说道），speaking of…（说道），strictly
speaking（严格地说）等等。
Judging from the handwriting, it should be written by our teacher.
从字迹上判断，这应该是我们老师写的。

Generally
speaking, she’s not quite fit for this kind of work.
总的来说，他不太适合做这种工作。

You managed the
project very well, considering your inexperience.
考虑到你缺乏经验，你对这个项目的处理得已经很好了。

六、主谓结构作插入结构
在英语中，主谓结构作插入结构通常放在句子中间或者结尾；如果放在句首，就不应该是插入结构，而是一个主谓句后面跟宾语的英语句型了。翻译成汉语译文的时候，这种插入结构却应该放在句子最前面翻译。这种作插入结构的主谓结构通常是：I think（我认为），I hope（我希望），I guess（我想），I’m afraid（恐怕），I believe（我认为，我相信），I suppose（我想，我认为），I wonder（我想知道），you see（你应该明白），you know（你知道），don’t you think（难道你不认为），don’t you know（难道你不知道），I tell you（我告诉你），it seems（似乎），it seems to me（在我看来，这似乎），it is said（据说），it is suggested（有人认为）等等。
The man, I think, does not deserve the prize.
我认为，那个人不应该得奖。

The air is
rather refreshing, I suppose.
我想，那里的空气应该很宜人。

Honesty, I
believe, is her virtue.
我认为，诚实是她的美德。

七、what we call句型作插入结构
在英语的议论文中，常常有what we call这样的句型，通常可以看作插入结构，因为把这样的结构去掉之后句子仍然完整。类似的句型还有：what we used to
call, what is called, what they described as, what can be called, what they
regarded as, as we call it, as we know it等。通常翻译为“所谓的…”，可以按照英语原文顺序直接翻译。
He is what we call a walking dictionary.
他就是所谓的活字典。

A compound, as
we know it, results from the chemical union of two or more elements. 所谓的化合物是由两个或两个以上元素化合而成的

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（21）：汉英翻译三步策略(上)

一、翻译中的一个悖论
英汉翻译和汉英翻译，哪一个更难？大多数人会答曰：汉英翻译更难。显然，这看起来是一种合理的问问题的方法，其实并非如此。英汉翻译和汉英翻译，没有哪一个更难和不难的问题，只是因人而异，视个人的英语水平和翻译水平而定。那么，为什么大多数中国人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢？有回答这个问题，我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。
其实，无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。弄明白理解和表达这两个过程，我们就可以清楚的看到，为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。
首先，有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。如果做英汉翻译的话，我们第一步需要理解英语，然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。因为英语毕竟是我们的外语，所以大多数人认为，我们不懂英语是正常的。所以，无论英译汉这个过程汇总，英语有多难或者有多简单都没有关系，我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。然后，换过来，汉译英则不一样了。那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为，明明我们认识汉语，却不能用地道的英语来翻译，所以，汉译英很难做。但是，如果我们这样来想，在英译汉的过程中，我们连第一步（理解英语）可能都无法完成；而汉译英的话，好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步（理解汉语原文）。没有人能否认我们中国人，看不懂汉语吧？
既然如此，我们就能够克服那种长期以后认为“汉英翻译更难”的心理障碍了。那么如何比较有效的完成汉英翻译呢？根据长期以来积累从事翻译教学的经验，笔者认为可以从以下三个步骤来着手：

二、汉英翻译三步策略之一：定主语
1．翻译的单位
在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。
什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的句子？
柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的：A sentence is a group of words which,
when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full
stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a
verb.具体说来，英语的句子可以这样来定义：一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。
根据英语句子的定义，我们可以清楚的知道，英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。而英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。

2．确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语
1) 把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语，这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法，也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如：

例1. 当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。（中国社会科学院04年考博英语翻译试题）

At present, the
international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound
changes since the end of Cold War.

例2．和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。（同上）
Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all
over the world.

以上两个例子中，汉语句子的主语是名词，由于名词在英语句子中可以直接充当主语，所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来，确定这个名词为译文的主语。

2) 汉语和英语都有一个共同的特点，就是代词可以充当主语，所以，我们当然还可以直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文的主语。如：

例3. 我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费，比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。（中国社会科学院02年考博英语翻译试题）
We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption,
such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable
products at will.

例4. 如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）、
Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy
food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade
meal.

3) 在汉语中，除了上述名词和代词可以作主语之外，动词也可以直接充当主语，英语的动词原形则不能。可是，我们非常清楚的知道，英语中的动名词或者动词不定式形式则可以充当主语。所以，如果我们要确定汉语的动词主语来充当英语译文的主语时，必须要使用这个动词的动名词形式或者不定式形式。如：

例5．帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。（中国社会科学院03年考博英语翻译试题）
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And
helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of
all.

例6．推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。
To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the
motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the
three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.

3．重新确定主语
由于汉语和英语两种语言存在着较的的差异，有时候，确定汉语句子的主语为英语译文句子主语的时候，常常会导致英语句子的逻辑比较混乱，而不能直接对应。所以，这时候，就有必要从原句中挑出其他词来，充当英语译文的主语。
1）把汉语确定汉语原文的宾语为英语译文的主语
宾语是动作所及的对象，常常是人或者物。在翻译中，我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语来充当英语译文的主语。但是，在这种情况下，一般需要用英语的被动句式来翻译。如：

例7．伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。
Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in
understanding great scientific concepts.（中国科学院02年3月考博英语翻译试题）
说明：在这个例子中，我们可以看到，汉语的主语太长，如果直接用汉语原文的主语来充当英语译文的主语，就显得有点头重脚轻。这个时候，我们就可以利用“英语句子多用被动句”的特点，确定汉语原文的宾语“智慧”来充当英语译文的主语。

例8．为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。（中国社会科学院02年考博英语翻译试题）
The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up)
to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语原文的主语应该是“我们”。但是，这个我们属于泛指的，不专门针对某一个人或者某几个人。当然，一方面，我们可以采用选取汉语原文的“我们”来充当英语译文的主语，而把这个句子的译文安排为“We must
accelerate…”这样一个结构。但是，直接选用汉语原文的宾语“国有企业的改革步伐”来充当英语译文的主语，并且不提出这个泛指的主语“我们”，更适合英语的表达方式。

例9．目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。（同上）
At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried
out in China.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语是一个无主句。显然，一方面，我们可以确定汉语的宾语为英语的主语，使用英语的被动结构来翻译，避免了需要去找一个动作发出者来充当主语的情况。

以上例子清楚的说明，选择汉语原文的宾语充当译文主语的情况下，通常是需要用英语的被动结构来翻译的。但是，并不是说所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如：

例10．中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）
Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.
说明：我们可以看到，上面这个例子中，汉语原文的主语是“中国的饮食方式”，谓语是“发生”，宾语是“许多变化”。当一旦确定了宾语“许多变化”为英语译文主语的时候，这个英语译文的逻辑结构就可以直接用主动结构：Many changes are taking place…。因为在英语中，“变化”与动词“发生”的搭配是符合逻辑，而不能说“变化被发生”。

2）确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语来充当英语译文的主语
有时候，汉语主语中心词的修饰语可能是整个句子的突出部分。在翻译的时候，为了正确传达原文中突出的信息，我们就可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语确定为英语译文的主语。如：

例11．中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）
China has a long history in her diet culture.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语的主语是“中国的饮食文化”，其主语中心词是“文化”。如果确定“文化”为英语译文的主语，则原来汉语句子只能生硬的转化为“文化具有历史”这样的英语结构。所以我们可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语“中国”确定为英语译文的主语，这样一来，整个句子的逻辑结构就非常清楚，突出了“中国在饮食文化方面具有悠久的历史”这个信息。

例12．他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。（选自陈宏薇和李亚丹新编汉英翻译教程）
He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion
suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.
说明：在这个例子中，从形式上看，汉语的主语中心词是“身材”，单似乎随后的三个部分的内容“生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色”都是在说明“他”，而不是“他的身材”。因为我们不能说“他的身材生了一副大长方脸”，所以，我们就确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语“他”来充当英语译文的主语。

4．增加主语
汉语句法具有开放性和松散性，句子不一定要有主语，因而有许多无主句，如“出太阳了”，“昨晚放了一场电影”等；另外一些句子，在上下文意思清楚的情况下，主语往往承前省略，出现许多主语省略句。在将这些无主句和省略句译为英语时，必须补出主语，以形成英语译文中主谓齐备的格局。但是，补出什么作主语是一个十分复杂的问题。译者必须透彻理解上下文，仔细斟酌原文的确切含义，反复推敲英语的表达方式，才能补出恰当的主语，否则会歪曲原文的意思。增加主语的方法一般有以下几种：
1）增加泛指的主语“we, you, one”等。
汉语句子在泛指的时候，显然可以增加上英语表示泛指的主语。如：

例13．充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。（上海理工大学04年考博英语翻译试题）
We should take advantage of non public-owned economy, including individual,
privately owned etc., to fulfill it's significant effect on accelerating
economic improvement, enlarging employment, and flourishing the market.

例14．然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。（中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题）
But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or
practical abilities of a person.

例15．凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。（天津大学01年考博英语翻译试题）
One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.

2) 增加英语代词it作主语
在英语中，代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富，它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三点了（It’s 3 o’clock
now）等，当然，它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。如：

例16．自从理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。（武汉大学03年考博英语翻译试题）
It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语原文是一个明显的表示时间的无主句。我们则可以增加英语的代词it来充当英语译文的主语。

例17．大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。（中国人民大学03年考博英语翻译试题）
It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at
a basic level.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语的原文主语是“大学的研究所”。但是如果我们确定“大学的研究所”作为英语译文的主语，则没有办法很好的体现汉语原文的强调语气“才是”。所以，我们就可以增加代词it，用英语的强调句型来翻译。

例18．知道这个答案是有用的……如果你想到英语国家去念大学，或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话，通过语言考试那就至关重要了。
It’s useful to know the answer… it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college
or university in an English-speaking country, or if you want to find a job
which requires English language skills.
说明：在这个例子中，我们可以非常清楚的看到，汉语原文有非常显著的用英语代词it充当形式主语来翻译的特征：那就是，如果汉语句型通常呈现出“…是很重要/有用/有意义的”等结构，或者是“据说（It is said…），有人认为（It is taken that…）”等结构。

3）增加there be…
显然，如果汉语原文表达的是“有、存在、出现”等概念，我们则可以用英语的there be…句型来翻译。如：

例19．还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要*的资助。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）
There will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in
need of the government's financial support.

从上述分析中我们可以知道，汉语的语言句法和逻辑结构比较松散，而英语则有非常清楚的语法结构和严谨的逻辑结构。而英语句子基本上是围绕主语来展开句型结构的，正因此，我们有必要在汉英翻译中，确定英语的主语。只要确定了汉语原文中用什么来充当英语译文的主语，我们就基本上能选择出一个合适的谓语动词来。可以这么说，英语的语法结构更多的表现在英语的谓语上，或者说表现在主语和谓语之间的相互制约。所以，谓语的选择也是汉英翻译中一个非常重要的问题。

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（22）：汉英翻译三步策略(下)

汉英翻译三步策略(2)

三、汉英翻译三步策略之二：找谓语

在汉语和英语两种语言的对比中，有一个最显著的特点：就是汉语中，几乎所有词类都可以充当谓语；而英语中则只有动词才能充当谓语。一般来说，我们在汉英翻译的过程中，随着主语的确定，凭我们作为汉语母语的使用者，几乎总能在汉语原文中，找出一个对应的谓语来。但是，和汉语原文主语对应的谓语，不一定能充当英语译文的谓语。在弄明白怎么选择汉语原文中的一个合适的谓语去充当译文的谓语之前，我们有必要对汉语的谓语和英语的谓语做一个简单的对比。如图所示：

区别

汉语的谓语

英语的谓语

没有人称、时态、和数的变化

有人称、时态、和数的变化

常常是动词作谓语

只有动词作谓语

名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语

无

少用被动句

多用被动句

有“连动式”谓语

无

有“兼语式”谓语

无

正因为有以上区别，在我们做汉英翻译的时候，就可以利用英汉语两种语言的各自的特点，选择合适的谓语来翻译。所以，简单归纳起来，谓语的选择主要有以下几种方式：

1．选择谓语要注意时态、人称和数的变化

由于英语的动词具有人称、时态和数的变化，而汉语没有这样的变化方式。所以，在翻译中，一定要注意这种最基本语法一致原则。一般来说，要确定汉语原文的在译文中的基本时态，应该没有问题。因为毕竟汉语是我们的母语，我们对汉语原文的阅读理解水平应该是能把握好时态这个问题的。但是，一定要在英语译文中注意不要犯“时态、人称和数”这个基本错误。如：

例1．过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期。（同等学历01年汉译英试题）

The past fifty
years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations.

说明：在这个例子中，原文虽然有明显的时间词提示我们，所选择的谓语需要用过去时态，但是，大多数人忽略了谓语动词需要用单数的问题，所以必须加以注意。

例2．实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。（中国社会科学院03年考博英语翻译试题）

Since
lace>Chinalace> started to implement the policy of opening up to the
outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its
economy and technology has been raised.

说明：在这个例子中，有“以来”这个汉语词提示我们，在译文中要用跟过去相关的时态。同时汉语原文的谓语“改变了”和“提高了”中的“了”也给我们提示，译文需要用完成时态。

2．常常选择汉语原文的动词谓语作英语译文的谓语，但是选择谓语需要注意“瞻前顾后”

由于汉语中的动词也常常充当位于成分，既然英语中只有动词才能作谓语，我们就可以选择汉语原文的动词谓语充当英语译文的谓语。但是，一定要注意的是，由于汉语语言本身“意合”的特点，所以与汉语主语能够顺利搭配的谓语，在英语译文中则不一定能在逻辑上搭配起来。那么，我们就需要选择一个和确定好的主语能够逻辑搭配的谓语，这就需要权衡，甚至是改变我们前面已经确定的主语，重新确定一个和这个谓语动词能逻辑搭配的主语，并且不改变汉语原文的意义，以利于我们得到一个“准确通顺”的译文。我把这种权衡并选择一个合适的谓语的现象叫“瞻前”。同时，所选择的谓语如果要带宾语的话，一定要思考谓语动词和下文的宾语在逻辑上能够搭配，这也需要权衡，甚至改变我们已经选择好的谓语动词。我们这种权衡并选择一个合适的谓语的现象叫“顾后”。如：

例3．中国加入世贸组织以后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。（中国人民大学04年考博英语翻译试题）

After
lace>Chinalace>’s entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for
the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in
lace>Chinalace> and larger space for their own development.

说明：在这个例子中，汉语原文的主语是“机会”以及“空间”，相应的谓语分别是“越来越多”（more and more）和“越来越大”（larger）。但是，考虑到英语译文中，opportunity和more，以及space和larger不能构成一个合适的主谓关系，所以，我们需要重新选择一个谓语。考虑到英语中more可以修饰opportunity，我们就可以确定more
opportunities（越来越多的机会）充当主语，同时，按照英语译文的搭配方式，给增加一个谓语动词create。这样，就可以把原文“外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多”这层含义用“越来越多的机会将（被创造）出来给外商参与中国投资活动”这个逻辑顺序来翻译。同样的方法，也可以解决“自身发展的空间也越来越大”这个句子。

例4．迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法。（中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题）

So far, there
has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.

说明：在这个例子中，汉语原文的主语是“教育工作”，谓语是“没有找到”，宾语中心词是“方法”。但是如果我们翻译为“Education hasn’t found the way…”的话，一方面英语译文中的主谓逻辑搭配不是特别恰当，另一方面，我们也不好安排汉语原文中“比考试更有效、更可靠”这层意义。但是，考虑到汉语原文中出现了“没有”这个词，其实是典型的英语There be…句型的标志。所以，我们则需要改变所确定的主语和谓语，用英语There be…句型来翻译就更适合英语的语言习惯了。

3．对汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况，一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译

汉语中，充当谓语的可以是名词、数量词和形容词等，这个特点是英语不具有的。如“我北京人，你呢”中的，“北京人”就是汉语名词作谓语；“他今年81了”中的数词81就是谓语；“今天天气热，昨天凉快。”中的“热”和“凉快”就是形容词充当谓语。这种情况，其实我们可以从英语的角度来思考的话，英语的名词、数量词和形容词不能充当谓语，但是可以充当表语，所以英语中的“系表结构”刚好可以解决这些问题。如：

例5．投资规模偏大。（四川大学04年考博英语翻译试题）

The investment
scale is too large

例6．很多道路太窄。（天津大学02年考博英语翻译试题）

Many of the
roads are too narrow.

1．如果汉语原文有明显的被动意味，则应该选择对应的谓语动词，并且用英语的“被动结构”来翻译

汉语中，很少使用“被”字句，通常由“受到、得到、加以、得以、为…所、由…来、是…的”等词来表现被动意味，有时候甚至没有明显的标志词。如果我们在汉英翻译中，能够读出原文中的明显的被动意味，当然需要选择对应的谓语动词来翻译为英语的“被动句”。如：

例7．此外，对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们，他们目前的生活状况必须改善。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）

Furthermore, the
present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed
themselves from poverty.

说明：这个例子中，汉语原文虽然没有明显的被动句的标志词，但是，我们知道“生活状况必须改善”这个主干结构中，逻辑上应该是“生活状况必须被改善”。所以，我们需要选择“改善”这个词来翻译为英语的被动结构。

例8．“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。（湖北省03年考博英语试题联合考试翻译试题）

Learning may
mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.

例9．美国的经济*主要是围绕着私人企业和以市场为导向而建立起来的。（四川大学04年考博英语翻译试题）

The economic
system of lace U.S.A.lace is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises
and market orientation.

例10．他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）Their production and living conditions have not been
changed fundamentally

例11．各国的*问题主要由各国*和人民自己来解决，世界的*问题要由世界各国*和人民共同参与来解决。（中国社会科学院04年）

Each country's
human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people,
while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world
together.

2．对汉语的“连动式”特殊句型，可以选择一个主要动词作为英语译文的动词谓语，其他次要动词用英语的“非谓语动词”形式，介词词组的形式，或者用“and”来连接几个动词

“连动式”是汉语语言的一种特殊句式，是指“谓语由两个或者两个以上的动词构成，在动词短语中没有停顿，也没有关联词语，两个动词短语共用一个主语”（刘月华等《使用现代汉语语法》北京：商务印书馆 P. 701）。如，“我去问”。“他们结了帐搬走了”。而在英语中，众所周知，英语的一个句子只有一个能充当谓语的动词，绝对不可能两个动词连接在一起。这看起来似乎是给我们汉英翻译增加了障碍。其实不然，因为英语中，动词除了充当谓语以外，还有所谓的“非谓语动词”形式。这就给我们解决翻译汉语“连动式”这个特殊句型提供了一个突破口。

这样看来，由于原文是汉语，我们作为中国人，在理解汉语的时候，几个连续动作中，要找出一个主要动词来并不困难。我们可以根据几个动作发生的先后来选择主要谓语动词，也可以根据几个动作之间的关系来选择主要动词。对于次要动词，一般有以下几种处理方式：

1）用分词和不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次要动词，如：

例12．我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。（西南财经大学04年考博英语翻译试题）We spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.

例13．市*于去年底启动了一项“净空”工程，关闭了大气污染严重的企业。（首都经贸大学06年考博英语翻译试题）

The municipal
government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year,
closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.

2）用英语的介词短语可以表达汉语中的动词概念，如：

例14．我将乘飞机离开北京。

I will leave
lace>Beijinglace> by plane

3）用英语“and”连接词来连接几个动作

例15．从社会总体、长远的利益出发，*可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距，扶助弱势群体，维护整个社会的和谐、稳定。（财政部财政科研所05年，略有改动）

From the society
as a whole and long-term profit perspectives, the government can use tax or
transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution
so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society

说明：很显然，在汉语原文中，有一系列的动词。我们可以选择“运用”作为主要动词，突显原文几个动词之间的时间先后顺序，或者几个动词之间的目的关系。这样以来，后面的“调节”和“扶助”就可以用动词不定式来翻译。同时，在“扶助”和“维护”两个动词间，当然可以用英语的“and”来连接。

3．对汉语中的“兼语式”特殊句型，可以选择汉语原文中第一个动词充当英语译文的谓语动词，汉语第一个动词后面的结构则可以采用“宾语和宾语补足语”的形式来翻译

“兼语式”也是汉语中的一种特殊句型，是指其“谓语是由一个动宾结构和一个主谓短语套在一起构成的，谓语中前一个动宾结构兼作后一个主谓结构的主语”（刘月华等《使用现代汉语语法》北京：商务印书馆 P. 708）。如：“你请他来”这个句子中，主语是“你”，谓语中的第一个动词“请”所带的宾语是“他”；而“他”这个宾语又兼作后面动词“来”的主语。这个结构看起来似乎和英语中的句型没有太大关系，但是我们仔细研究就可以知道，汉语的“兼语式”几乎都应该是的结构。而这个结构，刚好契合了英语的“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。所以，我们“一般”可以把汉语的“兼语式”谓语翻译为英语的““主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。如：

例16．疼痛使他喊出了声。

The pain made
him cry out.

例17．我等他来。

I am waiting for
him to come.

和新东方老师学英语翻译技巧（23）：歌词翻译的方法与技巧

翻译中的理解：语法，还是语法
英语和汉语不太一样，有比较严谨的语法结构。所以，我们在翻译的时候，看清语法结构就成了理解和翻译的突破口。在诗歌翻译中，更是如此。有时候，歌词作者为了追求歌曲的韵律和节奏，照顾到押韵等各种问题，采用一些比较特殊的语法手段(如有可能采用省略、倒装、插入和强调等)来进行创作，这无疑给歌词翻译中的理解增加了很大的难度?#65310;湍肧pice Girls演唱的这首“Mama”来说，虽然用词简单，也没有特别复杂的语法现象，但仍然不失为我们学习语法，提高英语理解和翻译能力的典范。

一、注意理解词组
词法(包括构词法、词性分析等)中，我们需要关注得多一点的是英语的词组或者说习惯用法。毕竟我们不是在英语的母语，所以深谙英语的词组、成语和习惯用法就成为了翻译中的基本。在“Mama”这首歌曲中，请看：
used to be意思是“过去常常做…”，注意区别be used to do(过去习惯做)。所以，歌词She used to be my only enemy and never let me be free.可以翻译为“她曾是我唯一的敌手，从不让我*”。当然，在这首歌词里“enemy”是“敌人”的意思。其实可以理解，小时候，我们不听话，认为妈妈不给我们*，所以把她当“敌人”看。这其实是英语里面的一种“以贬义代褒义”的反讽手法。但是翻译的时候，要注意分寸，如果用“天敌，宿仇”就显得有点“过度”了。
every other day意思是“每隔一天”，注意区别everyday, each day。
cross the line是一个不太熟悉的词组，意思是to do something
wrong(犯错误，逾矩)。
mean to do意思是“打算做…，想做….”，注意区别mean doing sth.(意味着做…)。如：I mean to go,
but my father would not allow me to.(我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。)Missing this
train means waiting for another hour.(错过这辆火车意味着你得再等一小时。)
see through意思是“看穿”。仔细查查词典，还可以得到进一步解释，如柯林斯词典这样解释“If you see through someone or their
behaviour, you realize what their intentions are, even though they are trying
to hide them.(如果你see through某一个人或者他们的行为，你知道他们的意图何在，即使他们试图掩藏自己的意图)” 这样的话，So now I see through your eyes就可以翻译为：所以现在，我看穿了你的眼神。
be ashamed to do sth.意思是“耻于做…”，也可以说be ashamed of
sth.。

二、注意理解时态
这首歌曲为了表达自己儿时的淘气和不明事理，以及后来长大后，对妈妈良苦用心的理解。一直都在采用过去时态和现在时态的明显对比。比如：
Back then I didn't know why
Why you were misunderstood
So now I see through your eyes
All that you did was love。
又如：I didn't want to hear it then but I'm not ashamed to say
it now.

3 回复：歌词翻译的方法与技巧

三、注意理解从句
一般来说，从句中使用频率最多的是“名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句。这首歌词表现很突出，如：
1. 名词性从句
I never thought you would become the friend…是一个宾语从句，只不过thought后面省略了that。这个句子可以翻译为：我从来没有想到你会成为我的朋友。
I didn't know why you were misunderstood也是一个宾语从句，只不过由why来连接了。
2. 定语从句
定语从句是英语中比较特殊的语法现象。汉语的定语只能在所修饰的名词前，但是英语中，由于定语从句的存在，名词后面可以有很长的定语修饰。
I never thought you would become the friend I never had.就有一个定语从句I never had(我从来没有过的)修饰the friend.如果加上前面的主句和宾语从句部分，就可以理解为“我从来没有想到你会成为我的朋友，这个朋友是我以前从来没有的)。进而翻译为：我从未曾想到你会成为我的密友。
Every little thing you said and did was right for me.其中的you said and did也是定语从句，修饰every little
thing。可以翻译为：每一件小事，你的叮咛和行动，都是为了我。
3. 状语从句
Every other day I crossed the line I didn't mean to be so bad.这个句子就是一个比较典型的状语从句。可以翻译为：每隔一天，我就犯错，我也不想那么淘。
需要注意：一般来说，我们知道when, before, after等词引导状语从句。但是，大多数表时间的名词也可以引导一个状语从句，如：The moment I
heard the news, I hastened to the spot.(我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点)。

四、注意理解语态
英语中的被动语态和虚拟语态也是理解中的一个难点问题。比如：
I didn't know why you were misunderstood.就是一个被动语态，可以翻译为：我不知道为何，为何我要误解你。
Catching me in places that I knewI shouldn’t be.就是一个典型的虚拟语气，意思是“在我知道我本不应该去的地方把我逮住”。
总的来说，语法结构就象一条藤，把英语的词语象葡萄一样串联起来。所以，要仔细的理解英语，就必须要找出葡萄藤的主干(英语的主干或主句)和枝叶(英语的修饰或从句)。在准确理解句子语法结构和逻辑结构的前提下，就具备了翻译的基本能力。

我们先看下面这首歌：
Mama
She used to be my only enemy and never let me be free
Catching me in places that I knew I shouldn’t be
Every other day I crossed the line I didn't mean to be so bad
I never thought you would become the friend I never had
Back then I didn't know why
Why you were misunderstood
So now I see through your eyes
All that you did was love
Mama I love you. Mama I care
Mama I love you. Mama my friend, you're my friend
I didn't want to hear it then but I'm not ashamed to say it now
Every little thing you said and did was right for me
I had a lot of to think about, about the way I used to be
Never had a sense of my responsibility
(Repeat)
But now I'm sure I know why,
Why you were misunderstood
So now I see through your eyes
All I can give you is love is love
Mama I love you. Mama, I care
Mama, I love you. Mama, my friend, you’re my friend
Mama, I love you, Mama, I care
Mama, I love you, Mama, my friend, you’re my friend
学生的优秀译文：（浙江省永康市陈皓迪）
她，我曾经唯一的敌人
从不给予我*的天地
将我擒获在不应该出现的领域
时常，我越界犯错
我从不奢望你会成为我不曾相遇的知心。
回到过去，没能领悟其中的真谛。

为什么你会被误解。
因此，此刻我透过你的眼睛看世界。
你所付出的一切是爱。
妈妈我爱你。妈妈我在意。
妈妈我爱你。
妈妈我的伙伴，你是我的知心。
从前不愿入耳的语言。
但我不因今夕开口而惭愧。
你任何的所说与所做都是为我。
许多昔日往事期待回忆。
回忆我曾经的行迹。
从不对我自己负责。
但是，此刻我确信已寻觅到真谛。
为什么你会被误解。
此刻，我透过你的眼睛看世界。
予你回报，唯有真爱。
妈妈我爱你妈妈我在意。
妈妈我爱你。
妈妈我的伙伴，你是我的知心。
妈妈我爱你妈妈我在意。
妈妈我爱你。
妈妈我的伙伴，你是我的知心。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

美国人常挂在嘴边的口语，很实用

God works. 上帝的安排。

Not so bad. 不错。

No way! 不可能！

Don't flatter me. 过奖了。

Hope so. 希望如此。

Go down to business. 言归正传。

I'm not going. 我不去了。

Does it serve your purpose？对你有用吗？

I don't care. 我不在乎。

None of my business. 不关我事。

It doesn't work. 不管用。

Your are welcome. 你太客气了。

It is a long story. 一言难尽。

Between us. 你知，我知。

Sure thing! 當然！

Talk truly. 有话直说。

I'm going to go. 我這就去。

Never mind. 不要緊。

Why are you so sure？怎么这样肯定？

Is that so？是这样吗？

Come on, be reasonable. 嗨，你怎么不讲道理。

When are you leaving？你什么时候走？

You don't say so. 未必吧，不至于这样吧。

Don't get me wrong. 别误会我。

You bet! 一定，当然！

It's up to you. 由你决定。

The line is engaged. 占线。

My hands are full right now. 我现在很忙。

Can you dig it？你搞明白了吗？

I'm afraid I can't. 我恐怕不能。

How big of you! 你真棒！

Poor thing! 真可怜！

How about eating out？外面吃饭怎样？

Don't over do it. 别太过分了。

You want a bet？你想打赌吗？

What if I go for you？我替你去怎么样？

Who wants？谁稀罕？

Follow my nose. 凭直觉做某事。

Cheap skate! 小气鬼！

Come seat here. 来这边坐。 Dinner is on me. 晚饭我请。

You ask for it! 活该！

You don't say! 真想不到！

Get out of here! 滚出去！

How come… 怎么回事，怎么搞的。

Don't mention it. 没关系，别客气。

It is not a big deal! 没什么了不起！

thousand times no! 绝对办不到！

Who knows! 天晓得！

Have a good of it.玩的很高兴。

Don't let me down. 别让我失望。

It is urgent. 有急事。

Can I have this. 可以给我这个吗？

It doesn't take much of you time. 这不花你好多时间。

Drop it! 停止！

Bottle it! 閉嘴！

There is nobody by that name working here.這裡沒有這個人。

Easy does it. 慢慢来。

Don't push me. 别逼我。

Come on! 快点，振作起来！

What is the fuss？吵什么？

Still up？还没睡呀？

It doesn't make any differences. 没关系。

It is a deal！一言为定！

Take a seat! 请坐！

Here ye! 说得对！

It can be a killer. 这是个伤脑筋的问题。

Don't take ill of me. 别生我气。

It's up in the air. 尚未确定。

I am all ears. 我洗耳恭听。

Right over there. 就在那里。

Get an eyeful. 看个够。

Here we are! 我们到了！

I lost my way. 我迷路了

Say hello to everybody for me. 替我向大家问好。

Not precisely! 不见得，不一定！

That is unfair. 这不公平！

We have no way out. 我们没办法。

That is great! 太棒了！

You are welcome! 别客气！ I'm bored to death. 我无聊死了。

Bottoms up! 干杯！

Big mouth! 多嘴驴！

Can-do. 能人。

Don''t play possum! 別裝蒜！

He neither drinks nor smokes. 他既不喝酒也不抽煙。

Make it up! 不记前嫌！

Watch you mouth. 注意言辞。

Any urgent thing？有急事吗？

Good luck! 祝你好运！

Make it. 达到目的，获得成功。

I'll be seeing you. 再见。

I wonder if you can give me a lift？能让我搭一程吗？

It is raining. 要下雨了。

I might hear a pin drop. 非常寂静。

Don't get loaded. 别喝醉了。

Stay away from him. 别*近他。

Don't get high hat. 别摆架子。

That rings a bell. 听起来耳熟。

Play hooky. 旷工、旷课。

I am the one wearing pants in the house. 我当家。

Get cold feet. 害怕做某事。

Good for you! 好得很！

Go ahead. 继续。

Help me out. 帮帮我。

Let's bag it. 先把它搁一边。

Lose head. 丧失理智。

He is the pain on neck. 他真让人讨厌。

Do you have straw？你有吸管吗？

Don't make up a story. 不要捏造事实。

Absence makes the heart grow fonder. 小别胜新婚。

She make a mess of things. 她把事情搞得一塌糊涂。

He has a quick eye. 他的眼睛很锐利。

Shoot the breeze. 闲谈。

Tell me when! 随时奉陪！

It is a small world! 世界真是小！

Not at all. 根本就不(用)。

Let's play it by ear. 让我们随兴所至。

Wait and see. 等着瞧。

Why so blue？怎么垂头丧气？

What brought you here？什么风把你吹来了？ Hang on! 抓紧(别挂电话)！

Leave me alone. 别理我。

Chin up. 不气，振作些。

You never know. 世事难料。

I stay at home a lot. 我多半在家里。

She'll be along in a few minutes. 他马上会过来。

I'm not it a good mood. 没有心情(做某事)。

He is a fast talker. 他是个吹牛大王。

Daring! 亲爱的！

She is still mad at me. 她还在生我的气。

I'll get even with him one day. 我总有一天跟他扯平

Hit the ceiling. 大发雷霆。

She's got quite a wad. 她身怀巨款。

I don't have anywhere to be. 没地方可去。

I'm dying to see you. 我很想见你。

I swear by the God. 我对天发誓。

Nothing tricky. 别耍花招。

You might at least apologize. 你顶多道个歉就得了。

Price is soaring, if it goes on like this, we shall not be able to keep the pot boiling. 物价直线上升，这样子下去，我们锅里可没什么东西煮饭。

None of you keyhole. 不准偷看。

You don't seem to be quite yourself today. 你今天看起来不大对劲。

Do you have any money on you？你身上带钱了吗？

What is your major？你学什么专业？

My girlfriend and I broke up. 我和我的女朋友吹了。

It was something that happens once in the blue moon. 这是千载难逢的事。

I'll kick you out. 我将炒你鱿鱼。

I hate to be late and keep my date waiting. 我不喜欢迟到而让别人久等。

There is nobody by that name working here. 这里没有这个人。

He neither drinks nor smokes. 他既不喝酒也不抽烟。

He pushes his luck. 他太贪心了。

Nuts! 呸；胡说；混蛋！

I can't make both ends meet. 我上个月接不到下个月，缺钱。

It is of high quality. 它质量上乘

Dead end. 死胡同。

Would you mind making less noise. 能不能小声点。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

英文写作翻译
(一) 同义反译法，

例子：，

1. Only three customers remained in the bar.，

酒吧间只有三个顾客还没有走。(不译：「还留着」或「还呆在那里」)，

2. I'll be here for good this time.，

这一次我再也不走了。(不译：「永远在此呆下去」)，

3. Please keep the fire burning when I'm out.，

我不在家的时候，请别让炉子灭了。(不译：「我外出时，请让炉子继续烧着」)，

4. "Wait, he is serious."，

「等等，他不是说着玩儿的。」(不译：「等等，他是认真的。」)，

5. "Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!"，

「听我说，克拉拉，对这孩子可不能心软。」(不译：「……对这孩子要坚定」)，

***，

英文写作翻译
(二) 删减解释词，

例子：，

The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women.，

到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎，准定会注意到她们十之八九都赋有那种独特的优雅风度、那种柔和的声调和文静的举止。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(三) 短句拆译，

例子：，

" ...on one sunshiny morning in June , ..."，

「在六月里的一天早上，天气晴朗，……」，

***，

英文写作翻译
(四) 译词推陈出新，

例子：，

When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocations, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lower.，

原译：当他可以大胆行动的时候，他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外，心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。，

改译：等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候，他却迟疑不定，顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种种常有的提心吊胆的心理，那就更是难免的了。，

原词原译改译英文写作翻译
when 当……的时候等到……的时候英文写作翻译
act with boldness 大胆行动放胆去追求英文写作翻译
a lover 一个情人一般堕入情网的人英文写作翻译
ordinary fears 普通的害怕种种常有的提心吊胆的心理英文写作翻译
in addition to 除了……之外那就更是难免的了，

***，

英文写作翻译
(五) 解释性添词，

例子：，

"George, I'm ashamed of you! George, I couldn't have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss; but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon," said Mrs. Bagnet.，

「乔治，我真替你害臊﹗乔治，想不到你会干出这种事情来﹗俗话说得好：『滚着的碌碡不长苔，流浪的汉子不攒财。』我早晓得你就是这么一个流浪汉﹗可真没有想到你连贝格纳特和孩子们靠它过活的那一点点财也骗走，」贝格纳特太太说道。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(六) 词无定译，

例子：，

It is quite useless to ask whether Vanderbilt was criminally prosecuted or civilly sued by the Government. Not only was he unmolested, but two years later, he carried on another huge swindle upon the Government under peculiary heinous conditions.，

我们根本不必追问*是否根据刑法或民法对范德比尔特提出起诉。范德比尔特不仅逍遥法外，而且在两年后又以极其凶狠的手段对*进行弓一次巨大的诈骗。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(七) 精鍊译词，

例子：，

A new dignity crept into his walk.，

原译：走路的姿态不知甚么时候开始给人一种庄重的印象。，

改译：走起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(八) 删削"When"字，

例子，

1. When he saw me, he was startled.，

他看见我，吓了一大跳，(不译：当他看见我的时候，……)，

2. "When your gals takes on and cry, what's the use of cracking on them over the head, and knocking on them round?"，

「你那些女黑奴哭得那么伤心，你还拿鞭子没头没脑的抽，把她们打得死去活来，那有甚么用呢？」(不译：当你那些女黑奴哭得那么伤心的时候，你还拿鞭子……)，

***，

英文写作翻译
(九) 感叹词的不同译法，

例子：，

1. "O, don't mother! I should like the flowers; do give them to me; I want them!"，

"Why, Eva, your room is full now."，

「嗐，妈妈，别这样﹗我喜欢这些花，把花给我吧，我要﹗」，

「得了吧，伊娃，你屋里的花都满了。」，

2. "Well, that's odd!" said Marie. "What in the world do you want that for?"，

「哟，真是怪事﹗」玛利说，「你干嘛非要这个不可？」，

3. ("...Haley, if you had any conscience.")，

"Well, I've got just as much conscience as any man in business can afford to keep - just a little, you know, to swaer by, as were," said the trader, jocularly; ...，

"Well, then, Haley, how will you trade?" said Mr. Shelby, after an uneasy interval of silence.，

(「……哈利，你要是有良心的话。」)，

「得，干这行当儿的人能有多少良心，我也有多少良心——瞧，我的良心就这么一丁点儿，够拿出来起誓就得，」奴隶贩子开着玩笑说；……，

「那好，哈利，这桩买卖你打算怎么个做法？」谢尔比先生在一阵令人发窘的沉默之后问道。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(十) 顺拆法，

例子：，

His delegation agreed with the Executive Director/ that the fund should continue working/ for a better understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors.，

原译：他的代表团同意执行主任关于该基金会应继续为更好地了解经济、社会和人口的相互关系而努力的意见。，

改译：他的代表团同意执行主任的意见，/认为该基金会应继续努力，/ 以求更好地了解经济、社会和人口这三方面的相互关系。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(十一) 倒拆法，

例子：，

To him there is something divine/ in the sympathetic indulgence she substitute / for the angry disgust/ with which one of his own country women resent his supposed conditon.，

要是一个英国女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么烂醉，/ 她就会对他又恼怒，又厌恶，/ 而挪拉对他却又同情又宽容，/ 他在这中间看出了一点神圣的质量。，

***，

英文写作翻译
(十二) 抽词拆句法，

例子：，

All the way along the line, from the border right up to Peking, as far as the eye could see, the countryside was literally covered up with a green carpet of growing crops, holding a promise of bumper harvests.，

从边境到北京，一路上沿铁路线极目纵观，但见农村到处是茁壮的庄稼，彷彿铺上一块绿地毯，这说明丰收在望了。，

英语翻译技巧：
http://www.en8848.com.cn/fanyi/skills/moretips/128740_6.html

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TOEFL100个优秀背诵句子

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.
2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
5. In order to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
10. The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.
18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
32. That xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same values as the amount of money borrowed.
35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
37. Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.
39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
41. The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.
42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.
44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.
51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.
52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.
53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.
54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of any basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.
55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made.
56. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.
57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.
58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.
59. Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.
60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied.
61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.
62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.
63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.
64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.
65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.
66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land.
67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.
68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences.
69. Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing.
70. Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.
71. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into power and then adding water.
72. Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests.
73. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present.
74. When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.
75. Though once quite large, the population of the bald eagle across North America has drastically declined in the past forty years.
76. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.
77. Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.
78. As a result of what is now know in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.
79. The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition.
80. Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.
81. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
82. Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
83. Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of im*ment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism------that is the rate for rearrest------is more than 60 percent.
84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences.
85. The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm.
86. Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers.
87. Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-rich regions of the United States.
88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines.
89. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections.
90. The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years.
91. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.
92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace.
93. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
94. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
95. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
96. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.
97. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
98. It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around.
99. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles------or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
100. As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure.

翻译

1. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. 1986年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？
3. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
8. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
9. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
10. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12. Billie Holiday’s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15. 受当代灌溉（技术设施）之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
22. 一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
23. 在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。
24. 大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。
25. 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。
26. 到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。 27. 伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。
28. Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。
29. Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。

30. 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。
31. 骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。
32. 科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。
33. 对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。
34. 消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。
35. 未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。
36. Everglades是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受（法律）保护。
37. Lucretia Mott’s的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。
38. 国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。
39. 大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。
40. 对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。
41. 尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。
42. 墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。
43. 社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。
44. 给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。
45. 典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。
46. 根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。
47. 直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。
48. John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。
49. 父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。
50. 北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。
51. 使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。
52. 无*主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信*是有害的，没有必要的。
53. 恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利．福特。
54. 使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。
55. 优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成，其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。
56. 相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。
57. 十八世纪时，“小乌龟”是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。
58. 在竹子的近七百个品种中，有的全长成还不到一英尺，有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。
59. 谨慎的航海员在出航前，会研究航向，记录的灯塔的位置，以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。
60. 在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。

61. 购买者和销售者都应该留意技术的新发展，原因很简单，因为技术能够并且已经影响着营销活动。
62. 电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。
63. 人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成，住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的，被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。
64. 珍珠的色泽受到作为其母体牡蛎种类及牡蛎生活水域的深度，温度和含盐度的制约。
65. 尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖，但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。
66. 鲇鱼不仅可以离开水存活，还可以在岸上短距离移动。
67. 科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了，但是一些理论推断是地理，气候和海平面的变化造成的。
68. 主要目的在于丰富和优质的农艺学利用了其他科学的知识。
69. 雪对农民是一种帮助，因为它保持地层土壤的温度，使种子不致冻死。
70. 历代文学作品中的英雄本色虽各有千秋，但其昭世功力却是恒古不变的。
71. 史前的人们制造颜料是将植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末，然后加水。
72. 黄菊花通常令人生厌，它挤走不那么顽强的植物，并找来很多害虫。
73. 大约从公元前七千年开始，在四千年当中，北半球的温度比现在高。
74. 当亨利.福特最初制造汽车为寻求资金支持时，农民和一般职员也能拥有汽车的想法被认为是可笑的。
75. 北美秃头鹰的数量一度很多，但在近四十年中全北美的秃头鹰数量急剧下降。
76. 水獭啃倒树木，以便取食物并获得造窝的材料。
77. 长卷毛狗曾被用作猎鸭时叼回猎物的猎犬，但是美国Kennel Club却不承认它们为猎犬，因为它们现在大多数作为宠物饲养。
78. 物理学和化学的一个成果是使得科学家们能在生物学和医学上获得重大发现。
79. 根据默默无闻的小说制作优秀影片在美国由来已久，已经成为传统。
80. 因为顾客认为最好的水果应该看起来也是最漂亮的，所以种植者必须提供能满足挑剔眼光的产品。
81. 电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。
82. 电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。
83. 更让人吃惊的事实是监禁的数目和比例在过去的二十年中翻了一番还有余，以及累犯率--即再次拘押的比例--为百分之六十强。
84. 他的教书生涯始于麻省理工学院，但是William Rainey Harper把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大学。他在那里正式任职长达整整一代人的时间。他的高级作文课上的学生觉得他在课上古板得可怕，但私下交流却富有同情和理解。
85. 树獭即不讲究卫生，以至于它粗糙的毛发上生出绿苔，成群的寄生蛾生长在它的皮毛深处，变成毛毛虫，并以它的脏毛为食。她的肌肉不能让他哪怕在很短的距离以内以每小时一公里的速度移动。它能做的最敏捷的动作就是挥一挥它弯曲的胳膊。
86. 人造花卉即可用于科学目的，也可用于装饰目的，它们可以用各种各样的材料制成，臂如蜡和玻璃；其制作如此精巧，几乎可以以假乱真。
87. 在伊利诺州Angonne市的一个废弃煤矿的三年研究取得了成果，科学家们相信这些成果可以帮助改造把美国产煤区弄得伤痕累累的数千个旧煤场。
88. 当有关西部铁路的说服和规划工作终于完成后，真正艰难的任务还没有开始；即危险，吃力，需要伤筋动骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造这些铁路的实际工作。
89. 由于空间不足，艺术博物馆在考虑购买和接受捐赠的艺术品是越来越慎重，有些情况下放弃其进一步改善收藏的机会。
90. 美国宪法要求总统是生于美国本土的公民，三十五岁以上，并且在美国居住了至少十四年。
91.美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的，喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。
92. 石头不会腐烂，所以以前的（石器）工具能保存下来，虽然它们的制造者已经消失的无影无踪。
93. 昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住；如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护，昆虫就会吞嚼掉我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们饲养的禽兽。
94. 确实，他们在探险中遇到了极具威胁性的困难和危险，而他们的装备会让一个现代登山者想一想都会浑身颤栗。不过他们并不是刻意去追求刺激的。
95. 老人和年轻人之间只有一个区别：年轻人的前面有辉煌的未来，老年人灿烂的未来却已在它们身后。这也许就是困难之所在。
96. 我们位年强人振奋。它们带有*的气息，他们不会为狭隘的野心和贪婪享受而孜孜以求。他们不是焦虑的向上爬的人，他们不会对物质性的东西难舍难分。
97. 每次我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话，我都倍感诧异。
98. 没有可能仅仅为了娱乐或锻炼而运动：一旦有了问题，一旦你觉得你输了你和你所属团体会有失体面时，你最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。
99.人们已经发现，某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接受回响来锁定和避免障碍物--或者找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回响定位法常拿来和原理与之很相近似的雷达相比。
100. 随着芯片制造时间和费用降低到了几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂贵的失败所惩罚。

100 个精选替换词在手，托福作文不再怕
1.important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be
important)
2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)
4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)
5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something;
ignore means no attention.)
6.near=adjacent(two things next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)
7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it.
FORMAL)
8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)
9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)
10.top=peak, summit
11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)
12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation
15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17.complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18.primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
19.relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
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20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want
to),compel
21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)
22.complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)
23. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)
24.small=minuscule(very small), minute
25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)
26.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very
thoroughly)
27.difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)
28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on
it)
29.fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)
30.show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)
31.big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasize
something’s large), tremendous(INFORMAL)
32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away
from it.)
33.fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on
something.)
34.attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently)
35.dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons),
loathe(dislike very much)!
36.ruin=devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)
39.always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)
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40.forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will
never change or be changed)
41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large
degree),astonish(the same as astound)
42.enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)
43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)
44.expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)
45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive)
46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)
47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)
48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)
49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)
50.hot=boiling(very hot)
51.dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and
health)
52.nowadays=currently
53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive;
54.stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)
55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)
56.result=consequence(the results or effects of something)
57.obvious=apparent, manifest
58.basedon=derived from can see or notice them very easily)
60.quite=fairly
61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)
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62.field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
63.appear=emerge(come into existence)
64.whole=entire(the whole of something)
65.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet),humid(very damp and hot)
66.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)
67.difficult=formidable
68.change=convert(change into another form)
69.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)
70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)
71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)
72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is
different from most people)
73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
74.use= utilize (the same as use)
75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
76.satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
78.scholarship=fellowship
79.angry=enraged(extremely angry)
80.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)
81.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)
82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a
great deal)
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83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)
84.disorder=disarray, chaos
85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success
quickly)
87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
88.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)
89.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)
90.sharp=acute(severe and intense)
91.unbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to
happen )
92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because
he/she does not understand it)
93.method=avenue(away of getting something done)
94.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)
95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
96.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it
with something else)
97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
98.so=consequently, accordingly
99.rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often)
100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)

一、~~~the+ ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词+have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is themostbeautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang isthekindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothingis +~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to +V

例句：Nothingis more important than to receiveeducation.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~toomuch.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）

例句：We cannot emphasize the importanceofprotecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There isnodenying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）

例句：There is no denying thatthequalities of our living have gone from badtoworse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that+句子~~ （全世界都知道...）

例句：It is universally acknowledged that treesareindispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that+句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）

例句：There is no doubt that our educationalsystemleaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、Anadvantage of~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...)

例句：An advantage of usingthe solarenergy is that it won’t create (produce)anypollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that +句子（...的原因是...）

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is thattheycan provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have togrowtrees is that they can supply fresh airforus.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that +句子（如此...以致于...）例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford towasteit.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S +V~~~（虽然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our livingareby no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on noaccount一点也不虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V,~~~the +~er + S+ V ~~~The + more + Adj + S + V,~~~the + more + Adj + S+V~~~（愈...愈...）

例句：The　harder　you　work,　the　more　progress　you　make.你愈努力，你愈进步。

The　more　books　we　read,　the　more　learned　we　become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By　+Ving,　~~　can　~~　（借着...，..能够..）

例句：By　taking　exercise,　we　can　always　stay　healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~　enable　+　t（受词）+　to　+　V　（..使..能够..）例句：Listening　to　music　enable　us　to　feel　relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On　no　account　can　we+　V　~~~　（我们绝对不能...）例句：On　no　account　can　we　ignore　the　value　of　knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It　is　time　+　S　+　过去式　（该是...的时候了）例句：It　is　time　the　authorities　concerned　took　proper　steps　to　solve　the　traffic　problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those　who　~~~　（...的人...）

例句：Those　who　violate　traffic　regulations　should　be　punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There　is　no　one　but　~~~　（没有人不...）

例句：There　is　no　one　but　longs　to　go　to　college.没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be　+　forced/compelled/obliged　+　to　+　V　（不得不...）

例句：Since　the　examination　is　around　the　corner,　I　am　compelled　to　give　up　doing　sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、Itis　conceivable　that　+　句子　（可想而知的）It　is　obvious　that　+　句子　（明显的）It　is　apparent　that　+　句子　（显然的）

例句：It　is　conceivable　that　knowledge　plays　an　important　role　in　our　life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That　is　the　reason　why　~~~　（那就是...的原因）

例句：Summer　is　sultry.　That　is　the　reason　why　I　don’t　like　it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For　the　past+　时间，S　+　现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）

例句：For　the　past　two　years,　I　have　been　busy　preparing　for　the　examination.过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since　+　S　+　过去式，S　+　现在完成式。

例句：Since　he　went　to　senior　high　school,　he　has　worked　very　hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It　pays　to　+　V　~~~　（...是值得的。）

例句：It　pays　to　help　others.帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be　based　on　（以...为基础）

例句：The　progress　of　thee　society　is　based　on　harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare　no　effort　to　+　V　（不遗余力的）

例句：We　should　spare　no　effort　to　beautify　our　environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that....
　　随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。
　　As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.
　　然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。
　　People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting
　　求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。
　　As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.
　　关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。
　　Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....
　　最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。
　　The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.
　　人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。
　　Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.
　　俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。
　　There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...
　　万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。
　　When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...
　　提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。
　　Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)
　　有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。
　　Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.
　　觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。
　　Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.
　　强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。
　　People who support ... give some or all of the following reasons.
　　那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因：________。
　　According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer ... rather than...
　　根据我的个性以及兴趣，我选择_______而不会选择__________。
　　Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion... 就我个人而言，我支持后者(前者)___________。
　　If asked to make a decision, I would prefer... 如果真的需要作出选择，我宁愿____________。

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　　In life we’re often asked to give our opinion, or in some cases, we give our opinion even if it hasn’t been asked for!
　　Sometimes we can be very direct with our opinion and it won’t upset the other person.However, more often than not we need to be careful how we share our thoughts so as not to offend or hurt the other person’s feelings. This can be especially true in business where cultural differences can have a detrimental effect on business dealings.
　　The British are especially careful when giving their opinion (in business, that is). They often don’t want to cause offence and consequently, will start their sentences using certain expressions to soften the blow. A number of my clients have said that the British are very polite and considerate in their dealings with colleagues and clients. So much so, that the British way of doing business is often admired.
　　In this post, I’d like to share with your some common expressions we have of giving one’s opinion. I have used Liz Potter’s excellent article for Macmillan Dictionary’s blog as the main structure and made some changes to it.
　　1. I think
　　This is the most common and general way of giving an opinion. You can use it both informally and formally
　　· I think if you offer a consistently good service to your clients, they will keep coming back to you.
　　2. I reckon
　　This is a more informal way of giving your opinion:
　　·I reckon it will be much faster to get to London by train.
　　3. In my opinion (4) In my view:
　　These expressions are more formal and are often used when talking about important issues
　　·In my view, they made a huge mistake in not selling the company when they had the chance.
　　·In my opinion, the Bank of England should not raise interest rates this year.
　　5. It seems to me (6) All things considered:
　　When you’ve thought about a situation carefully you could use either of these two expressions
　　·It seems to me that they are spending more money than they need to to attract new talent into the company.
　　·All things considered, I think we made a wise choice in recruiting James.
　　7. If you ask me
　　This is used when your opinion is critical. Sometimes, people say this even when their opinion hasn’t been asked for! – “If you ask me,…..” “But I didn’t ask you….!”
　　·If you ask me, she has spoilt her children far too much.
　　8. To be honest (9) To tell you the truth (10) To be frank
　　All three expressions are a way of giving your opinion when you know that people may not like what you have to say
　　·To tell you the truth, your father was right when he said that you undersold the company.
　　·To be honest, I preferred it when you were blonde.
　　·To be frank, I thought her acting was simply terrible.
　　11. Frankly speaking
　　You would use this expression to give your opinion in a more familiar and forthright way.
　　·Frankly speaking, I don’t know what she sees in him.
　　12. Personally
　　This is used to emphasize that you are giving your own opinion
　　·Personally, I think the CEO should apologize for his appalling behaviour at the shareholders’ meeting.
　　13. To my mind (14) As far as I’m concerned
　　When you realise that other people may not agree with you you would use either of these expressions:
　　·To my mind, private education is better than state education.
　　·As far as I’m concerned, tennis is a much more interesting sport than football.
　　So there you have it! You have 14 ways to give your opinion in English. Which expressions are you likely to use?

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第四部分 推理题

一 . 临门一脚

策略：逻辑常识，忠于原文，感情色彩，不偏不倚

方向： Imply, infer, deduce,

learn， show, demonstrate

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第四部分推理题