1、约束保证数据的完整性和一致性。
2、约束分为表级约束和列级约束。(根据约束所针对的字段的数目的多少来决定)
列级约束:对一个数据列建立的约束
表级约束:对多个数据列建立的约束
列级约束即可以在列定义时声明,也可以在列定义后声明,
表级约束只能在列定义后声明,表级约束很少用到。
3、按照功能来划分,约束类型包括
NOT NULL(非空约束)
PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)
UNIQUE KEY(唯一约束)
DEFAULT(默认约束)
FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)
4、外键约束
保持数据一致性,完整性。
实现一对一或者一对多的关系。
实例
1、首先创建一个父表
mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.24 sec)
2、查看创建父表用的指令
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE provinces;
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------+
| Table | Create Table
|
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------+
| province | CREATE TABLE `province` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`pname` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`) #主键在创建的同时会自动的创建索引
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |(满足第一个要求)
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
3、创建子表
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id SMALLINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
->
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid BIGINT,
-> FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) #外键pid参照provinces表中的id
-> );
ERROR 1005 (HY000): Can't create table 'test.users' (errno: 150) #外键列必须与子键列有相似的数据类型
mysql>
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id SMALLINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
-> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED,
-> FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES province (id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
有外键的数据表称为子表,子表参照的表称为父表。pid为外键列,id为参照列。
4、显示参照列的索引
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces;
+----------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+--
----------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | C
rdinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+----------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+--
----------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| province | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A |
0 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+----------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+--
----------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.07 sec)
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM province\G; #以网格的形式显示
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: province
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
5、显示外键列的索引
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users\G;
*************************** 1. row ************************* #两个索引,一个主键索引
Table: users
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
*************************** 2. row *************************
Table: users
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: pid #在pid字段上,系统自动创建索引
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: pid
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified