树莓派 LNMP
关键词: raspberry web php dns mysq1
LNMP、LAMP是指一组通常一起使用来运行动态网站或者服务器的*软件名称首字母缩写,
分别指 Linux、Nginx/Apache、MySQL和PHP。
这里演示如何在树莓派上搭建LNMP环境并配置多个站点。
主要内容:
- 树莓派安装nginx
- 树莓派安装php
- 树莓派安装mariadb
- 树莓派配置dns
- 添加多个站点
文档参考:
- https://lnmp.org/
- https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38265137/article/details/83082389
- https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/35764236
最新地址: https://taotaodiy-raspi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/raspi/helloraspi_lnmp.html
nginx
Nginx是一款轻量级的Web
服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件(IMAP/POP3)代理服务器,在BSD-like
协议下发行。
其特点是占有内存少,并发能力强,事实上nginx的并发能力在同类型的网页服务器中表现较好,
*使用nginx网站用户有:百度、京东、新浪、网易、腾讯、淘宝等。
安装nginx
sudo apt-get -y install nginx
nginx服务常用的命令
# 检查脚本语法
sudo nginx -t
# 查看 nginx 状态
sudo systemctl status nginx.service
# 重启 nginx
sudo systemctl restart nginx.service
# 开机运行 nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx.service
这个时候,我们就可以通过树莓派IP来访问nginx。
默认站点的相关配置及配置文件:
nginx 默认配置文件 nginx_conf 文件位置 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 768;
# multi_accept on;
}
http {
##
# Basic Settings
##
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
# server_tokens off;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
# server_name_in_redirect off;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
##
# SSL Settings
##
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
##
# Logging Settings
##
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
##
# Gzip Settings
##
gzip on;
# gzip_vary on;
# gzip_proxied any;
# gzip_comp_level 6;
# gzip_buffers 16 8k;
# gzip_http_version 1.1;
# gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
##
# Virtual Host Configs
##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
#mail {
# # See sample authentication script at:
# # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
#
# # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
# # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
# # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
#
# server {
# listen localhost:110;
# protocol pop3;
# proxy on;
# }
#
# server {
# listen localhost:143;
# protocol imap;
# proxy on;
# }
#}
nginx 默认站点 default 文件位置 /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##
# Default server configuration
#
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# SSL configuration
#
# listen 443 ssl default_server;
# listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
#
# Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
#
# Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
# See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
#
# Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
# Don't use them in a production server!
#
# include snippets/snakeoil.conf;
root /var/www/html;
# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
# pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
# fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
# # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
#}
location ~* \.php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
#fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
# listen 80;
# listen [::]:80;
#
# server_name example.com;
#
# root /var/www/example.com;
# index index.html;
#
# location / {
# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
# }
#}
在 站点配置文件(default)
中指定了监听端口、server、站点根目录以及相关文件的访问权限和规则。
在default中指定了根目录/var/www/html,该目录下就能找到,index.nginx-debian.html,也就是我们浏览器中看到的页面。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
php
PHP(PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)即"超文本预处理器",是在服务器端执行的脚本语言,尤其适用于Web开发并可嵌入HTML中。
PHP语法利用了C、Java和Perl,该语言的主要目标是允许web开发人员快速编写动态网页。
PHP脚本程序主要应用于Web服务端开发,命令行和编写桌面应用程序。PHP支持和所有web开发语言之间的WDDX复杂数据交换。
关于相互连接,PHP已经支持了对Java对象的即时连接,并且可以透明地将其用作PHP对象。
安装 php
sudo apt-get install -y php php-mysql php-fpm
php服务常用的命令
#重启php
sudo systemctl restart php7.3-fpm.service
#停止开始改成stop start
修改配置 /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
#添加如下内容
location ~* \.php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
#fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
}
在默认站点下面添加 index.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
重启php服务,这时再通过IP去访问index.php就会看到下面的页面
php开启debug,修改/etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini为如下内容
display_errors = On
display_startup_errors = On
log_errors = On
mariadb
MariaDB数据库管理系统是MySQL的一个分支,主要由开源社区在维护,采用GPL授权许可
MariaDB的目的是完全兼容MySQL,包括API和命令行,
使之能轻松成为MySQL的代替品。在存储引擎方面,使用XtraDB(英语:XtraDB)来代替MySQL的InnoDB。
MariaDB由MySQL的创始人Michael Widenius(英语:Michael
Widenius)主导开发,他早前曾以10亿美元的价格, 将自己创建的公司MySQL
AB卖给了SUN,此后,随着SUN被甲骨文收购,MySQL的所有权也落入Oracle的手中。
MariaDB名称来自Michael Widenius的女儿Maria的名字。
MariaDB基于事务的Maria存储引擎,替换了MySQL的MyISAM存储引擎,它使用了Percona的
XtraDB,InnoDB的变体, 分支的开发者希望提供访问即将到来的MySQL 5.4
InnoDB性能。这个版本还包括了 PrimeBase XT (PBXT) 和 FederatedX存储引擎。
安装 mariadb
sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client
数据库的几个服务
#启动MariaDB
sudo systemctl start mariadb.service
#停止MariaDB
sudo systemctl stop mariadb.service
#重启MariaDB
sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service
#设置开机启动
sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service
配置 mariadb
第一次在控制台输入 sudo mariadb 即可进入数据库cmd,
设置数据库密码
#设置数据库密码
SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('123456');
创建数据库
# xxx 为你当前数据库
create database xxx;
# 查看数据库
show databases;
新建php测试连接数据库的测试脚本 /var/www/html/dbtest.php。
其中 用户名、密码、数据库改成你自己的。
<?php
//tpdo.php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "root"; //用户名
$password = "123456"; //密码
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=mariadb_test", $username, $password);
echo "Connected successfully";
}
catch(PDOException $e)
{
echo $e->getMessage();
}
?>
通过IP访问dbtest.php,最终提示连接连接成功。
DNS
域名系统(英文:Domain Name System,缩写:DNS)是互联网的一项服务。
它作为将域名和IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库,能够使人更方便地访问互联网。
DNS使用UDP端口53。
我们配置DNS的目的是为了在局域网中使用域名来访问我们的站点。
当然呢修改host也可以,但是我的路由器不支持,也为了方便后面局域网组网。
安装 dnsmasq
sudo apt-get install dnsmasq
dnsmasq 的几个服务
sudo service restart dnsmasq
sudo service status dnsmasq
相关配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.conf
#前面省略680行
# Delays sending DHCPOFFER and proxydhcp replies for at least the specified number of seconds.
dhcp-mac=set:client_is_a_pi,B8:27:EB:*:*:*
dhcp-reply-delay=tag:client_is_a_pi,2
我们往上面的文件添加如下内容
resolv-file=/etc/mydns/mydns.conf
strict-order
cache-size=10000
listen-address=127.0.0.1,192.168.31.80
#修改A记录
address=/taotaodiy_raspi.cn/192.168.31.80
#修改mx记录
mx-host=taotaodiy_raspi.cn,m.taotaodiy_raspi.cn,10
#修改A记录
address=/taotaodiy_raspi.com/192.168.31.80
#修改mx记录
mx-host=taotaodiy_raspi.com,m.taotaodiy_raspi.com,10
其中 /etc/mydns/mydns.conf 为我们自己的配置文件, 内容为腾讯DNSPod
DNS服务器地址,内容如下,
nameserver 127.0.0.1
nameserver 119.29.29.29
nameserver 182.254.116.116
address 为我们下面要添加的两个站点的域名(随便取的名字)。
如何使用DNS,在其他主机上设置DNS即可
Windows直接设置网卡的ipv4的DNS
Ubuntu 则需要在 /etc/resolv.conf 中添加一行
# 后面的IP为我树莓派的IP
nameserver 192.168.31.80
安装测试软件或者直接测试
#安装 dnsutils
sudo apt-get install dnsutils
#测试
dig @192.168.31.80 taotaodiy_raspi.cn
curl -R http://www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn
ping taotaodiy_raspi.cn
# 或直接访问
新建站点
DNS设置完毕之后,我们在其他主机上 ping 我们设置的域名是没有问题的。
我们现在再来修改nginx配置多个站点,其实主要是参照default 站点来做。
像上面设置的两个站点 taotaodiy_raspi.com 和 taotaodiy_raspi.cn
首先我们先创建站点根目录,直接复制/var/www/html
#创建文件夹 www.taotaodiy_raspi.com/
cp -r /var/www/html www.taotaodiy_raspi.com
#创建文件夹 www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn/
cp -r /var/www/html www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn
接着添加站点配置文件,直接复制修改 default
server {
listen 80;
#listen [::]:80;
server_name www.taotaodiy_raspi.com taotaodiy_raspi.com;
root /var/www/www.taotaodiy_raspi.com;
#index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
index index.html index.htm index.php default.html default.htm default.php;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
location ~* \.php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
#fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
}
}
创建链接文件,链接文件指向我们的站点配置文件,或者直接在nginx.conf中添加我们的配置文件。
ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/www.taotaodiy_raspi.com.conf taotaodiy_raspi.com
另外一个站点相仿,配置文件只需要修改域名即可。s
下面是我配置好的 nginx
目录,一共三个站点,均可在其他主机(同一局域网)上通过域名访问。
pi@raspberrypi:/etc/nginx $ tree .
.
├── conf.d
├── fastcgi.conf
├── fastcgi_params
├── koi-utf
├── koi-win
├── mime.types
├── modules-available
├── modules-enabled
│ ├── 50-mod-http-auth-pam.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-auth-pam.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-dav-ext.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-dav-ext.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-echo.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-echo.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-geoip.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-geoip.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-image-filter.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-image-filter.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-subs-filter.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-subs-filter.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-upstream-fair.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-upstream-fair.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-http-xslt-filter.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-xslt-filter.conf
│ ├── 50-mod-mail.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-mail.conf
│ └── 50-mod-stream.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-stream.conf
├── nginx.conf
├── nginx.conf_bak
├── proxy_params
├── scgi_params
├── sites-available
│ ├── default
│ ├── default_bak
│ ├── www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn.conf
│ └── www.taotaodiy_raspi.com.conf
├── sites-enabled
│ ├── default -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
│ ├── taotaodiy_raspi.cn -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn.conf
│ └── taotaodiy_raspi.com -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/www.taotaodiy_raspi.com.conf
├── snippets
│ ├── fastcgi-php.conf
│ └── snakeoil.conf
├── uwsgi_params
└── win-utf