树莓派 LNMP

树莓派 LNMP

关键词: raspberry web php dns mysq1

LNMP、LAMP是指一组通常一起使用来运行动态网站或者服务器的*软件名称首字母缩写,
分别指 Linux、Nginx/Apache、MySQL和PHP。

这里演示如何在树莓派上搭建LNMP环境并配置多个站点。

主要内容:

  • 树莓派安装nginx
  • 树莓派安装php
  • 树莓派安装mariadb
  • 树莓派配置dns
  • 添加多个站点

文档参考:

最新地址: https://taotaodiy-raspi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/raspi/helloraspi_lnmp.html

树莓派 LNMP

nginx

Nginx是一款轻量级的Web
服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件(IMAP/POP3)代理服务器,在BSD-like
协议下发行。
其特点是占有内存少,并发能力强,事实上nginx的并发能力在同类型的网页服务器中表现较好,
*使用nginx网站用户有:百度、京东、新浪、网易、腾讯、淘宝等。

安装nginx

sudo apt-get -y install nginx

nginx服务常用的命令

# 检查脚本语法
sudo nginx -t

# 查看 nginx 状态
sudo systemctl status nginx.service
# 重启 nginx
sudo systemctl restart nginx.service
# 开机运行 nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx.service

这个时候,我们就可以通过树莓派IP来访问nginx。

树莓派 LNMP

默认站点的相关配置及配置文件:

nginx 默认配置文件 nginx_conf 文件位置 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 768;
    # multi_accept on;
}

http {

    ##
    # Basic Settings
    ##

    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    # server_tokens off;

    server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
    # server_name_in_redirect off;

    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    ##
    # SSL Settings
    ##

    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    ##
    # Logging Settings
    ##

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

    ##
    # Gzip Settings
    ##

    gzip on;

    # gzip_vary on;
    # gzip_proxied any;
    # gzip_comp_level 6;
    # gzip_buffers 16 8k;
    # gzip_http_version 1.1;
    # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

    ##
    # Virtual Host Configs
    ##

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}


#mail {
#   # See sample authentication script at:
#   # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
# 
#   # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
#   # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
#   # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
# 
#   server {
#       listen     localhost:110;
#       protocol   pop3;
#       proxy      on;
#   }
# 
#   server {
#       listen     localhost:143;
#       protocol   imap;
#       proxy      on;
#   }
#}

nginx 默认站点 default 文件位置 /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##

# Default server configuration
#
server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;

    # SSL configuration
    #
    # listen 443 ssl default_server;
    # listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
    #
    # Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
    # See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
    #
    # Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
    # See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
    #
    # Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
    # Don't use them in a production server!
    #
    # include snippets/snakeoil.conf;

    root /var/www/html;

    # Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
    index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;

    server_name _;

    location / {
        # First attempt to serve request as file, then
        # as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    # pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #   include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
    #
    #   # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
    #   fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
    #   # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
    #   fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    #}

    location ~* \.php$ {
    fastcgi_index   index.php;
    #fastcgi_pass    127.0.0.1:9000;
    fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
    include         fastcgi_params;
    fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
    }

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /\.ht {
    #   deny all;
    #}
}


# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
#   listen 80;
#   listen [::]:80;
#
#   server_name example.com;
#
#   root /var/www/example.com;
#   index index.html;
#
#   location / {
#       try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
#   }
#}

在 站点配置文件(default)
中指定了监听端口、server、站点根目录以及相关文件的访问权限和规则。

在default中指定了根目录/var/www/html,该目录下就能找到,index.nginx-debian.html,也就是我们浏览器中看到的页面。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

php

PHP(PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)即"超文本预处理器",是在服务器端执行的脚本语言,尤其适用于Web开发并可嵌入HTML中。
PHP语法利用了C、Java和Perl,该语言的主要目标是允许web开发人员快速编写动态网页。
PHP脚本程序主要应用于Web服务端开发,命令行和编写桌面应用程序。PHP支持和所有web开发语言之间的WDDX复杂数据交换。
关于相互连接,PHP已经支持了对Java对象的即时连接,并且可以透明地将其用作PHP对象。

安装 php

sudo apt-get install -y php php-mysql php-fpm

php服务常用的命令

#重启php
sudo systemctl restart php7.3-fpm.service
#停止开始改成stop start

修改配置 /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

#添加如下内容

location ~* \.php$ {
    fastcgi_index   index.php;
    #fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
    fastcgi_pass    unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
    include         fastcgi_params;
    fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
}

在默认站点下面添加 index.php

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

重启php服务,这时再通过IP去访问index.php就会看到下面的页面

树莓派 LNMP

php开启debug,修改/etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini为如下内容

display_errors = On
display_startup_errors = On
log_errors = On

mariadb

MariaDB数据库管理系统是MySQL的一个分支,主要由开源社区在维护,采用GPL授权许可
MariaDB的目的是完全兼容MySQL,包括API和命令行,
使之能轻松成为MySQL的代替品。在存储引擎方面,使用XtraDB(英语:XtraDB)来代替MySQL的InnoDB。
MariaDB由MySQL的创始人Michael Widenius(英语:Michael
Widenius)主导开发,他早前曾以10亿美元的价格, 将自己创建的公司MySQL
AB卖给了SUN,此后,随着SUN被甲骨文收购,MySQL的所有权也落入Oracle的手中。

MariaDB名称来自Michael Widenius的女儿Maria的名字。
MariaDB基于事务的Maria存储引擎,替换了MySQL的MyISAM存储引擎,它使用了Percona的
XtraDB,InnoDB的变体, 分支的开发者希望提供访问即将到来的MySQL 5.4
InnoDB性能。这个版本还包括了 PrimeBase XT (PBXT) 和 FederatedX存储引擎。

安装 mariadb

sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client

数据库的几个服务

#启动MariaDB
sudo systemctl start mariadb.service 
#停止MariaDB
sudo systemctl stop mariadb.service
#重启MariaDB 
sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service
#设置开机启动
sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service

配置 mariadb

第一次在控制台输入 sudo mariadb 即可进入数据库cmd,

设置数据库密码

#设置数据库密码
SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('123456');

创建数据库

# xxx 为你当前数据库
create database xxx;
# 查看数据库
show databases;

新建php测试连接数据库的测试脚本 /var/www/html/dbtest.php。

其中 用户名、密码、数据库改成你自己的。

<?php
//tpdo.php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "root";     //用户名
$password = "123456";    //密码

try {
    $conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=mariadb_test", $username, $password);
    echo "Connected successfully";
}
catch(PDOException $e)
{
    echo $e->getMessage();
}
?>

通过IP访问dbtest.php,最终提示连接连接成功。

DNS

域名系统(英文:Domain Name System,缩写:DNS)是互联网的一项服务。
它作为将域名和IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库,能够使人更方便地访问互联网。
DNS使用UDP端口53。

我们配置DNS的目的是为了在局域网中使用域名来访问我们的站点。
当然呢修改host也可以,但是我的路由器不支持,也为了方便后面局域网组网。

安装 dnsmasq

sudo apt-get install dnsmasq

dnsmasq 的几个服务

sudo service restart dnsmasq
sudo service status dnsmasq

相关配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.conf

#前面省略680行
# Delays sending DHCPOFFER and proxydhcp replies for at least the specified number of seconds.
dhcp-mac=set:client_is_a_pi,B8:27:EB:*:*:*
dhcp-reply-delay=tag:client_is_a_pi,2

我们往上面的文件添加如下内容

resolv-file=/etc/mydns/mydns.conf
strict-order
cache-size=10000
listen-address=127.0.0.1,192.168.31.80
#修改A记录
address=/taotaodiy_raspi.cn/192.168.31.80
#修改mx记录
mx-host=taotaodiy_raspi.cn,m.taotaodiy_raspi.cn,10

#修改A记录
address=/taotaodiy_raspi.com/192.168.31.80
#修改mx记录
mx-host=taotaodiy_raspi.com,m.taotaodiy_raspi.com,10

其中 /etc/mydns/mydns.conf 为我们自己的配置文件, 内容为腾讯DNSPod
DNS服务器地址,内容如下,

nameserver 127.0.0.1
nameserver 119.29.29.29
nameserver 182.254.116.116

address 为我们下面要添加的两个站点的域名(随便取的名字)。

如何使用DNS,在其他主机上设置DNS即可

Windows直接设置网卡的ipv4的DNS

树莓派 LNMP

Ubuntu 则需要在 /etc/resolv.conf 中添加一行

# 后面的IP为我树莓派的IP
nameserver 192.168.31.80

树莓派 LNMP

安装测试软件或者直接测试

#安装 dnsutils
sudo apt-get install dnsutils

#测试
dig @192.168.31.80 taotaodiy_raspi.cn
curl -R http://www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn
ping taotaodiy_raspi.cn
# 或直接访问

新建站点

DNS设置完毕之后,我们在其他主机上 ping 我们设置的域名是没有问题的。

树莓派 LNMP

我们现在再来修改nginx配置多个站点,其实主要是参照default 站点来做。

像上面设置的两个站点 taotaodiy_raspi.com 和 taotaodiy_raspi.cn

首先我们先创建站点根目录,直接复制/var/www/html

#创建文件夹 www.taotaodiy_raspi.com/
cp -r /var/www/html www.taotaodiy_raspi.com
#创建文件夹 www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn/
cp -r /var/www/html www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn

接着添加站点配置文件,直接复制修改 default

server {
    listen 80;
    #listen [::]:80;
    server_name www.taotaodiy_raspi.com taotaodiy_raspi.com;

    root /var/www/www.taotaodiy_raspi.com;
    #index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
    index index.html index.htm index.php default.html default.htm default.php;

    location / {
        # First attempt to serve request as file, then
        # as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~* \.php$ {
    fastcgi_index   index.php;
    #fastcgi_pass    127.0.0.1:9000;
    fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
    include         fastcgi_params;
    fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
    }

}

创建链接文件,链接文件指向我们的站点配置文件,或者直接在nginx.conf中添加我们的配置文件。

ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/www.taotaodiy_raspi.com.conf taotaodiy_raspi.com

另外一个站点相仿,配置文件只需要修改域名即可。s

下面是我配置好的 nginx
目录,一共三个站点,均可在其他主机(同一局域网)上通过域名访问。

pi@raspberrypi:/etc/nginx $ tree .
.
├── conf.d
├── fastcgi.conf
├── fastcgi_params
├── koi-utf
├── koi-win
├── mime.types
├── modules-available
├── modules-enabled
│   ├── 50-mod-http-auth-pam.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-auth-pam.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-dav-ext.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-dav-ext.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-echo.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-echo.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-geoip.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-geoip.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-image-filter.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-image-filter.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-subs-filter.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-subs-filter.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-upstream-fair.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-upstream-fair.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-http-xslt-filter.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-http-xslt-filter.conf
│   ├── 50-mod-mail.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-mail.conf
│   └── 50-mod-stream.conf -> /usr/share/nginx/modules-available/mod-stream.conf
├── nginx.conf
├── nginx.conf_bak
├── proxy_params
├── scgi_params
├── sites-available
│   ├── default
│   ├── default_bak
│   ├── www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn.conf
│   └── www.taotaodiy_raspi.com.conf
├── sites-enabled
│   ├── default -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
│   ├── taotaodiy_raspi.cn -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/www.taotaodiy_raspi.cn.conf
│   └── taotaodiy_raspi.com -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/www.taotaodiy_raspi.com.conf
├── snippets
│   ├── fastcgi-php.conf
│   └── snakeoil.conf
├── uwsgi_params
└── win-utf

树莓派 LNMP

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