除了os.path，模块pathlib也能对文件路径进行操作：
Python 3.8.8 (tags/v3.8.8:024d805, Feb 19 2021, 13:08:11) [MSC v.1928 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> import pathlib
>>> dir(pathlib)
['EBADF', 'EINVAL', 'ELOOP', 'ENOENT', 'ENOTDIR', 'Path', 'PosixPath', 'PurePath',
'PurePosixPath', 'PureWindowsPath', 'S_ISBLK', 'S_ISCHR', 'S_ISDIR', 'S_ISFIFO', 'S_ISLNK',
'S_ISREG', 'S_ISSOCK', 'Sequence', 'WindowsPath', '_Accessor', '_Flavour',
'_IGNORED_ERROS', '_IGNORED_WINERRORS', '_NormalAccessor', '_PathParents', '_PosixFlavour',
'_PreciseSelector', '_RecursiveWildcardSelector', '_Selector', '_TerminatingSelector',
'_WildcardSelector', '_WindowsFlavour', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__',
'__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_getfinalpathname',
'_ignore_error', '_is_wildcard_pattern', '_make_selector', '_normal_accessor',
'_posix_flavour', '_windows_flavour', 'attrgetter', 'fnmatch', 'functools', 'io', 'nt',
'ntpath', 'os', 'posixpath', 're', 'supports_symlinks', 'sys', 'urlquote_from_bytes']
>>> pathlib.__all__
['PurePath', 'PurePosixPath', 'PureWindowsPath', 'Path', 'PosixPath', 'WindowsPath']
此模块*有6个类功能都差不多，以最后一个WindowsPath来举例：
>>> from pathlib import WindowsPath as wp
>>> dir(wp)
['__bytes__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__enter__', '__eq__',
'__exit__', '__format__', '__fspath__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__',
'__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__',
'__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rtruediv__', '__setattr__',
'__sizeof__', '__slots__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '_accessor',
'_cached_cparts', '_closed', '_cparts', '_drv', '_flavour', '_format_parsed_parts',
'_from_parsed_parts', '_from_parts', '_hash', '_init', '_make_child',
'_make_child_relpath', '_opener', '_parse_args', '_parts', '_pparts', '_raise_closed',
'_raw_open', '_root', '_str', 'absolute', 'anchor', 'as_posix', 'as_uri', 'chmod', 'cwd',
'drive', 'exists', 'expanduser', 'glob', 'group', 'home', 'is_absolute',
'is_block_device', 'is_char_device', 'is_dir', 'is_fifo', 'is_file', 'is_mount',
'is_reserved', 'is_socket', 'is_symlink', 'iterdir', 'joinpath', 'lchmod', 'link_to',
'lstat', 'match', 'mkdir', 'name', 'open', 'owner', 'parent', 'parents', 'parts',
'read_bytes', 'read_text', 'relative_to', 'rename', 'replace', 'resolve', 'rglob',
'rmdir', 'root', 'samefile', 'stat', 'stem', 'suffix', 'suffixes', 'symlink_to', 'touch',
'unlink', 'with_name', 'with_suffix', 'write_bytes', 'write_text']
>>> print(wp.__doc__)
Path subclass for Windows systems.
On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
>>> [i for i in dir(wp) if i[0]>='a']
['absolute', 'anchor', 'as_posix', 'as_uri', 'chmod', 'cwd', 'drive', 'exists',
'expanduser', 'glob', 'group', 'home', 'is_absolute', 'is_block_device',
'is_char_device', 'is_dir', 'is_fifo', 'is_file', 'is_mount', 'is_reserved', 'is_socket',
'is_symlink', 'iterdir', 'joinpath', 'lchmod', 'link_to', 'lstat', 'match', 'mkdir',
'name', 'open', 'owner', 'parent', 'parents', 'parts', 'read_bytes', 'read_text',
'relative_to', 'rename', 'replace', 'resolve', 'rglob', 'rmdir', 'root', 'samefile',
'stat', 'stem', 'suffix', 'suffixes', 'symlink_to', 'touch', 'unlink', 'with_name',
'with_suffix', 'write_bytes', 'write_text']对完整路径的分拆：
>>> p=r'd:\abc\exam\text1.doc'
>>> wp(p).anchor
'd:\\'
>>> wp(p).drive
'd:'
>>> wp(p).name
'text1.doc'
>>> wp(p).parent
WindowsPath('d:/abc/exam')
>>> str(wp(p).parent)
'd:\\abc\\exam'
>>> wp(p).parents
<WindowsPath.parents>
>>> wp(p).parts
('d:\\', 'abc', 'exam', 'text1.doc')
>>> wp(p).root
'\\'
>>> wp(p).stem
'text1'
>>> wp(p).suffix
'.doc'
>>> wp(p).suffixes
['.doc']
>>> 其它函数：
>>> wp(p).cwd()
WindowsPath('D:/')
>>> str(wp(p).cwd())
'D:\\'
>>> wp(p).home()
WindowsPath('C:/Users/Administrator')
>>> str(wp(p).home())
'C:\\Users\\Administrator'
>>> wp(p).owner()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#50>", line 1, in <module>
wp(p).owner()
File "D:\Python38-32\lib\pathlib.py", line 1570, in owner
raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system")
NotImplementedError: Path.owner() is unsupported on this system
>>> # Windows不支持owner属性
>>> wp(p).exists()
True
>>> wp(p).is_dir()
False
>>> wp(p).is_file()
True
>>> 完整帮助：
>>> help(pathlib.WindowsPath)
Help on class WindowsPath in module pathlib:
class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath)
| WindowsPath(*args, **kwargs)
|
| Path subclass for Windows systems.
|
| On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
|
| Method resolution order:
| WindowsPath
| Path
| PureWindowsPath
| PurePath
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| group(self)
| Return the group name of the file gid.
|
| is_mount(self)
| Check if this path is a POSIX mount point
|
| owner(self)
| Return the login name of the file owner.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Path:
|
| __enter__(self)
|
| __exit__(self, t, v, tb)
|
| absolute(self)
| Return an absolute version of this path. This function works
| even if the path doesn't point to anything.
|
| No normalization is done, i.e. all '.' and '..' will be kept along.
| Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file.
|
| chmod(self, mode)
| Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod().
|
| exists(self)
| Whether this path exists.
|
| expanduser(self)
| Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs
| (as returned by os.path.expanduser)
|
| glob(self, pattern)
| Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any
| kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern.
|
| is_block_device(self)
| Whether this path is a block device.
|
| is_char_device(self)
| Whether this path is a character device.
|
| is_dir(self)
| Whether this path is a directory.
|
| is_fifo(self)
| Whether this path is a FIFO.
|
| is_file(self)
| Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing
| to regular files).
|
| is_socket(self)
| Whether this path is a socket.
|
| is_symlink(self)
| Whether this path is a symbolic link.
|
| iterdir(self)
| Iterate over the files in this directory. Does not yield any
| result for the special paths '.' and '..'.
|
| lchmod(self, mode)
| Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
| permissions are changed, rather than its target's.
|
| link_to(self, target)
| Create a hard link pointing to a path named target.
|
| lstat(self)
| Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
| status information is returned, rather than its target's.
|
| mkdir(self, mode=511, parents=False, exist_ok=False)
| Create a new directory at this given path.
|
| open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)
| Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as
| the built-in open() function does.
|
| read_bytes(self)
| Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file.
|
| read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None)
| Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file.
|
| rename(self, target)
| Rename this path to the target path.
|
| The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
| interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
| directory of the Path object.
|
| Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
|
| replace(self, target)
| Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists.
|
| The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
| interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
| directory of the Path object.
|
| Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
|
| resolve(self, strict=False)
| Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
| normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under
| Windows).
|
| rglob(self, pattern)
| Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including
| directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in
| this subtree.
|
| rmdir(self)
| Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.
|
| samefile(self, other_path)
| Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file
| (as returned by os.path.samefile()).
|
| stat(self)
| Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
| os.stat() does.
|
| symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False)
| Make this path a symlink pointing to the given path.
| Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.symlink's.
|
| touch(self, mode=438, exist_ok=True)
| Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist.
|
| unlink(self, missing_ok=False)
| Remove this file or link.
| If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead.
|
| write_bytes(self, data)
| Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file.
|
| write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None)
| Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from Path:
|
| cwd() from builtins.type
| Return a new path pointing to the current working directory
| (as returned by os.getcwd()).
|
| home() from builtins.type
| Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as
| returned by os.path.expanduser('~')).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Path:
|
| __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
| Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing
| PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as
| to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the
| new PurePath object.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from PurePath:
|
| __bytes__(self)
| Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only
| recommended to use under Unix.
|
| __eq__(self, other)
| Return self==value.
|
| __fspath__(self)
|
| __ge__(self, other)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __gt__(self, other)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, other)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, other)
| Return self<value.
|
| __reduce__(self)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rtruediv__(self, key)
|
| __str__(self)
| Return the string representation of the path, suitable for
| passing to system calls.
|
| __truediv__(self, key)
|
| as_posix(self)
| Return the string representation of the path with forward (/)
| slashes.
|
| as_uri(self)
| Return the path as a 'file' URI.
|
| is_absolute(self)
| True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable,
| a drive).
|
| is_reserved(self)
| Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved
| by the system, if any.
|
| joinpath(self, *args)
| Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a
| new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative
| paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is
| anchored).
|
| match(self, path_pattern)
| Return True if this path matches the given pattern.
|
| relative_to(self, *other)
| Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed
| arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not
| a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError.
|
| with_name(self, name)
| Return a new path with the file name changed.
|
| with_suffix(self, suffix)
| Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path
| has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty
| string, remove the suffix from the path.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Readonly properties inherited from PurePath:
|
| anchor
| The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''.
|
| drive
| The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.
|
| name
| The final path component, if any.
|
| parent
| The logical parent of the path.
|
| parents
| A sequence of this path's logical parents.
|
| parts
| An object providing sequence-like access to the
| components in the filesystem path.
|
| root
| The root of the path, if any.
|
| stem
| The final path component, minus its last suffix.
|
| suffix
| The final component's last suffix, if any.
|
| This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt'
|
| suffixes
| A list of the final component's suffixes, if any.
|
| These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz']
>>>