docker 部署django项目

2023-10-04 20:22:04

一：实现原理

在虚拟机（宿主机）内开启Docker服务
拉起1个MySQL容器，这个容器就可以当做一台主机，通过veth设备对一对一连接到docker0，映射3306端口
拉起1个CentOS容器，也可以当做一台主机，通过veth设备对一对一连接到docker0，映射8000端口
docker0是一个网桥，连通了MySQL容器和CentOS容器
CentOS容器中的Django项目的数据库用到了MySQL容器，HOST应该是MySQL容器的IP地址，而不是宿主机的IP地址
CentOS容器中的Django项目启动的时候，是：0.0.0.0:8000，外界都可以访问
对于虚拟机来说，docker0：172.17.0.1就是内网的网关，IP地址：192.168.50.101就是公网地址
所以，在本机可以直接通过访问：192.168.50.101:8000来访问Django项目
本机可以通过：192.168.50.101的3306端口来连接和管理数据库

二：安装所需的镜像

注意：

以下所有的命令，如果有2个bash代码块窗口，第1个就是纯命令，第2个是实际运行的效果，所以只需参考第一个即可

1.安装 CentOS7.9

这里用的是`CentOS7.9`，具体版本是`centos:7.9.2009`

之后会把这个当做Django项目启动的容器，再安装Python

docker pull centos:7.9.2009

[root@localhost ~]# docker pull centos:7.9.2009
7.9.2009: Pulling from library/centos
2d473b07cdd5: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:0f4ec88e21daf75124b8a9e5ca03c37a5e937e0e108a255d890492430789b60e
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:7.9.2009
docker.io/library/centos:7.9.2009

https://hub.docker.com/_/centos

2.安装 MySQL5.7

docker pull mysql:5.7.32

[root@localhost ~]# docker pull mysql:5.7.32
5.7.32: Pulling from library/mysql
852e50cd189d: Pull complete
29969ddb0ffb: Pull complete
a43f41a44c48: Pull complete
5cdd802543a3: Pull complete
b79b040de953: Pull complete
938c64119969: Pull complete
7689ec51a0d9: Pull complete
36bd6224d58f: Pull complete
cab9d3fa4c8c: Pull complete
1b741e1c47de: Pull complete
aac9d11987ac: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:8e2004f9fe43df06c3030090f593021a5f283d028b5ed5765cc24236c2c4d88e
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7.32
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7.32

https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql

3.查看本地已有镜像

docker images

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
mysql               5.7.32              ae0658fdbad5        2 weeks ago         449MB
centos              7.9.2009            8652b9f0cb4c        3 weeks ago         204MB

三：启动容器

1.启动 MySQL容器

docker run -dit -p 3306:3306 --name mysql01 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7.32

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -dit -p 3306:3306 --name mysql01 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7.32
e432e4f92efae4f060042b6e9911f1e6d7202df89a3784e8046b77d4879bf5d9

2.启动 CentOS容器

docker run -dit -p 8000:8000 --name centos01 centos:7.9.2009

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -dit -p 8000:8000 --name centos01 centos:7.9.2009
7c65c2fc3ddc8db998144b41ecdcf80d251f07b2722468490b4d55052b1c39f3

3.查看正在运行的容器

CentOS容器的端口状况应该是：0.0.0.0:8000->8000/tcp
MySQL容器的端口状况应该是：0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp

docker ps

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                               NAMES
7c65c2fc3ddc        centos:7.9.2009     "/bin/bash"              1 minutes ago       Up 1 minutes        0.0.0.0:8000->8000/tcp              centos01
e432e4f92efa        mysql:5.7.32        "docker-entrypoint.s…"   2 minutes ago       Up 2 minutes        0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysql01

四：查看宿主机IP 及容器IP

1.查看宿主机的IP

eth0：宿主机的IP地址192.168.50.101
docker0：docker中默认网桥的网关172.17.0.1
eth1：vlan的IP172.16.0.11
lo：本地回环地址127.0.0.1
veth41a90d9：Veth设备对41a90d9 - 联通docker0 和 MySQL容器
vetha304da9：Veth设备对a304da9 - 联通docker0 和 CentOS容器

ifconfig

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
docker0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.17.255.255
        inet6 fe80::42:3fff:fe26:9cc8  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 02:42:3f:26:9c:c8  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 5  bytes 446 (446.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.50.101  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.50.255
        inet6 fe80::c725:1123:43a1:c9e4  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:70:89:d7  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 280309  bytes 413770749 (394.6 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 32395  bytes 2500982 (2.3 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

eth1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.16.0.11  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.16.255.255
        inet6 fe80::9f4b:56ea:6f4d:d64a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:70:89:e1  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 16  bytes 1202 (1.1 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

veth41a90d9: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet6 fe80::f854:d4ff:fe82:2510  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether fa:54:d4:82:25:10  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 13  bytes 1102 (1.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

vetha304da9: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet6 fe80::f889:68ff:fef6:33ba  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether fa:89:68:f6:33:ba  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 8  bytes 656 (656.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

如果使用不了上述的命令，就安装网络工具：`yum install net-tools -y`

2.查看容器

① 查看 MySQL容器IP

重点在NetworkSettings中的IPAddress，这个才是该容器的真实IP
容器的IP：172.17.0.2

docker inspect mysql01

...
"NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "ef9a9185ffd8181e5e846d0cce4033713be2e5565f802234423b81ee9c37e1dc",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {
                "3306/tcp": [
                    {
                        "HostIp": "0.0.0.0",
                        "HostPort": "3306"
                    }
                ],
                "33060/tcp": null
            },
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/ef9a9185ffd8",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "43f07cc4be1b6aba7b2e2cab8001835228a0226040f187efd6f19ea614b20ae3",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",    # 看这里！
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "76f07c0fbd40e71188c3bdf6a221b2cfa2563d75c90e08a8f6a8fa3bd2872ae2",
                    "EndpointID": "43f07cc4be1b6aba7b2e2cab8001835228a0226040f187efd6f19ea614b20ae3",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
...

② 查看 CentOS容器IP

重点在NetworkSettings中的IPAddress，这个才是该容器的真实IP
容器的IP：172.17.0.3

docker inspect centos01

...
"NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "1c63adbf165bd66708a0970aec1f8bec5a298f93d0a8b9e3f87d5eb51e39cb28",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {
                "8000/tcp": [
                    {
                        "HostIp": "0.0.0.0",
                        "HostPort": "8000"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/1c63adbf165b",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "2346c360a8fb707f5730d38db96c5425e32089a7a234d2cd5f792703da9a8dd2",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.3",    # 重点在这里！
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "76f07c0fbd40e71188c3bdf6a221b2cfa2563d75c90e08a8f6a8fa3bd2872ae2",
                    "EndpointID": "2346c360a8fb707f5730d38db96c5425e32089a7a234d2cd5f792703da9a8dd2",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.3",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
...

五：设置 MySQL容器

1.进入 MySQL容器

docker exec -it mysql01 bash

[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it mysql01 bash
root@e432e4f92efa:/#

2.登录、创建数据库`blog01`

mysql -u root -p123456
create database blog01 default charset utf8;

root@e432e4f92efa:/# mysql -u root -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> create database blog01 default charset utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

此时，本机也是可以通过MySQL连接的工具，来直接连接和管理该数据库的

打开`Navicat` - 连接 - MySQL

填写信息（常规）

连接名：自定义
主机：localhost（不用修改）
端口：3306（不用修改，除非映射的端口不是3306）
用户名：数据库的用户名，默认是root
密码：数据库的密码，刚才设置的是123456

填写信息（SSH）

使用SSH通道：√
主机：虚拟机（宿主机）的IP
端口：22（固定的ssh端口）
用户名：虚拟机（宿主机）的用户名，默认是root
密码：虚拟机（宿主机）的密码

点击左下角可以测试连接

点击确定，然后双击打开，就可以看到刚刚创建的数据库：`blog01`

3.退出MySQL、退出MySQL容器

exit

exit

mysql> exit
Bye
root@e432e4f92efa:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]#

六：设置 CentOS容器

1.进入 CentOS容器

docker exec -it centos01 bash

[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it centos01 bash
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]#

2.安装一些需要的工具

vim：文本编辑器 - 用于编辑文件
net-tools：网络工具 - 用于查看网络和 ping其他网络
python36：Python解释器 - 用于安装Django项目的依赖
git：版本控制工具 - 用于拉取项目

yum install vim net-tools python36 git -y

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]# yum install vim net-tools python36 git -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirrors.163.com
 * extras: mirrors.163.com
 * updates: mirrors.163.com
...
Complete!

3.测试网络

ping www.baidu.com    # 测试是否能访问外网

ping 192.168.50.101    # 测试是否能访问宿主机

ping 172.17.0.2        # 测试是否能访问MySQL容器

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]# ping www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (110.242.68.4) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 110.242.68.4 (110.242.68.4): icmp_seq=1 ttl=127 time=27.4 ms
64 bytes from 110.242.68.4 (110.242.68.4): icmp_seq=2 ttl=127 time=26.4 ms
64 bytes from 110.242.68.4 (110.242.68.4): icmp_seq=3 ttl=127 time=28.6 ms
^C
--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2008ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 26.410/27.501/28.669/0.923 ms


[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]# ping 192.168.50.101
PING 192.168.50.101 (192.168.50.101) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.50.101: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.033 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.50.101: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.50.101: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms
^C
--- 192.168.50.101 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2005ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.033/0.039/0.042/0.004 ms


[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]# ping 172.17.0.2
PING 172.17.0.2 (172.17.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.17.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.102 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
^C
--- 172.17.0.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2005ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.048/0.068/0.102/0.025 ms

4.用`git`拉取项目

① 先创建并进入自定义的目录

mkdir /django_test
cd /django_test

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]# mkdir /django_test
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc /]# cd /django_test
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_test]#

② 拉取`Django项目`

git clone https://gitee.com/xuexianqi/django_blog.git

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_test]# git clone https://gitee.com/xuexianqi/django_blog.git
Cloning into 'django_blog'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 1118, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1118/1118), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (961/961), done.
remote: Total 1118 (delta 133), reused 1084 (delta 118), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (1118/1118), 17.45 MiB | 5.33 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (133/133), done.

③ 查看当前文件夹是否有该`Django项目`

ls -l

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_test]# ls -l
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 8 root root 151 Dec  5 09:12 django_blog

5.安装项目所需的依赖

① 切换到该项目的根目录并查看文件

cd django_blog

ls -l

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_test]# cd django_blog
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# ls -l
total 20
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root    93 Dec  5 09:12 Django_Blog
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10396 Dec  5 09:12 README.md
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   203 Dec  5 09:12 blog
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   631 Dec  5 09:12 manage.py
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root    91 Dec  5 09:12 media
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   206 Dec  5 09:12 requirements.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root    63 Dec  5 09:12 static
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root   181 Dec  5 09:12 templates

② 用`pip3`安装依赖

项目所需的依赖都在`requirements.txt`中，用`pip3`可以一键安装（这里指定pip豆瓣源）

pip3 install -r requirements.txt -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# pip3 install -r requirements.txt -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/
WARNING: Running pip install with root privileges is generally not a good idea. Try `pip3 install --user` instead.
Collecting beautifulsoup4==4.9.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/d1/41/e6495bd7d3781cee623ce23ea6ac73282a373088fcd0ddc809a047b18eae/beautifulsoup4-4.9.3-py3-none-any.whl (115kB)
    100% |################################| 122kB 616kB/s
Collecting Django==2.2.2 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/eb/4b/743d5008fc7432c714d753e1fc7ee56c6a776dc566cc6cfb4136d46cdcbb/Django-2.2.2-py3-none-any.whl (7.4MB)
    100% |################################| 7.5MB 267kB/s
Collecting django-mdeditor==0.1.18 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/16/d6/392b8b2fe2646b0b8080aea68cd68a7c95ff574b90aebe77e5ec22f31872/django-mdeditor-0.1.18.tar.gz (40.1MB)
    100% |################################| 40.1MB 46kB/s
Collecting importlib-metadata==2.0.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 4))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/6d/6d/f4bb28424bc677bce1210bc19f69a43efe823e294325606ead595211f93e/importlib_metadata-2.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting Markdown==3.3.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 5))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/ac/ef/24a91ca96efa0d7802dffb83ccc7a3c677027bea19ec3c9ee80be740408e/Markdown-3.3.3-py3-none-any.whl (96kB)
    100% |################################| 102kB 12.1MB/s
Collecting Pillow==8.0.1 (from -r requirements.txt (line 6))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/5f/19/d4c25111d36163698396f93c363114cf1cddbacb24744f6612f25b6aa3d0/Pillow-8.0.1-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (2.2MB)
    100% |################################| 2.2MB 807kB/s
Collecting Pygments==2.7.2 (from -r requirements.txt (line 7))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/d8/cf/d7e48846e10ac4f8b89d489cec3dc9c2804a825f812c851559cfbcc251cc/Pygments-2.7.2-py3-none-any.whl (948kB)
    100% |################################| 952kB 2.0MB/s
Collecting PyMySQL==0.10.1 (from -r requirements.txt (line 8))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/1a/ea/dd9c81e2d85efd03cfbf808736dd055bd9ea1a78aea9968888b1055c3263/PyMySQL-0.10.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (47kB)
    100% |################################| 51kB 10.9MB/s
Collecting pytz==2020.4 (from -r requirements.txt (line 9))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/12/f8/ff09af6ff61a3efaad5f61ba5facdf17e7722c4393f7d8a66674d2dbd29f/pytz-2020.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (509kB)
    100% |################################| 512kB 3.8MB/s
Collecting soupsieve==2.0.1 (from -r requirements.txt (line 10))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/6f/8f/457f4a5390eeae1cc3aeab89deb7724c965be841ffca6cfca9197482e470/soupsieve-2.0.1-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting sqlparse==0.4.1 (from -r requirements.txt (line 11))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/14/05/6e8eb62ca685b10e34051a80d7ea94b7137369d8c0be5c3b9d9b6e3f5dae/sqlparse-0.4.1-py3-none-any.whl (42kB)
    100% |################################| 51kB 15.3MB/s
Collecting zipp==3.4.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 12))
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/41/ad/6a4f1a124b325618a7fb758b885b68ff7b058eec47d9220a12ab38d90b1f/zipp-3.4.0-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: soupsieve, beautifulsoup4, sqlparse, pytz, Django, django-mdeditor, zipp, importlib-metadata, Markdown, Pillow, Pygments, PyMySQL
  Running setup.py install for django-mdeditor ... done
Successfully installed Django-2.2.2 Markdown-3.3.3 Pillow-8.0.1 PyMySQL-0.10.1 Pygments-2.7.2 beautifulsoup4-4.9.3 django-mdeditor-0.1.18 importlib-metadata-2.0.0 pytz-2020.4 soupsieve-2.0.1 sqlparse-0.4.1 zipp-3.4.0

③ 修改数据库配置

这个Django项目本身的数据库配置为本地，也就是127.0.0.1

但是现在的项目是跑在CentOS容器中的，但是MySQL却在另一个容器中

所以，要修改数据库配置，把127.0.0.1替换成MySQL容器的IP：172.17.0.2

# 切换到 Django_Blog 目录
cd Django_Blog

# 用 vim 编辑 settings.py 文件
vim settings.py


# 按 i 进入插入模式
i

# 把 "HOST": "127.0.0.1",  改成 "HOST": "172.17.0.2", 
# 把 "USER": os.getenv('user', 'root'), 改成 "USER": 'root',
# 把 "PASSWORD": os.getenv('pwd', '123456'), 改成 "PASSWORD": '123456',
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': "blog01",
        "HOST": "172.17.0.2", 
        "PORT": 3306,
        "USER": 'root', 
        "PASSWORD": '123456', 
    }
}

# 按 Esc 退出插入模式
Esc

# 按 :wq! 强制保存并退出
:wq!

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# cd Django_Blog
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc Django_Blog]# vim settings.py

④ 执行数据迁移命令

# 切换到上一层目录，因为需要的 manage.py 这个文件在上一层
cd ..

# 执行数据迁移命令（注意：这里会报错！）
python3 manage.py makemigrations

# 根据报错提示 修改文件：/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py 的第146行
vim /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py


# 输入命令，显示行号
:set nu

# 用方向键↓找到146行，按 i 进入插入模式
i

# 把：query = query.decode(errors='replace') 的decode 换成 encode
query = query.encode(errors='replace')

# 按 Esc 退出
Esc

# 按 :wq! 强制保存 并退出
:wq!

# 再次执行数据迁移命令
python3 manage.py makemigrations
python3 manage.py migrate

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc Django_Blog]# cd ..
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# python3 manage.py makemigrations
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "manage.py", line 21, in <module>
    main()
...
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py", line 146, in last_executed_query
    query = query.decode(errors='replace')
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'decode'
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# vim /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# python3 manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'blog':
  blog/migrations/0001_initial.py
    - Create model UserInfo
    - Create model Article
    - Create model Blog
    - Create model Log
    - Create model Swiper
    - Create model Tag
    - Create model UpAndDown
    - Create model Tag2Article
    - Create model Comment
    - Create model Category
    - Add field blog to article
    - Add field category to article
    - Add field tag to article
    - Add field blog to userinfo
    - Add field groups to userinfo
    - Add field user_permissions to userinfo
[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# python3 manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, blog, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0010_alter_group_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0011_update_proxy_permissions... OK
  Applying blog.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
  Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

⑤ 启动项目

IP和端口号是：0.0.0.0:8000，这样外部就可以直接访问了

python3 manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

[root@7c65c2fc3ddc django_blog]# python3 manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
Watching for file changes with StatReloader
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
December 05, 2020 - 17:36:07
Django version 2.2.2, using settings 'Django_Blog.settings'
Starting development server at http://0.0.0.0:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

⑥ 外界访问项目

在本机的浏览器中，输入虚拟机（宿主机）的IP和CentOS容器（运行的Django项目）的端口号：192.168.50.101:8000

192.168.50.101:8000

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