public static void main(String args[]) {

        if (daemon == null) {
            daemon = new Bootstrap();//创建了一个引导对象
            try {//引导对象初始化，即创建了Catalina容器
                daemon.init();
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                t.printStackTrace();
                return;
            }
        }

        // 根据不同的命令参数执行
        try {
            String command = "start";
            if (args.length > 0) {
                command = args[args.length - 1];
            }

            if (command.equals("startd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "start";
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
                daemon.stop();
            } else if (command.equals("start")) {
                daemon.setAwait(true);
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stop")) {
                daemon.stopServer(args);
            } else {
                log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            t.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

public void init()
        throws Exception
    {  

        // Set Catalina path
        // 设置catalina_home属性，tomcat启动脚本里有通过-Dcatalina.home设置
        setCatalinaHome();
        // 设置catalina_base属性，运行多实例的时候该目录与catalina_home不同
        setCatalinaBase();  

        // 初始化classloader，读取conf/catalina.properties，根据指定的repository创建classloader
        // 有三个classloader   分别是common、catalina、shared，tomcat6中三个相同
        initClassLoaders();
        // 设置当前线程的classloader
        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(catalinaLoader);
        // 待研究
        SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader);  

        // 以下通过反射调用Catalina中的方法
        // Load our startup class and call its process() method
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Loading startup class");
        Class startupClass =
            catalinaLoader.loadClass
            ("org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina");
        Object startupInstance = startupClass.newInstance();  

        // Set the shared extensions class loader
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Setting startup class properties");
        String methodName = "setParentClassLoader";
        Class paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
        paramTypes[0] = Class.forName("java.lang.ClassLoader");
        Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
        paramValues[0] = sharedLoader;
        Method method =
            startupInstance.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
        method.invoke(startupInstance, paramValues);  

        catalinaDaemon = startupInstance;  

    }

// Configure the actions we will be using
        digester.addObjectCreate("Server",
                                 "org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer",
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server");
        digester.addSetNext("Server",
                            "setServer",
                            "org.apache.catalina.Server");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/GlobalNamingResources",
                                 "org.apache.catalina.deploy.NamingResources");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/GlobalNamingResources");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/GlobalNamingResources",
                            "setGlobalNamingResources",
                            "org.apache.catalina.deploy.NamingResources");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Listener",
                                 null, // MUST be specified in the element
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Listener");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Listener",
                            "addLifecycleListener",
                            "org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service",
                                 "org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService",
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service",
                            "addService",
                            "org.apache.catalina.Service");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Listener",
                                 null, // MUST be specified in the element
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Listener");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Listener",
                            "addLifecycleListener",
                            "org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");

        //Executor
        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Executor",
                         "org.apache.catalina.core.StandardThreadExecutor",
                         "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Executor");

        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Executor",
                            "addExecutor",
                            "org.apache.catalina.Executor");

        digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector",
                         new ConnectorCreateRule());
        digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector",
                         new SetAllPropertiesRule(new String[]{"executor"}));
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector",
                            "addConnector",
                            "org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector");
        // ...

public void start() {

        if (getServer() == null) {
            load();
        }

        if (getServer() == null) {
            log.fatal("Cannot start server. Server instance is not configured.");
            return;
        }

        long t1 = System.nanoTime();

        // Start the new server
        if (getServer() instanceof Lifecycle) {
            try {
                ((Lifecycle) getServer()).start();
            } catch (LifecycleException e) {
                log.error("Catalina.start: ", e);
            }
        }

        long t2 = System.nanoTime();
        if(log.isInfoEnabled())
            log.info("Server startup in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");

        try {
            // Register shutdown hook
            if (useShutdownHook) {
                if (shutdownHook == null) {
                    shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();
                }
                Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);

                // If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since
                // shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost
                // if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()
                LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
                if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
                    ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
                            false);
                }
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            // This will fail on JDK 1.2. Ignoring, as Tomcat can run
            // fine without the shutdown hook.
        }

        if (await) {
            await();
            stop();
        }

    }

CatalinaShutdownHook is an inner class of Catalina and so has access to all the data members of Catalina. Its run() method is very simple. It just ensures that stop() is called on this instance of Catalina. This method invokes stop() on the StandardServer instance, which in turn performs a cascaded invocation of stop() on all its child components. Each child does the same for its children, until the entire server has been cleanly stopped.

使用类CatalinaShutdownHook实现，它继承Thread，run中进行清理

// Register shutdown hook
if (useShutdownHook) {
if (shutdownHook == null) {
shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();
}
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
// If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since
// shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost
// if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()
LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
false);
}
}

<!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
<!-- 启动Server 在端口8005处等待关闭命令 如果接受到"SHUTDOWN"字符串则关闭服务器 -->
<Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN" debug="0">
<!-- Listener ??? 目前没有看到这里 -->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.ServerLifecycleListener" debug="0"/>
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" debug="0"/>
<!-- Global JNDI resources ??? 目前没有看到这里，先略去 -->
<GlobalNamingResources>
 ... ... ... ...
</GlobalNamingResources>
<!-- Tomcat的Standalone Service Service是一组Connector的集合 它们共用一个Engine来处理所有Connector收到的请求 -->
<Service name="Tomcat-Standalone">
<!-- Coyote HTTP/1.1 Connector className : 该Connector的实现类是org.apache.coyote.tomcat4.CoyoteConnector port :
在端口号8080处侦听来自客户browser的HTTP1.1请求 minProcessors : 该Connector先创建5个线程等待客户请求，
每个请求由一个线程负责 maxProcessors : 当现有的线程不够服务客户请求时，若线程总数不足75个，则创建新线程来处理请求
acceptCount : 当现有线程已经达到最大数75时，为客户请求排队 当队列中请求数超过100时，后来的请求返回Connection refused
错误 redirectport : 当客户请求是https时，把该请求转发到端口8443去 其它属性略 -->
<Connector className="org.apache.coyote.tomcat4.CoyoteConnector"
 port="8080"
 minProcessors="5" maxProcessors="75" acceptCount="100"
 enableLookups="true"
 redirectPort="8443"
 debug="0"
 connectionTimeout="20000"
 useURIValidationHack="false"
 disableUploadTimeout="true" />
<!-- Engine用来处理Connector收到的Http请求 它将匹配请求和自己的虚拟主机，
并把请求转交给对应的Host来处理默认虚拟主机是localhost -->
<Engine name="Standalone" defaultHost="localhost" debug="0">
<!-- 日志类，目前没有看到，略去先 -->
<Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger" .../>
<!-- Realm，目前没有看到，略去先 -->
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm" .../>
<!-- 虚拟主机localhost appBase : 该虚拟主机的根目录是webapps/ 它将匹配请求和
自己的Context的路径，并把请求转交给对应的Context来处理 -->
<Host name="localhost" debug="0" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<!-- 日志类，目前没有看到，略去先 -->
<Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger" .../>
<!-- Context，对应于一个Web App path : 该Context的路径名是""，故该Context是该Host的
默认Context docBase : 该Context的根目录是webapps/mycontext/ -->
<Context path="" docBase="mycontext" debug="0"/>
<!-- 另外一个Context，路径名是/wsota -->
<Context path="/wsota" docBase="wsotaProject" debug="0"/>
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
<!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->

<!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
<web-app>
<!-- 概述： 该文件是所有的WEB APP共用的部署配置文件， 每当一个WEB APP
被DEPLOY，该文件都将先被处理，然后才是WEB APP自己的/WEB-INF/web.xml -->
<!-- +-------------------------+ -->
<!-- | servlet类定义部分 | -->
<!-- +-------------------------+ -->
<!-- DefaultServlet
当用户的HTTP请求无法匹配任何一个servlet的时候，该servlet被执行
URL PATTERN MAPPING : / -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.apache.catalina.servlets.DefaultServlet
</servlet-class>
<init-param>
   <param-name>debug</param-name>
   <param-value>0</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
   <param-name>listings</param-name>
   <param-value>true</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<!-- InvokerServlet
处理一个WEB APP中的匿名servlet 当一个servlet被编写并编译放入
/WEB-INF/classes/中，却没有在/WEB-INF/web.xml中定义的时候
该servlet被调用，把匿名servlet映射成/servlet/ClassName的形式
URL PATTERN MAPPING : /servlet/* -->
<servlet>
   <servlet-name>invoker</servlet-name>
   <servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.servlets.InvokerServlet </servlet-class>
   <init-param>
     <param-name>debug</param-name>
     <param-value>0</param-value>
   </init-param>
   <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<!-- JspServlet
当请求的是一个JSP页面的时候（*.jsp）该servlet被调用
它是一个JSP编译器，将请求的JSP页面编译成为servlet再执行
URL PATTERN MAPPING : *.jsp -->
<servlet>
  <servlet-name>jsp</servlet-name>
  <servlet-class>org.apache.jasper.servlet.JspServlet</servlet-class>
  <init-param>
     <param-name>logVerbosityLevel</param-name>
     <param-value>WARNING</param-value>
  </init-param>
 <load-on-startup>3</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<!-- +---------------------------+ -->
<!-- | servlet映射定义部分 | -->
<!-- +---------------------------+ -->
<servlet-mapping>
  <servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
  <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
   <servlet-name>invoker</servlet-name>
   <url-pattern>/servlet/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
  <servlet-name>jsp</servlet-name>
  <url-pattern>*.jsp</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!-- +------------------------+ -->
<!-- | 其它部分，略去先 | -->
<!-- +------------------------+ -->
... ... ... ...
</web-app>
<!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->

 

<Context path="/kaka" docBase="kaka" debug="0" reloadbale="true" privileged="true">
<WatchedResource>WEB-INF/web.xml</WatchedResource>
<WatchedResource>WEB-INF/kaka.xml</WatchedResource> 监控资源文件，如果web.xml || kaka.xml改变了，则自动重新加载改应用。
<Resource name="jdbc/testSiteds" 表示指定的jndi名称
auth="Container" 表示认证方式，一般为Container
type="javax.sql.DataSource"
maxActive="100" 连接池支持的最大连接数
maxIdle="30" 连接池中最多可空闲maxIdle个连接
maxWait="10000" 连接池中连接用完时,新的请求等待时间,毫秒
username="root" 表示数据库用户名
password="root" 表示数据库用户的密码
driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" 表示JDBC DRIVER
url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testSite" /> 表示数据库URL地址
</Context>