“世界上不会有两片完全相同的树叶”,这句话适用于现实世界。而在软件世界中,这句话变成了"世界上必须有两片完全相同的树叶",否则,很多事情无以为继。
当比较2个对象是否相等时,通常情况下:==操作符用来比较值类型,比较的是值;实例方法Equals和静态方法Object.ReferenceEquals比较引用类型,比较的是对象的地址。
在实际项目中,当比较2个引用类型对象时,我们的需求变为:通过依次比较2个对象的所有属性来判断是否相等。这时候,IEquatable接口就有了展示自己的机会。本篇主要包括:
使用==操作符比较值类型是否相等
class Program{static void Main(string[] args){ComplexNumber a = new ComplexNumber(){Real = 4.5D, Imaginary = 8.4D};ComplexNumber b = new ComplexNumber() { Real = 4.5D, Imaginary = 8.4D };Console.WriteLine("{0} 是否等于{1}:{2}",a, b, CompareTwoComplexNumbers(a, b));Console.ReadKey();}static bool CompareTwoComplexNumbers(ComplexNumber a, ComplexNumber b){return ((a.Real == b.Real) && (a.Imaginary == b.Imaginary));}}public class ComplexNumber{public double Real { get; set; }public double Imaginary { get; set; }public override string ToString(){return String.Format("{0}{1}{2}i",Real,Imaginary >= 0 ? "+" : "-",Math.Abs(Imaginary));}}
以上,比较诸如int,double,DateTime,struct等值类型的时候,==操作符当然是不二之选。
实例方法Equals比较引用类型地址是否相等
class Program{static void Main(string[] args){Guy darren1 = new Guy("Darren", 37, 100);Guy darren2 = darren1;Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(darren1,darren2));Console.WriteLine(darren1.Equals(darren2));Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(null, null));darren2 = new Guy("Darren", 37, 100);Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(darren1, darren2));Console.WriteLine(darren1.Equals(darren2));Console.ReadKey();}}public class Guy{private readonly string name;public string Name{get { return name; }}private readonly int age;public int Age{get { return age; }}public int Cash { get; private set; }public Guy(string name, int age, int cash){this.name = name;this.age = age;Cash = cash;}public override string ToString(){return String.Format("{0} 今年 {1} 岁了,身价{2}", Name, Age, Cash);}}
以上,实例方法Equals()和静态方法Object.ReferenceEquals()适用于比较引用类型,而且比较的是对象的地址。
可是,如果我们想使用Equals()方法比较引用类型对象的各个属性,怎么办呢?
实现IEquatable接口重写实例方法Equals()
写一个派生于Guy的类EquatableGuy,并且实现IEquatable<Guy>接口,重写IEquatable<Guy>接口的Equals(Guy other)方法。
class Program{static void Main(string[] args){Guy darren1 = new EquatableGuy("Darren", 37, 100);Guy darren2 = new EquatableGuy("Darren", 37, 100);Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(darren1, darren2)); //FalseConsole.WriteLine(darren1.Equals(darren2)); //TrueConsole.ReadKey();}}public class Guy{private readonly string name;public string Name{get { return name; }}private readonly int age;public int Age{get { return age; }}public int Cash { get; private set; }public Guy(string name, int age, int cash){this.name = name;this.age = age;Cash = cash;}public override string ToString(){return String.Format("{0} 今年 {1} 岁了,身价{2}", Name, Age, Cash);}}public class EquatableGuy : Guy, IEquatable<Guy>{public EquatableGuy(string name, int age, int cash) : base(name, age, cash){}public bool Equals(Guy other){if (ReferenceEquals(null, other)) return false;if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;return Equals(other.Name, Name) && other.Age == Age && other.Cash == Cash;}public override bool Equals(object obj){if (!(obj is Guy)) return false;return Equals((Guy) obj);}public override int GetHashCode(){const int prime = 397;int result = Age;result = (result * prime) ^ (Name != null ? Name.GetHashCode() : 0);result = (result * prime) ^ Cash;return result;}}
以上,值得注意的是:
当实现IEquatable<Guy>接口时,一定要重写Object基类的Equals方法,然后在Object基类的Equals方法内部调用我们自定义的IEquatable<Guy>接口方法。另外还必须重写Object基类的GetHashCode方法。这时MSDN规定的,在这里。
而且,使用IEquatable<Guy>泛型接口还有一个好处是避免装箱和拆箱,因为在JIT编译时才替代占位符。而如果我们通过重写Object基类方法Equals实现自定义比较的话,难免会出现装箱和拆箱,影响比较性能。
如果我们项使用==操作符比较引用对象是否相等呢?我们可以通过重写操作符来实现。
我们再写一个EquatableGuy的子类EquatableGuyWithOverload,并且重写==操作符。
class Program{static void Main(string[] args){var darren1 = new EquatableGuyWithOverload("Darren", 37, 100);var darren2 = new EquatableGuyWithOverload("Darren", 37, 100);Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(darren1, darren2)); //FalseConsole.WriteLine(darren1 == darren2); //TrueConsole.ReadKey();}}public class EquatableGuyWithOverload : EquatableGuy{public EquatableGuyWithOverload(string name, int age, int cash) : base(name, age, cash){}public static bool operator ==(EquatableGuyWithOverload left, EquatableGuyWithOverload right){if (Object.ReferenceEquals(left, null)) return false;else return left.Equals(right);}public static bool operator !=(EquatableGuyWithOverload left, EquatableGuyWithOverload right){return !(left == right);}public override bool Equals(object obj){return base.Equals(obj);}public override int GetHashCode(){return base.GetHashCode();}}
以上,子类EquatableGuyWithOverload重写了==操作符,由于其父类EquatableGuy已经重写了基类Object的Equals方法,所以在这里可以直接调用。
总结:通常情况下,使用==操作符比较值类型对象;使用实例方法Equals或静态方法Object.ReferenceEquals比较引用类型对象地址;如果想自定义比较逻辑,可以考虑实现IEquatable<>泛型接口,避免装箱、拆箱。
参考资料:
防止装箱落实到底,只做一半也是失败
Understanding C#: Equality, IEquatable, and Equals()