重点内容
- not null和default
- unique
- primary
- auto_increment
- foreign key
一 介绍
约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数
作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为:
PRIMARY KEY (PK) #标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) #标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL #标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) #标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT #标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT #为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED #无符号
ZEROFILL #使用0填充
说明:
#1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
#2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
#必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20
# 3. 是否是key
主键 primary key
外键 foreign key
索引 (index,unique...)
二 not null 与default
是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空
默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
);
验证1:默认值可以为空
mysql> create table t11(id int);# id字段默认可以为空
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> desc t11;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into t11 values(); #给t11表插一个空的值
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
#查询结果如下
mysql> select * from t11;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| NULL |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
验证2:设置not null,插入值时不能为空
mysql> create table t12(id int not null);#设置字段id不为空
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> desc t12;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t12 values();#不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
验证3:设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空
# 第一种情况
mysql> create table t13(id int default 1);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> desc t13;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | 1 | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t13 values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t13;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 1 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 第二种情况
mysql> create table t14(id int not null default 2);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> desc t14;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | 2 | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from t14;
+----+
| id |
+----+
| 2 |
+----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
小练习:
创建学生表student2,设置每个字段的约束条件。
mysql> create table student2(
-> id int not null,
-> name varchar(50) not null,
-> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
-> fav set('smoke','drink','tangtou') default 'drink,tangtou'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
# 只插入了not null约束条件的字段对应的值
mysql> insert into student2(id,name) values(1,'mjj');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
# 查询结果如下
mysql> select * from student2;
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
| id | name | age | sex | fav |
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
| 1 | mjj | 18 | male | drink,tangtou |
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三 unique
中文翻译:不同的。在mysql中称为单列唯一
举例说明:创建公司部门表(每个公司都有唯一的一个部门)。
mysql> create table department(
-> id int,
-> name char(10)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into department values(1,'IT'),(2,'IT');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from department;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | IT |
| 2 | IT |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 发现: 同时插入两个IT部门也是可以的,但这是不合理的,所以我们要设置name字段为unique 解决这种不合理的现象。
接下来,使用约束条件unique,来对公司部门的字段进行设置。
#第一种创建unique的方式
#例子1:
create table department(
id int,
name char(10) unique
);
mysql> insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'it');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name'
#例子2:
create table department(
id int unique,
name char(10) unique
);
insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');
#第二种创建unique的方式
create table department(
id int,
name char(10) ,
unique(id),
unique(name)
);
insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');
联合唯一:
# 创建services表
mysql> create table services(
id int,
ip char(15),
port int,
unique(id),
unique(ip,port)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> desc services;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| ip | char(15) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| port | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
#联合唯一,只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
mysql> insert into services values
(1,'192,168,11,23',80),
(2,'192,168,11,23',81),
(3,'192,168,11,25',80);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from services;
+------+---------------+------+
| id | ip | port |
+------+---------------+------+
| 1 | 192,168,11,23 | 80 |
| 2 | 192,168,11,23 | 81 |
| 3 | 192,168,11,25 | 80 |
+------+---------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into services values (4,'192,168,11,23',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip'
四 primary key
在MySQL的一个表中只有唯一的一个主键,不能有多列主键,但可以有复合主键
一个表中可以:
单列做主键
多列做主键(复合主键)
约束:等价于 not null unique,字段的值不为空且唯一
存储引擎默认是(innodb):对于innodb存储引擎来说,一张表必须有一个主键。
单列主键
# 创建t14表,为id字段设置主键,唯一的不同的记录
create table t14(
id int primary key,
name char(16)
);
insert into t14 values
(1,'xiaoma'),
(2,'xiaohong');
mysql> insert into t14 values(2,'wxxx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '6' for key 'PRIMARY'
# not null + unique的化学反应,相当于给id设置primary key
create table t15(
id int not null unique,
name char(16)
);
mysql> create table t15(
-> id int not null unique,
-> name char(16)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc t15;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(16) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
复合主键
create table t16(
ip char(15),
port int,
primary key(ip,port)
);
insert into t16 values
('1.1.1.2',80),
('1.1.1.2',81);
应用举例:比如'选课'系统(学生号,课程号,分数),每个学生可以选修多门课程,每门课程可以有多名学生选修。
五 auto_increment
约束的字段为自动增长,约束的字段必须同时被key约束
验证:(重点)
1.不指定id,则自动增长:
# 创建student
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);
mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.17 sec)
#插入记录
mysql> insert into student(name) values ('老白'),('小白');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+--------+------+
| 1 | 老白 | male |
| 2 | 小白 | male |
+----+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.也可以指定ID:
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+--------+--------+
| 1 | 老白 | male |
| 2 | 小白 | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
+----+--------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 再次插入一条不指定id的记录,会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长
mysql> insert into student(name) values ('大白');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+--------+--------+
| 1 | 老白 | male |
| 2 | 小白 | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
| 8 | 大白 | male |
+----+--------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 9 | ysb | male |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into student(name) values('xiaobai');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | xiaobai | male |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
auto_increment_increment
和auto_increment_offset
(了解即可):
查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词
mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%';
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
+--------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
# 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1
# 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1
# 设置步长 为会话设置,只在本次连接中有效
set session auto_increment_increment=5;
#全局设置步长 都有效。
set global auto_increment_increment=5;
# 设置起始偏移量
set global auto_increment_offset=3;
#强调:If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略
# 设置完起始偏移量和步长之后,再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%';
发现跟之前一样,必须先exit,再登录才有效。
mysql> show variables like'auto_inc%';
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 5 |
| auto_increment_offset | 3 |
+--------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#因为之前有一条记录id=1
mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | xiaobai | male |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 下次插入的时候,从起始位置3开始,每次插入记录id+5
mysql> insert into student(name) values('ma1'),('ma2'),('ma3');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | xiaobai | male |
| 3 | ma1 | male |
| 8 | ma2 | male |
| 13 | ma3 | male |
+----+---------+------+
清空表 - 区分delete和truncate的区别:
delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。
truncate table t1; #数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始。
六 foreign key
快速理解foreign key
之前创建表的时候都是在一张表中添加记录,比如如下表:
公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费。
这个时候,解决方法:我们完全可以定义一个部门表,然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key。
我们可以将上表改为如下结构:
此时有两张表,一张是employee表,简称emp表(关联表,也就从表)。一张是department表,简称dep表(被关联表,也叫主表)。
创建两张表操作
#1.创建表时先创建被关联表,再创建关联表
# 先创建被关联表(dep表)
create table dep(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
descripe varchar(20) not null
);
#再创建关联表(emp表)
create table emp(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
age int not null,
dep_id int,
constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
);
#2.插入记录时,先往被关联表中插入记录,再往关联表中插入记录
insert into dep values
(1,'IT','IT技术有限部门'),
(2,'销售部','销售部门'),
(3,'财务部','花钱太多部门');
insert into emp values
(1,'zhangsan',18,1),
(2,'lisi',19,1),
(3,'egon',20,2),
(4,'yuanhao',40,3),
(5,'alex',18,2);
3.删除表
#按道理来说,删除了部门表中的某个部门,员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`))
#但是先删除员工表的记录之后,再删除当前部门就没有任何问题
mysql> delete from emp where dep =3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 18 | 1 |
| 3 | egon | 20 | 2 |
| 5 | alex | 18 | 2 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐,按道理讲,裁掉一个部门,该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢,在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容,叫同步删除,同步更新
接下来将刚建好的两张表全部删除,先删除关联表(emp),再删除被关联表(dep)
接下来:
重复上面的操作建表
注意:在关联表中加入
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
修改emp表:
create table emp(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
age int not null,
dep_id int,
constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
);
接下来的操作,就复合我们正常的生活中的情况了。
#再去删被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | egon | 20 | 2 |
| 5 | alex | 18 | 2 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改
mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了,是否都被更改了
mysql> select * from dep;
+-----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+-----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 222 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+-----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | egon | 20 | 222 |
| 5 | alex | 18 | 222 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)