MySQL基础-08DQL语言(数据查询语言)-进阶7连接查询

声明:此MySQL基础学习源自尚硅谷。(推荐)b站官方链接:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xW411u7ax?p=1

进阶7:子查询

含义:
一条查询语句中又嵌套了另一条完整的select语句,其中被嵌套的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外面的语句可以是insert、update、delete、select等,一般select作为外面语句较多
外面如果为select语句,则此语句称为外查询或主查询

特点:
1、子查询都放在小括号内
2、子查询可以放在from后面、select后面、where后面、having后面,但一般放在条件的右侧
3、子查询优先于主查询执行,主查询使用了子查询的执行结果
4、子查询根据查询结果的行数不同分为以下两类:
① 单行子查询(标量子查询)
	结果集只有一行
	一般搭配单行操作符使用:> < = <> >= <= 
	
非法使用子查询的情况:
	a、子查询的结果为一组值
	b、子查询的结果为空
	
② 多行子查询(列子查询)
	结果集有多行
	一般搭配多行操作符使用:any、all、in、not in
	in: 属于子查询结果中的任意一个就行
	any和all往往可以用其他查询代替

分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
    select后面:
	仅仅支持标量子查询

    from后面:
        支持表子查询
        
    where或having后面:★
        标量子查询(单行) √
        列子查询  (多行) √
        行子查询(使用较少)
	
    exists后面(相关子查询)
         标量子查询
	    列子查询
	    行子查询
	    表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
	标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
	列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
	行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
	表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)

1.where或having后面

1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)

特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用

> < >= <= = <>

列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in/not in、any|some、all

④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

1.标量子查询★

案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?

#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel‘

#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = ‘Abel‘ # 子查询不用加;号
);

案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资

#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141

#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143

#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 143
);

案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT  MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50

#②查询每个部门的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);

非法使用标量子查询

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 250
);

2.列子查询★

(多行子查询)

列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
    in / not in : 等于表中任意一个 (使用较多)
    any | some : 和子查询返回的某一个值比较
    all : 和子查询返回的所有值比较

案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)

#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id  <>ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);

案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘

#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘

) AND job_id <> ‘IT_PROG‘;

#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘

) AND job_id <> ‘IT_PROG‘;

案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG‘;

#或

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MIN( salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG‘;

3.行子查询

(结果集一行多列或多行多列)(使用较少)

案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees

#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees

#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees
)AND salary=(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

-- 筛选条件使用一样的符号,可以简化在一起(例如:上面两个筛选条件都用=号)(使用局限性较大)
SELECT * 
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

2.select后面

仅仅支持标量子查询

案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.*,(

	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`

 ) 个数
 FROM departments d;

案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名

SELECT (
	SELECT department_name,e.department_id
	FROM departments d
	INNER JOIN employees e
	ON d.department_id=e.department_id
	WHERE e.employee_id=102
	
) 部门名;

SELECT 
  `department_name` 
FROM
  `departments` d 
WHERE d.`department_id` = 
  (SELECT 
    `department_id` 
  FROM
    `employees` 
  WHERE `employee_id` = 102) ;

3.from后面

将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名

案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT  ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

4.exists后面(相关子查询)

一般放在where后面,先查询主查询,子查询根据主查询结果条件判断是否满足。
语法:
	exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
	1或0
	
使用in可以替换。
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);

案例1:查询有员工的部门名

in

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
)

exists

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`

);

案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息

in

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
)

exists

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`

);

MySQL基础-08DQL语言(数据查询语言)-进阶7连接查询

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