目录

1. 代码结构
2. 调用模型前的设置模块（hparams.py，prepro.py，data_load.py，utils.py）
3. transformer代码解析（modules.py , model.py ）
4. 训练和测试（train.py，eval.py和test.py ）

一、代码结构

论文主题模块

该实现【1】相对原始论文【2】有些许不同，比如为了方便使用了IWSLT 2016德英翻译的数据集，直接用的positional embedding，把learning rate一开始就调的很小等等，不过大同小异，主要模型没有区别.（另外注意最下方的outputs为上面翻译后的词或字）

该实现一共包括以下几个文件

介绍：

download.sh：一个下载 IWSLT 2016 的脚本,需要在Linux环境下，或git bash插件内运行。

hparams.py：该文件包含所有需要用到的参数

prepro.py：从源文件中，提取生成源语言和目标语言的词汇文件。

data_load.py： 该文件包含所有关于加载数据以及批量化数据的函数。

model.py ：encode和decode的模型架构，基本是调用到mudules的数据包

modules.py ：网络的模型组件，比如FFN，masked mutil-head attetion，LN，Positional Encoding等

train.py ：训练模型的代码，定义了模型，损失函数以及训练和保存模型的过程，包含了评估模型的效果

test.py ：测试模型

utils.py：调用到的工具类代码，起到一些协助的作用

二、调用模型前的设置模块（hparams.py，prepro.py，data_load.py，utils.py）

2.1 hparams.py

该实现所用到的所又的超参数都在这个文件里面。以下是该文件的所有代码：

import argparse

class Hparams:

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()

# prepro

parser.add_argument('--vocab_size', default=32000, type=int)

# train

## files

parser.add_argument('--train1', default='iwslt2016/segmented/train.de.bpe',

help="german training segmented data")

parser.add_argument('--train2', default='iwslt2016/segmented/train.en.bpe',

help="english training segmented data")

parser.add_argument('--eval1', default='iwslt2016/segmented/eval.de.bpe',

help="german evaluation segmented data")

parser.add_argument('--eval2', default='iwslt2016/segmented/eval.en.bpe',

help="english evaluation segmented data")

parser.add_argument('--eval3', default='iwslt2016/prepro/eval.en',

help="english evaluation unsegmented data")

   

## vocabulary

parser.add_argument('--vocab', default='iwslt2016/segmented/bpe.vocab',

help="vocabulary file path")

   

# training scheme

parser.add_argument('--batch_size', default=128, type=int)

parser.add_argument('--eval_batch_size', default=128, type=int)

parser.add_argument('--lr', default=0.0003, type=float, help="learning rate")

parser.add_argument('--warmup_steps', default=4000, type=int)

parser.add_argument('--logdir', default="log/1", help="log directory")

parser.add_argument('--num_epochs', default=20, type=int)

parser.add_argument('--evaldir', default="eval/1", help="evaluation dir")

   

# model

parser.add_argument('--d_model', default=512, type=int,

help="hidden dimension of encoder/decoder")

parser.add_argument('--d_ff', default=2048, type=int,

help="hidden dimension of feedforward layer")

parser.add_argument('--num_blocks', default=6, type=int,

help="number of encoder/decoder blocks")

parser.add_argument('--num_heads', default=8, type=int,

help="number of attention heads")

parser.add_argument('--maxlen1', default=100, type=int,

help="maximum length of a source sequence")

parser.add_argument('--maxlen2', default=100, type=int,

help="maximum length of a target sequence")

parser.add_argument('--dropout_rate', default=0.3, type=float)

parser.add_argument('--smoothing', default=0.1, type=float,

help="label smoothing rate")

   

# test

parser.add_argument('--test1', default='iwslt2016/segmented/test.de.bpe',

help="german test segmented data")

parser.add_argument('--test2', default='iwslt2016/prepro/test.en',

help="english test data")

parser.add_argument('--ckpt', help="checkpoint file path")

parser.add_argument('--test_batch_size', default=32, type=int)

parser.add_argument('--testdir', default="test/1", help="test result dir")

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument定义变量成为一种趋势；help就是该参数的解释，故基本能够理解参含义，这里挑几个介绍下：

batch_size的大小以及初始学习速率还有日志的目录,batch_size 在后续代码中即所谓的N，参数中常会见到。最后定义了一些模型相关的参数，

maxlen1/2为一句话里最大词的长度为100个，在其他代码中就用的是T来表示，你也可以根据自己的喜好将这个参数调大;

num_epochs被设置为20，该参数表示所有出现次数少于num_epochs次的都会被当作UNK来处理;

hidden_units设置为512，隐藏节点的个数；

num_blocks：重复模块的数量，这里默认为6个

num_heads：multi-head attention 中用到的切分的头的数量

2.2 prepro.py

根据iwslt2016的原始数据，做一个预处理，放到prepro和segment文件中。

2.3 data_load.py

词和序号的转换，源目的词列表，字符串转数字，迭代返回预估值，加载数据以及批量化数据的函数等。

2.4 utils.py

计算计算batches数量def calc_num_batches(total_num, batch_size)，

整数tensor转换成string tensor： def convert_idx_to_token_tensor(inputs, idx2token)；

处理转换输出def postprocess(hypotheses, idx2token)；

保存参数到路径def save_hparams(hparams, path)

加载参数：def load_hparams(parser, path)

保存有关变量的信息，例如它们的名称、形状和参数总数fpath:字符串。输出文件路径：def save_variable_specs(fpath)

得到假设。num_batches、num_samples：标量。sess:对象张量：要获取的目标张量dict:idx2token字典def get_hypotheses(num_batches, num_samples, sess, tensor, dict):

计算bleu（要调用perl文件，我windons进行了删除才跑过去）：def calc_bleu(ref, translation)

三、transformer代码解析（modules.py , model.py ）

这是最为主要的部分

3.1 modules.py

3.1.1 layer normalization

是 3.1.5 multihead_attention的子模块。归一化数据的一种方式，不过LN 是在每一个样本上计算均值和方差，有点类似CV用到的instance normalization而不是BN那种在批方向计算均值和方差！公式如下：

具体代码如下，后面被用在很多模块中都有使用

代码

def ln(inputs, epsilon = 1e-8, scope="ln"):

'''Applies layer normalization. See https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06450.

inputs: A tensor with 2 or more dimensions, where the first dimension has `batch_size`.

epsilon: A floating number. A very small number for preventing ZeroDivision Error.

scope: Optional scope for `variable_scope`.

Returns:

A tensor with the same shape and data dtype as `inputs`.

'''

with tf.variable_scope(scope, reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

inputs_shape = inputs.get_shape()

params_shape = inputs_shape[-1:]

mean, variance = tf.nn.moments(inputs, [-1], keep_dims=True)

beta= tf.get_variable("beta", params_shape, initializer=tf.zeros_initializer())

gamma = tf.get_variable("gamma", params_shape, initializer=tf.ones_initializer())

normalized = (inputs - mean) / ( (variance + epsilon) ** (.5) )

outputs = gamma * normalized + beta

return outputs

3.1.2 get_token_embeddings

初始化嵌入向量，用矩阵表示，目前为[vocab_size, num_units]的矩阵，vocab_size为词的数量，num_units为embedding size，一般根据论文中的设置，为512

代码

def get_token_embeddings(vocab_size, num_units, zero_pad=True):

'''Constructs token embedding matrix.

Note that the column of index 0's are set to zeros.

vocab_size: scalar. V.

num_units: embedding dimensionalty. E.

zero_pad: Boolean. If True, all the values of the first row (id = 0) should be constant zero

To apply query/key masks easily, zero pad is turned on.

Returns

weight variable: (V, E)

'''

with tf.variable_scope("shared_weight_matrix"):

embeddings = tf.get_variable('weight_mat',

dtype=tf.float32,

shape=(vocab_size, num_units),

initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer())

if zero_pad:

embeddings = tf.concat((tf.zeros(shape=[1, num_units]),

embeddings[1:, :]), 0)

return embeddings

3.1.3 scaled_dot_product_attention

缩放的点积注意力机制，是 3.1.5 multihead_attention的子模块

本文attention公式如上所示，和dot-product attention除了没有使用缩放因子，其他和这个一样。

additive attention和dot-product(multi-plicative) attention是最常用的两个attention 函数。为何选择上面的呢？主要为了提升效率，兼顾性能。

效率：在实践中dot-product attention要快得多，而且空间效率更高。这是因为它可以使用高度优化的矩阵乘法代码来实现。

性能：较小时，这两种方法性能表现的相近，当比较大时，addtitive attention表现优于 dot-product attention(点积在数量级上增长的幅度大，将softmax函数推向具有极小梯度的区域 )。所以加上因子拉平性能。

代码

def scaled_dot_product_attention(Q, K, V, key_masks,

causality=False, dropout_rate=0.,

training=True,

scope="scaled_dot_product_attention"):

'''See 3.2.1.

Q: Packed queries. 3d tensor. [N, T_q, d_k].

K: Packed keys. 3d tensor. [N, T_k, d_k].

V: Packed values. 3d tensor. [N, T_k, d_v].

key_masks: A 2d tensor with shape of [N, key_seqlen]

causality: If True, applies masking for future blinding

dropout_rate: A floating point number of [0, 1].

training: boolean for controlling droput

scope: Optional scope for `variable_scope`.

'''

with tf.variable_scope(scope, reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

d_k = Q.get_shape().as_list()[-1]

   

# dot product

outputs = tf.matmul(Q, tf.transpose(K, [0, 2, 1])) # (N, T_q, T_k)

   

# scale

outputs /= d_k ** 0.5

   

# key masking

outputs = mask(outputs, key_masks=key_masks, type="key")

   

# causality or future blinding masking

if causality:

outputs = mask(outputs, type="future")

   

# softmax

outputs = tf.nn.softmax(outputs)

attention = tf.transpose(outputs, [0, 2, 1])

tf.summary.image("attention", tf.expand_dims(attention[:1], -1))

   

# # query masking

# outputs = mask(outputs, Q, K, type="query")

   

# dropout

outputs = tf.layers.dropout(outputs, rate=dropout_rate, training=training)

   

# weighted sum (context vectors)

outputs = tf.matmul(outputs, V) # (N, T_q, d_v)

   

return outputs

3.1.4 mask

def mask(inputs, key_masks=None, type=None):

"""Masks paddings on keys or queries to inputs

inputs: 3d tensor. (h*N, T_q, T_k)

key_masks: 3d tensor. (N, 1, T_k)

type: string. "key" | "future"

e.g.,

>> inputs = tf.zeros([2, 2, 3], dtype=tf.float32)

>> key_masks = tf.constant([[0., 0., 1.],

[0., 1., 1.]])

>> mask(inputs, key_masks=key_masks, type="key")

array([[[ 0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09],

[ 0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09]],

[[ 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09, -4.2949673e+09],

[ 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09, -4.2949673e+09]],

[[ 0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09],

[ 0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09]],

[[ 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09, -4.2949673e+09],

[ 0.0000000e+00, -4.2949673e+09, -4.2949673e+09]]], dtype=float32)

"""

padding_num = -2 ** 32 + 1

if type in ("k", "key", "keys"):

key_masks = tf.to_float(key_masks)

key_masks = tf.tile(key_masks, [tf.shape(inputs)[0] // tf.shape(key_masks)[0], 1]) # (h*N, seqlen)

key_masks = tf.expand_dims(key_masks, 1) # (h*N, 1, seqlen)

outputs = inputs + key_masks * padding_num

elif type in ("f", "future", "right"):

diag_vals = tf.ones_like(inputs[0, :, :]) # (T_q, T_k)

tril = tf.linalg.LinearOperatorLowerTriangular(diag_vals).to_dense() # (T_q, T_k)

future_masks = tf.tile(tf.expand_dims(tril, 0), [tf.shape(inputs)[0], 1, 1]) # (N, T_q, T_k)

   

paddings = tf.ones_like(future_masks) * padding_num

outputs = tf.where(tf.equal(future_masks, 0), paddings, inputs)

else:

print("Check if you entered type correctly!")

return outputs

3.1.5 multihead_attention（重要组件）

该部分代码包含了整体框架中的这个部分：

主要公式如下：

代码：

def multihead_attention(queries, keys, values, key_masks,

num_heads=8,

dropout_rate=0,

training=True,

causality=False,

scope="multihead_attention"):

'''Applies multihead attention. See 3.2.2

queries: A 3d tensor with shape of [N, T_q, d_model].

keys: A 3d tensor with shape of [N, T_k, d_model].

values: A 3d tensor with shape of [N, T_k, d_model].

key_masks: A 2d tensor with shape of [N, key_seqlen]

num_heads: An int. Number of heads.

dropout_rate: A floating point number.

training: Boolean. Controller of mechanism for dropout.

causality: Boolean. If true, units that reference the future are masked.

scope: Optional scope for `variable_scope`.

 

Returns

A 3d tensor with shape of (N, T_q, C)

'''

d_model = queries.get_shape().as_list()[-1]

with tf.variable_scope(scope, reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

# Linear projections

Q = tf.layers.dense(queries, d_model, use_bias=True) # (N, T_q, d_model)

K = tf.layers.dense(keys, d_model, use_bias=True) # (N, T_k, d_model)

V = tf.layers.dense(values, d_model, use_bias=True) # (N, T_k, d_model)

 

# Split and concat

Q_ = tf.concat(tf.split(Q, num_heads, axis=2), axis=0) # (h*N, T_q, d_model/h)

K_ = tf.concat(tf.split(K, num_heads, axis=2), axis=0) # (h*N, T_k, d_model/h)

V_ = tf.concat(tf.split(V, num_heads, axis=2), axis=0) # (h*N, T_k, d_model/h)

   

# Attention

outputs = scaled_dot_product_attention(Q_, K_, V_, key_masks, causality, dropout_rate, training)

   

# Restore shape

outputs = tf.concat(tf.split(outputs, num_heads, axis=0), axis=2 ) # (N, T_q, d_model)

 

# Residual connection

outputs += queries

 

# Normalize

outputs = ln(outputs)

 

return outputs

3.1.6 ff——feed forward（重要组件）

除了attention子层之外，编码器和解码器中的每个层都包含一个完全连接的前馈网络，该网络分别相同地应用于每个位置。 该前馈网络包括两个线性变换，并在第一个的最后使用ReLU激活函数，公式表示如下：

不同position的FFN是一样的，但是不同层是不同的。

描述这种情况的另一种方式是两个内核大小为1的卷积。输入和输出的维度是,内层的维度=2048。

def ff(inputs, num_units, scope="positionwise_feedforward"):

'''position-wise feed forward net. See 3.3

inputs: A 3d tensor with shape of [N, T, C].

num_units: A list of two integers.

scope: Optional scope for `variable_scope`.

Returns:

A 3d tensor with the same shape and dtype as inputs

'''

with tf.variable_scope(scope, reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

# Inner layer

outputs = tf.layers.dense(inputs, num_units[0], activation=tf.nn.relu) #全连接层 相当于添加一个层

   

# Outer layer

outputs = tf.layers.dense(outputs, num_units[1])

   

# Residual connection

outputs += inputs

 

# Normalize

outputs = ln(outputs)

 

return outputs

3.1.7 label_smoothing

这部分就相当于是使矩阵中的数进行平滑处理。把0改成一个很小的数，把1改成一个比较接近于1的数。论文中说这虽然会使模型的学习更加不确定性，但是提高了准确率和BLEU score。（论文中的5.4部分）

def label_smoothing(inputs, epsilon=0.1):

'''Applies label smoothing. See 5.4 and https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00567.

inputs: 3d tensor. [N, T, V], where V is the number of vocabulary.

epsilon: Smoothing rate.

For example,

```

import tensorflow as tf

inputs = tf.convert_to_tensor([[[0, 0, 1],

[0, 1, 0],

[1, 0, 0]],

[[1, 0, 0],

[1, 0, 0],

[0, 1, 0]]], tf.float32)

outputs = label_smoothing(inputs)

 

with tf.Session() as sess:

print(sess.run([outputs]))

>>

[array([[[ 0.03333334, 0.03333334, 0.93333334],

[ 0.03333334, 0.93333334, 0.03333334],

[ 0.93333334, 0.03333334, 0.03333334]],

[[ 0.93333334, 0.03333334, 0.03333334],

[ 0.93333334, 0.03333334, 0.03333334],

[ 0.03333334, 0.93333334, 0.03333334]]], dtype=float32)]

```

'''

V = inputs.get_shape().as_list()[-1] # number of channels

return ((1-epsilon) * inputs) + (epsilon / V)

3.1.8 positional_encoding（重要模块）

该模块内如为：

位置编码，论文中3.5的内容，公式如下

其中pos是指当前词在句子中的位置，i是指向量中每个值的维度，位置编码的每个维度对应于正弦曲线。我们选择了这个函数，因为我们假设它允许模型容易地学习相对位置。

def positional_encoding(inputs,

maxlen,

masking=True,

scope="positional_encoding"):

'''Sinusoidal Positional_Encoding. See 3.5

inputs: 3d tensor. (N, T, E)

maxlen: scalar. Must be >= T

masking: Boolean. If True, padding positions are set to zeros.

scope: Optional scope for `variable_scope`.

returns

3d tensor that has the same shape as inputs.

'''

E = inputs.get_shape().as_list()[-1] # static

N, T = tf.shape(inputs)[0], tf.shape(inputs)[1] # dynamic

with tf.variable_scope(scope, reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

# position indices

position_ind = tf.tile(tf.expand_dims(tf.range(T), 0), [N, 1]) # (N, T)

   

# First part of the PE function: sin and cos argument

position_enc = np.array([

[pos / np.power(10000, (i-i%2)/E) for i in range(E)]

for pos in range(maxlen)])

   

# Second part, apply the cosine to even columns and sin to odds.

position_enc[:, 0::2] = np.sin(position_enc[:, 0::2]) # dim 2i

position_enc[:, 1::2] = np.cos(position_enc[:, 1::2]) # dim 2i+1

position_enc = tf.convert_to_tensor(position_enc, tf.float32) # (maxlen, E)

   

# lookup

outputs = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(position_enc, position_ind)

   

# masks

if masking:

outputs = tf.where(tf.equal(inputs, 0), inputs, outputs)

   

return tf.to_float(outputs)

3.1.9 noam_scheme

学习率的衰减，在3.2的train(self, xs, ys)模块中会用到，代码如下：

def noam_scheme(init_lr, global_step, warmup_steps=4000.):

'''Noam scheme learning rate decay

init_lr: initial learning rate. scalar.

global_step: scalar.

warmup_steps: scalar. During warmup_steps, learning rate increases

until it reaches init_lr.

'''

step = tf.cast(global_step + 1, dtype=tf.float32)

return init_lr * warmup_steps ** 0.5 * tf.minimum(step * warmup_steps ** -1.5, step ** -0.5)

   

3.2 model.py

3.2.1 导入包

import tensorflow as tf

from data_load import load_vocab

from modules import get_token_embeddings, ff, positional_encoding, multihead_attention, label_smoothing, noam_scheme

from utils import convert_idx_to_token_tensor

from tqdm import tqdm

import logging

   

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

简单介绍：上面提到的大部分模块，基本都在这里用到。

3.2.2 创建Transformer类

class Transformer:

'''

xs: tuple of

x: int32 tensor. (N, T1)

x_seqlens: int32 tensor. (N,)

sents1: str tensor. (N,)

ys: tuple of

decoder_input: int32 tensor. (N, T2)

y: int32 tensor. (N, T2)

y_seqlen: int32 tensor. (N, )

sents2: str tensor. (N,)

training: boolean.

'''

def __init__(self, hp):

self.hp = hp

self.token2idx, self.idx2token = load_vocab(hp.vocab)

self.embeddings = get_token_embeddings(self.hp.vocab_size, self.hp.d_model, zero_pad=True)

类内函数encode部分：按照下图部分一步一步进行。

def encode(self, xs, training=True):

'''

Returns

memory: encoder outputs. (N, T1, d_model)

'''

with tf.variable_scope("encoder", reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

x, seqlens, sents1 = xs

   

# src_masks

src_masks = tf.math.equal(x, 0) # (N, T1)

   

# embedding

enc = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.embeddings, x) # (N, T1, d_model)

enc *= self.hp.d_model**0.5 # scale

   

enc += positional_encoding(enc, self.hp.maxlen1)

enc = tf.layers.dropout(enc, self.hp.dropout_rate, training=training)

## Blocks

for i in range(self.hp.num_blocks): #上图中的N，这里默认设置为6

with tf.variable_scope("num_blocks_{}".format(i), reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

# self-attention

enc = multihead_attention(queries=enc,

keys=enc,

values=enc,

key_masks=src_masks,

num_heads=self.hp.num_heads,

dropout_rate=self.hp.dropout_rate,

training=training,

causality=False)

# feed forward

enc = ff(enc, num_units=[self.hp.d_ff, self.hp.d_model])

memory = enc

return memory, sents1, src_masks

   

类内函数decode部分：按照下图部分一步一步进行。

   

def decode(self, ys, memory, src_masks, training=True):

'''

memory: encoder outputs. (N, T1, d_model)

src_masks: (N, T1)

Returns

logits: (N, T2, V). float32.

y_hat: (N, T2). int32

y: (N, T2). int32

sents2: (N,). string.

'''

with tf.variable_scope("decoder", reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

decoder_inputs, y, seqlens, sents2 = ys

   

# tgt_masks

tgt_masks = tf.math.equal(decoder_inputs, 0) # (N, T2)

   

# embedding

dec = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.embeddings, decoder_inputs) # (N, T2, d_model)

dec *= self.hp.d_model ** 0.5 # scale

   

dec += positional_encoding(dec, self.hp.maxlen2)

dec = tf.layers.dropout(dec, self.hp.dropout_rate, training=training)

   

# Blocks

for i in range(self.hp.num_blocks):

with tf.variable_scope("num_blocks_{}".format(i), reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE):

# Masked self-attention (Note that causality is True at this time)

dec = multihead_attention(queries=dec,

keys=dec,

values=dec,

key_masks=tgt_masks,

num_heads=self.hp.num_heads,

dropout_rate=self.hp.dropout_rate,

training=training,

causality=True,

scope="self_attention")

   

# Vanilla attention

dec = multihead_attention(queries=dec,

keys=memory, #memory: encoder outputs.使用了图中左侧过来的部分

values=memory,

key_masks=src_masks,

num_heads=self.hp.num_heads,

dropout_rate=self.hp.dropout_rate,

training=training,

causality=False,

scope="vanilla_attention")

### Feed Forward

dec = ff(dec, num_units=[self.hp.d_ff, self.hp.d_model])

   

# Final linear projection (embedding weights are shared)

weights = tf.transpose(self.embeddings) # (d_model, vocab_size)

logits = tf.einsum('ntd,dk->ntk', dec, weights) # (N, T2, vocab_size)

y_hat = tf.to_int32(tf.argmax(logits, axis=-1))

   

return logits, y_hat, y, sents2

   

模型训练部分

   

def train(self, xs, ys):

'''

Returns

loss: scalar.

train_op: training operation

global_step: scalar.

summaries: training summary node

'''

# forward

memory, sents1, src_masks = self.encode(xs)

logits, preds, y, sents2 = self.decode(ys, memory, src_masks)

   

# train scheme

y_ = label_smoothing(tf.one_hot(y, depth=self.hp.vocab_size))

ce = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2(logits=logits, labels=y_)

nonpadding = tf.to_float(tf.not_equal(y, self.token2idx["<pad>"])) # 0: <pad>

loss = tf.reduce_sum(ce * nonpadding) / (tf.reduce_sum(nonpadding) + 1e-7)

   

global_step = tf.train.get_or_create_global_step()

lr = noam_scheme(self.hp.lr, global_step, self.hp.warmup_steps)

optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(lr)

train_op = optimizer.minimize(loss, global_step=global_step)

   

tf.summary.scalar('lr', lr)

tf.summary.scalar("loss", loss)

tf.summary.scalar("global_step", global_step)

   

summaries = tf.summary.merge_all()

   

return loss, train_op, global_step, summaries

模型训练验证

def eval(self, xs, ys):

'''Predicts autoregressively

At inference, input ys is ignored.

Returns

y_hat: (N, T2)

'''

decoder_inputs, y, y_seqlen, sents2 = ys

   

decoder_inputs = tf.ones((tf.shape(xs[0])[0], 1), tf.int32) * self.token2idx["<s>"]

ys = (decoder_inputs, y, y_seqlen, sents2)

   

memory, sents1, src_masks = self.encode(xs, False)

   

logging.info("Inference graph is being built. Please be patient.")

for _ in tqdm(range(self.hp.maxlen2)):

logits, y_hat, y, sents2 = self.decode(ys, memory, src_masks, False)

if tf.reduce_sum(y_hat, 1) == self.token2idx["<pad>"]: break

   

_decoder_inputs = tf.concat((decoder_inputs, y_hat), 1)

ys = (_decoder_inputs, y, y_seqlen, sents2)

   

# monitor a random sample

n = tf.random_uniform((), 0, tf.shape(y_hat)[0]-1, tf.int32)

sent1 = sents1[n]

pred = convert_idx_to_token_tensor(y_hat[n], self.idx2token)

sent2 = sents2[n]

   

tf.summary.text("sent1", sent1)

tf.summary.text("pred", pred)

tf.summary.text("sent2", sent2)

summaries = tf.summary.merge_all()

   

return y_hat, summaries

四、训练和测试（train.py，eval.py和test.py ）

4.1 train.py

训练模型的代码，定义了模型，损失函数以及训练和保存模型的过程 包含了评估模型的效果

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import tensorflow as tf

   

from model import Transformer

from tqdm import tqdm

from data_load import get_batch

from utils import save_hparams, save_variable_specs, get_hypotheses, calc_bleu

import os

from hparams import Hparams

import math

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

   

logging.info("# hparams")

hparams = Hparams()

parser = hparams.parser

hp = parser.parse_args()

save_hparams(hp, hp.logdir)

   

logging.info("# Prepare train/eval batches")

train_batches, num_train_batches, num_train_samples = get_batch(hp.train1, hp.train2,

hp.maxlen1, hp.maxlen2,

hp.vocab, hp.batch_size,

shuffle=True)

eval_batches, num_eval_batches, num_eval_samples = get_batch(hp.eval1, hp.eval2,

100000, 100000,

hp.vocab, hp.batch_size,

shuffle=False)

   

# create a iterator of the correct shape and type

iter = tf.data.Iterator.from_structure(train_batches.output_types, train_batches.output_shapes)

xs, ys = iter.get_next()

#迭代器需要初始化

train_init_op = iter.make_initializer(train_batches)

eval_init_op = iter.make_initializer(eval_batches)

   

logging.info("# Load model")

m = Transformer(hp)

loss, train_op, global_step, train_summaries = m.train(xs, ys)

y_hat, eval_summaries = m.eval(xs, ys)

# y_hat = m.infer(xs, ys)

   

logging.info("# Session")

saver = tf.train.Saver(max_to_keep=hp.num_epochs)

with tf.Session() as sess:

ckpt = tf.train.latest_checkpoint(hp.logdir)

if ckpt is None:

logging.info("Initializing from scratch")

sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())

save_variable_specs(os.path.join(hp.logdir, "specs"))

else:

saver.restore(sess, ckpt)

   

summary_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(hp.logdir, sess.graph) #定义一个写入summary的目标文件，hp.logdir为写入文件地址

   

sess.run(train_init_op)

total_steps = hp.num_epochs * num_train_batches

_gs = sess.run(global_step)

for i in tqdm(range(_gs, total_steps+1)):

_, _gs, _summary = sess.run([train_op, global_step, train_summaries])

epoch = math.ceil(_gs / num_train_batches)

summary_writer.add_summary(_summary, _gs)#调用train_writer的add_summary方法将训练过程以及训练步数保存

   

if _gs and _gs % num_train_batches == 0:

logging.info("epoch {} is done".format(epoch))

_loss = sess.run(loss) # train loss

   

logging.info("# test evaluation")

_, _eval_summaries = sess.run([eval_init_op, eval_summaries])

summary_writer.add_summary(_eval_summaries, _gs)

   

logging.info("# get hypotheses")

hypotheses = get_hypotheses(num_eval_batches, num_eval_samples, sess, y_hat, m.idx2token)

   

logging.info("# write results")

model_output = "iwslt2016_E%02dL%.2f" % (epoch, _loss)

if not os.path.exists(hp.evaldir): os.makedirs(hp.evaldir)

translation = os.path.join(hp.evaldir, model_output)

with open(translation, 'w') as fout:

fout.write("\n".join(hypotheses))

   

logging.info("# calc bleu score and append it to translation")

calc_bleu(hp.eval3, translation)

   

logging.info("# save models")

ckpt_name = os.path.join(hp.logdir, model_output)

saver.save(sess, ckpt_name, global_step=_gs)

logging.info("after training of {} epochs, {} has been saved.".format(epoch, ckpt_name))

   

logging.info("# fall back to train mode")

sess.run(train_init_op)

summary_writer.close()

logging.info("Done")

   

4.2 test.py

测试模型，若是windowns上跑模型，注意将最后两句计算Bleu部分注释掉。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

   

import os

import tensorflow as tf

from data_load import get_batch

from model import Transformer

from hparams import Hparams

from utils import get_hypotheses, calc_bleu, postprocess, load_hparams

import logging

   

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

logging.info("# hparams")

hparams = Hparams()

parser = hparams.parser

hp = parser.parse_args()

load_hparams(hp, hp.ckpt)

   

logging.info("# Prepare test batches")

test_batches, num_test_batches, num_test_samples = get_batch(hp.test1, hp.test1,

100000, 100000,

hp.vocab, hp.test_batch_size,

shuffle=False)

iter = tf.data.Iterator.from_structure(test_batches.output_types, test_batches.output_shapes)

xs, ys = iter.get_next()

   

test_init_op = iter.make_initializer(test_batches)

   

logging.info("# Load model")

m = Transformer(hp)

y_hat, _ = m.eval(xs, ys)

   

logging.info("# Session")

with tf.Session() as sess:

ckpt_ = tf.train.latest_checkpoint(hp.ckpt)

ckpt = hp.ckpt if ckpt_ is None else ckpt_ # None: ckpt is a file. otherwise dir.

saver = tf.train.Saver()

saver.restore(sess, ckpt)

sess.run(test_init_op)

   

logging.info("# get hypotheses")

hypotheses = get_hypotheses(num_test_batches, num_test_samples, sess, y_hat, m.idx2token)

   

logging.info("# write results")

model_output = ckpt.split("/")[-1]

if not os.path.exists(hp.testdir): os.makedirs(hp.testdir)

translation = os.path.join(hp.testdir, model_output)

with open(translation, 'w') as fout:

fout.write("\n".join(hypotheses))

   

logging.info("# calc bleu score and append it to translation")

calc_bleu(hp.test2, translation)

结果

参考文献

【1】本次实现解读的代码：https://github.com/Kyubyong/transformer

【2】论文：https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762

【3】老版本代码解读 https://blog.csdn.net/mijiaoxiaosan/article/details/74909076