SaltStack的基础使用和高级状态
YAML语言
YAML是一种直观的能够被电脑识别的数据序列化格式，是一个可读性高并且容易被人类阅读，容易和脚本语言交互，用来表达资料序列的编程语言。
它类似于标准通用标记语言的子集XML的数据描述语言，语法比XML简单很多。
YAML语言的格式如下：
house:
family:
name: Doe
parents:
- John
- Jane
children:
- Paul
- Mark
- Simone
address:
number: 34
street: Main Street
city: Nowheretown
zipcode: 12345
YAML的基本规则：
- 使用缩进来表示层级关系，每层2个空格，禁止使用TAB键
- 当冒号不是处于最后时，冒号后面必须有一个空格
- 用 - 表示列表，- 的后面必须有一个空格
- 用 # 表示注释
YAML配置文件要放到SaltStack让我们放的位置，可以在SaltStack的 Master 配置文件中查找file_roots即可看到。
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
...此处省略N行
file_roots:
base:
- /srv/salt/base
test:
- /srv/salt/test
dev:
- /srv/salt/dev
prod:
- /srv/salt/prod
...此处省略N行
[root@master ~]# mkdir -p /srv/salt/{base,test,dev,prod}
[root@master ~]# tree /srv/salt/
/srv/salt/
├── base
├── dev
├── prod
└── test
4 directories, 0 files
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart salt-master
需要注意：
- base是默认的位置，如果file_roots只有一个，则base是必备的且必须叫base，不能改名
用SaltStack配置一个nginx实例
在Master上部署sls配置文件并执行
[root@master ~]# mkdir -p /srv/salt/base
[root@master ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@master base]# mkdir -p web/nginx
[root@master base]# cd web/nginx/
[root@master nginx]# touch install.sls
[root@master nginx]# vim install.sls
nginx-install:
pkg.installed:
- name: nginx
nginx-service:
service.running:
- name: nginx
- enable: True
[root@master nginx]# salt 'P1' state.sls web.nginx.install saltenv=base
P1:
----------
ID: nginx-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: nginx
Result: True
Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: nginx
Started: 15:06:42.828000
Duration: 14099.279 ms
Changes:
----------
gd:
----------
new:
2.2.5-7.el8
old:
libXpm:
----------
new:
3.5.12-8.el8
old:
libwebp:
----------
new:
1.0.0-1.el8
old:
nginx:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-all-modules:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-filesystem:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-mod-http-image-filter:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-mod-http-perl:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-mod-mail:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
nginx-mod-stream:
----------
new:
1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82
old:
perl-Carp:
----------
new:
1.42-396.el8
old:
perl-Errno:
----------
new:
1.28-416.el8
old:
perl-Exporter:
----------
new:
5.72-396.el8
old:
perl-File-Path:
----------
new:
2.15-2.el8
old:
perl-IO:
----------
new:
1.38-416.el8
old:
perl-PathTools:
----------
new:
3.74-1.el8
old:
perl-Scalar-List-Utils:
----------
new:
3:1.49-2.el8
old:
perl-Socket:
----------
new:
4:2.027-3.el8
old:
perl-Text-Tabs+Wrap:
----------
new:
2013.0523-395.el8
old:
perl-Unicode-Normalize:
----------
new:
1.25-396.el8
old:
perl-constant:
----------
new:
1.33-396.el8
old:
perl-interpreter:
----------
new:
4:5.26.3-416.el8
old:
perl-libs:
----------
new:
4:5.26.3-416.el8
old:
perl-macros:
----------
new:
4:5.26.3-416.el8
old:
perl-parent:
----------
new:
1:0.237-1.el8
old:
perl-threads:
----------
new:
1:2.21-2.el8
old:
perl-threads-shared:
----------
new:
1.58-2.el8
old:
----------
ID: nginx-service
Function: service.running
Name: nginx
Result: True
Comment: Service nginx has been enabled, and is running
Started: 15:06:56.970902
Duration: 593.592 ms
Changes:
----------
nginx:
True
Summary for P1
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 14.693 s
在P1上检查
[root@P1 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:80 [::]:*
[root@P1 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy ser>
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.servi>
Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-07-05 15:06>
Main PID: 18258 (nginx)
Tasks: 5 (limit: 11201)
Memory: 12.8M
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─18258 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/ngi>
├─18259 nginx: worker process
├─18260 nginx: worker process
├─18261 nginx: worker process
└─18262 nginx: worker process
top file
top file介绍
直接通过命令执行sls文件时够自动化吗？答案是否定的，因为我们还要告诉某台主机要执行某个任务，自动化应该是我们让它干活时，它自己就知道哪台主机要干什么活，但是直接通过命令执行sls文件并不能达到这个目的，为了解决这个问题，top file 应运而生。
top file就是一个入口，top file的文件名可通过在 Master的配置文件中搜索top.sls找出，且此文件必须在 base 环境中，默认情况下此文件必须叫top.sls。
top file的作用就是告诉对应的主机要干什么活，比如让web服务器启动web服务，让数据库服务器安装mysql等等。
top file 实例：
[root@master ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@master base]# vim top.sls
base: #要执行状态文件的环境
'minion1': #要执行状态文件的目标
- web.nginx.install #要执行的状态文件
#停止P1的nginx服务
[root@P1 ~]# systemctl stop nginx.service
[root@P1 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy ser>
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.servi>
Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2021-07-05 15:19:>
Main PID: 18258 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
7月 05 15:06:57 P1 systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP>
7月 05 15:06:57 P1 nginx[18255]: nginx: the configurat>
7月 05 15:06:57 P1 nginx[18255]: nginx: configuration >
7月 05 15:06:57 P1 systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP >
7月 05 15:19:28 P1 systemd[1]: Stopping The nginx HTTP>
7月 05 15:19:28 P1 systemd[1]: nginx.service: Succeede>
7月 05 15:19:28 P1 systemd[1]: Stopped The nginx HTTP >
#下面这条命令会报错是因为master端的minion没有执行任何操作，不影响结果
[root@master base]# salt '*' state.highstate
master:
----------
ID: states
Function: no.None
Result: False
Comment: No Top file or master_tops data matches found. Please see master log for details.
Changes:
Summary for master
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed: 1
------------
Total states run: 1
Total run time: 0.000 ms
P1:
----------
ID: nginx-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: nginx
Result: True
Comment: All specified packages are already installed
Started: 15:20:10.747116
Duration: 1043.271 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: nginx-service
Function: service.running
Name: nginx
Result: True
Comment: Service nginx is already enabled, and is running
Started: 15:20:11.792775
Duration: 188.931 ms
Changes:
----------
nginx:
True
Summary for P1
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 1.232 s
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code
#查看P1端的nginx状态
[root@P1 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy ser>
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.servi>
Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-07-05 15:20>
Process: 40264 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exite>
Process: 40262 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code>
Process: 40260 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/ngin>
Main PID: 40265 (nginx)
Tasks: 5 (limit: 11201)
Memory: 8.8M
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─40265 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/ngi>
注意：
若top file里面的目标是用 * 表示的，要注意的是，top file里面的 * 表示的是所有要执行状态的目标，而
salt '*' state.highstate里面的 * 表示通知所有机器干活，而是否要干活则是由top file来指定的
高级状态highstate的使用
管理SaltStack时一般最常用的管理操作就是执行高级状态
[root@master ~]# salt '*' state.highstate //生产环境禁止这样使用salt命令
注意：
上面让所有人执行高级状态，但实际工作当中，一般不会这么用，工作当中一般都是通知某台或某些台目标主机来执行高级状态，具体是否执行则是由top file来决定的。
若在执行高级状态时加上参数test=True，则它会告诉我们它将会做什么，但是它不会真的去执行这个操作。
#停掉P1上的nginx服务
[root@P1 ~]# systemctl stop nginx.service
[root@P1 ~]# systemctl status nginx.service
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2021-07-06 00:34:12 EDT; 15s ago
Process: 1041 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 1018 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 1002 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 1042 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
7月 06 00:26:11 P1 systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
7月 06 00:26:11 P1 nginx[1018]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
7月 06 00:26:11 P1 nginx[1018]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
7月 06 00:26:11 P1 systemd[1]: nginx.service: Failed to parse PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invali>
7月 06 00:26:11 P1 systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
7月 06 00:34:12 P1 systemd[1]: Stopping The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
7月 06 00:34:12 P1 systemd[1]: nginx.service: Succeeded.
7月 06 00:34:12 P1 systemd[1]: Stopped The nginx HTTP and reverse
#在master上执行高级状态的测试
[root@master ~]# salt 'P1' state.highstate test=True
P1:
----------
ID: nginx-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: nginx
Result: True
Comment: All specified packages are already installed
Started: 00:36:31.024619
Duration: 1187.295 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: nginx-service
Function: service.running
Name: nginx
Result: None
Comment: Service nginx is set to start
Started: 00:36:32.218554
Duration: 41.331 ms
Changes:
Summary for P1
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 1.229 s
#去P1查看nginx服务的状态
[root@master ~]# salt 'P1' state.highstate test=True
P1:
----------
ID: nginx-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: nginx
Result: True
Comment: All specified packages are already installed
Started: 00:36:31.024619
Duration: 1187.295 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: nginx-service
Function: service.running
Name: nginx
Result: None
Comment: Service nginx is set to start
Started: 00:36:32.218554
Duration: 41.331 ms
Changes:
Summary for P1
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 1.229 s
#没有启动，因此高级状态并没有执行，只是测试，告诉我们将会做什么