Ⅰ. 安装
pip install sqlalchemy
Ⅱ. 起步链接
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
) conn = engine.raw_connection()
cursor = conn.cursor() # pymysql的对象
cursor.execute("select * from t1")
result = cursor.fetchall()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
#################
或:
cur = engine.execute("select * from t1")
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>] MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
链接字符串
Ⅲ. 表操作
3.1 表映射
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
# email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now) # default可以写一个callable对象
# extra = Column(Text, nullable=True) __table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), # 约束
# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'),
)
__table_args__ = {
'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB', # 用InnoDB
'mysql_charset': 'utf8'
}
association_table = Table('association', Base.metadata,
Column('left_id', Integer, ForeignKey('left.id')),
Column('right_id', Integer, ForeignKey('right.id'))
)
# 多对一
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球') class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"),nullable=False) # 这个尽量别让他为空,保证数据不会误删除 # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers') # backref在有一个relationship的时候用
#back_populates有同样的效果但是两个表都需要relationship字段
class Parent(Base):
# 例如:
__tablename__ = 'parent'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
children = relationship("Child", back_populates="parent")
class Child(Base):
__tablename__ = 'child'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('parent.id'))
parent = relationship("Parent", back_populates="children") # 关于backref ,主要目的是用来反向关联用的。如果两张表都有relationship字段就不要写backref属性。
# backref本质是用来替代另一个表中的relationship字段,如果仅仅是反查名称直接backref="字符串"就可以;
# 如果需要相关参数可以:backref=backref=backref("articles",cascade="all"),这样相当于在另一张表中写articles = relationship("Article",cascade='all') # 多对多
class Server2Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server2group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) # 使用table定义中间表
article_tag = Table(
"article_tag",
Base.metadata,
Column("article_id",Integer,ForeignKey("article.id"),primary_key=True),
Column("tag_id",Integer,ForeignKey("tag.id"),primary_key=True)
)
class Article(Base):
__tablename__ = 'article'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
title = Column(String(50),nullable=False)
# tags = relationship("Tag",backref="articles",secondary=article_tag) 有一个模型定义了就好
def __repr__(self):
return "<Article(title:%s)>" % self.title
class Tag(Base):
__tablename__ = 'tag'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(50), nullable=False)
articles = relationship("Article",backref="tags",secondary=article_tag)
def __repr__(self):
return "<Tag(name:%s)>" % self.name
# 一对一,通过uselist=true来决定# business_id=Column(Integer,ForeignKey('business.id'),uselist=True)
更多参见:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/orm/basic_relationships.html#many-to-one
1. save-update:默认选项。在添加一条数据的时候,会把其他和他相关联的数据都添加到数据库中。这种行为就是save-update属性影响的。
2. delete:表示当删除某一个模型中的数据的时候,是否也删掉使用relationship和他关联的数据。
3. delete-orphan:表示当对一个ORM对象解除了父表中的关联对象的时候,自己便会被删除掉。当然如果父表中的数据被删除,自己也会被删除。这个选项只能用在一对多上,不能用在多对多以及多对一上。并且还需要在子模型中的relationship中,增加一个single_parent=True的参数。 # single_parent代表只有一个关联的父表,但是实际上多个父表也能用。 delete-orphan只能用在多对一上
4. merge:默认选项。当在使用session.merge,合并一个对象的时候,会将使用了relationship相关联的对象也进行merge操作。
5. expunge:移除操作的时候,会将相关联的对象也进行移除。这个操作只是从session中移除,并不会真正的从数据库中删除。
6. all:是对save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete几种的缩写。
cascade的选项
# sqlalchemy本身不支持需要插件:pip3 install sqlalchemy-utils
class Choose(base):
type_choices = (
(1, ..)
(2, ...)
) name = Column(ChoiceType(types_choices,Integer()))
choicetype选项
3.2 表创建命令
Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users' engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 创建继承base的所有的表
3.3 删除表
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
) Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) # 删除所有继承base的表
Ⅳ. 增删改
4.1 增
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Session=sessionmaker(bind=egine)
session=Session() session.add(row_obj)
session.add_all([
Dep(dname='技术'),
Dep(dname='运营'),
])
# session.add对应的操作是session.expunge(对象) 仅仅是从session删除掉,不修改数据库
# session.merge
session.commit() session.add_all([
Emp(ename='fa',dep_id=1),
.....
Emp(ename='iuo',dep_id=2),
])
session.commit() # 依靠relationship插
person = Emp(name='张九', dep=Dep(dname='产品部')) # 如果设置了relationship可以这么用
session.add(person)
hd = Dep(dname='产品部')
hd.emp = [Emp(name='fa'), Person(name='sa')]
session.add(hb)
session.commit()
session.close() # session一定要关闭 # 多对多利用append
# article1 = Article(title="article1")
# article2 = Article(title="article2")
#
# tag1 = Tag(name='tag1')
# tag2 = Tag(name='tag2')
#
# article1.tags.append(tag1)
# article1.tags.append(tag2)
#
# article2.tags.append(tag1)
# article2.tags.append(tag2)
#
# session.add(article1)
# session.add(article2)
# 传统插法
session.add_all([
Server(hostname='c1.com'),
Server(hostname='c2.com'),
Group(name='A组'),
Group(name='B组'),
])
session.commit() s2g = Server2Group(server_id=1, group_id=1)
session.add(s2g)
session.commit() # 利用relationship
gp = Group(name='C组')
gp.servers = [Server(hostname='c3.com'),Server(hostname='c4.com')]
session.add(gp)
session.commit()
多对多添加
4.2 删除
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
# foreignkey删除 # 默认是restrict 模式,在数据库层面是不能随便删除的,但是在orm层面会通过把null=true,让外键关联变为null,然后删除被关联的外键。 # e.g.
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = 'user'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
username = Column(String(50),nullable=False) class Article(Base):
__tablename__ = 'article'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
title = Column(String(50),nullable=False)
uid = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("user.id"),nullable=False) # 注意这个nullable author = relationship("User",backref='articles') user = session.query(User).first()
session.delete(user) # 如果article的uid的nullable为false这里才会报错,否则会成功删除
session.commit()
外键删除
4.3 更新
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : ""})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + ""}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
synchronize_session:
用于query在进行delete or update操作时,对session的同步策略。
false代表直接同步或删除,还有"fetch","evaluate"选项
Ⅴ. 查
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() # 这个方法只能是=
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first() # first找第一个
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all() #条件,填充,防注入
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
基本查询
# 正查
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption) # 反查
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers)
foreignKey
# 模糊匹配
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # limit
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] # order by
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() #group by + having
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # union
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
复杂查询条件
ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() # 只能左查,如果右查将Person和Favor互换
连表查询
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() # 正常filter用,隔开就是and
and 和 or
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() # ~代表非
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
in和between操作
cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
result = cursor.fetchall() cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
执行原生sql
subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)
"""
SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid
FROM server
WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1
FROM `group`
"""
关联子查询
Ⅵ. 多线程
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = scoped_session(Session)
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)
session.commit()
session.close()
用scoped_session保证线程安全