1.初识异常
1.1.什么是异常与异常处理
- 异常就是错误
- 异常会导致程序崩溃并停止运行
- 能监控并捕获异常,将异常部位的程序进行修理使得程序继续正常运行
1.2.异常的语法
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def upper(str_data): 4 new_str='None' 5 try: 6 new_str=str_data.upper() 7 except: 8 print('程序出错了') 9 return new_str 10 11 result=upper(123) 12 print(result) 13 ''' 14 程序出错了 15 None 16 '''
1.3.捕获通用异常
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def upper(str_data): 4 new_str='None' 5 try: 6 new_str=str_data.upper() 7 except Exception as e: 8 print('程序出错了:{}'.format(e)) 9 return new_str 10 11 result=upper(123) 12 print(result) 13 ''' 14 程序出错了:'int' object has no attribute 'upper' 15 None 16 '''
1.4.捕获具体异常
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def test(): 4 try: 5 print("try start") 6 1/0 7 print("try finish") #这句代码不会执行,因为1/0已经报错了,直接进入到exception中了 8 except ZeroDivisionError as e: 9 print(e) 10 test() 11 ''' 12 try start 13 division by zero 14 '''1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def test(): 4 try: 5 print("try start") 6 print(name) 7 print("try finish") 8 except ZeroDivisionError as e: #except捕获的异常要与实际发生的异常一致,才能捕获到,不然没有用;捕获的是1/0的报错,实际发生的错误是name变量未定义 9 print(e) 10 test() 11 ''' 12 Traceback (most recent call last): 13 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 10, in <module> 14 test() 15 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 6, in test 16 print(name) 17 NameError: name 'name' is not defined 18 try start 19 '''
1.5.捕获多个异常
2.python内置异常函数
异常类型集合 异常名称 说明 Exception 通用异常类型(基类) ZeroDivisionError 不能整除0 AttributeError 对象没有这个属性 IOError 输入输出操作失败 IndexError 没有当前的索引 KeyError 没有这个键值(key) NameError 没有这个变量(未初始化对象) SyntaxError Python语法错误 SystemError 解释器的系统错误 VauleError 传入的参数错误
3.异常中的finally
finally的功能:
- 无论是否发生异常,一定会执行的代码块
- 在函数中,即便在try或except中进行了return也依然会执行finally语法快
- try语法至少要伴随except或finally中的一个
- 语法:
try: <> except: <> finally: <>View Code1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def test(): 4 try: 5 return "try" 6 except: 7 return "except" 8 finally: 9 return "finally" 10 11 print(test()) #finally
4.自定义异常
4.1.自定义抛出异常raise
raise:将信息以报错的形式抛出
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def test(number): 4 if number==100: 5 raise ValueError("number不能等于100") 6 return number 7 print(test(50)) #50 8 print(test(100)) 9 ''' 10 Traceback (most recent call last): 11 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 8, in <module> 12 print(test(100)) 13 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 5, in test 14 raise ValueError("number不能等于100") 15 ValueError: number不能等于100 16 '''1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 # 知识点1:raise主动抛出的异常可以被正常捕获 4 def test(number): 5 if number==100: 6 raise ValueError("number不能等于100") 7 return number 8 9 def test1(number): 10 try: 11 return test(number) 12 except ValueError as e: 13 return e 14 15 print(test1(100)) #number不能等于1001 # coding:utf-8 2 3 # 知识点2:raise语法后面没有进行异常类型的传递,直接跟字符串,编译器报错,必须得加,如果不知道异常类型,使用基类Exception 4 def test(): 5 raise "报错了" 6 7 print(test()) 8 ''' 9 Traceback (most recent call last): 10 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 7, in <module> 11 print(test()) 12 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 5, in test 13 raise "报错了" 14 TypeError: exceptions must derive from BaseException 15 '''
4.2.自定义异常类
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 class NumberLimitError(Exception): 4 def __init__(self,message): 5 self.message = message 6 7 class NameLimitError(Exception): 8 def __init__(self,message): 9 self.message = message 10 11 def test(name): 12 if name=="张三": 13 raise NameLimitError("张三不可以被填写") 14 return name 15 16 def test1(number): 17 if number > 100: 18 raise NumberLimitError("数字不能大于100") 19 return number 20 21 try: 22 test("张三") 23 except NameLimitError as e: 24 print(e) 25 ''' 26 张三不可以被填写 27 ''' 28 29 try: 30 test1(105) 31 except NumberLimitError as e: 32 print(e) 33 ''' 34 数字不能大于100 35 '''
5.断言
5.1.断言的功能---assert
assert断言:用于判断一个表达式,在表达式条件为false时触发异常
- raise是生硬的抛出异常
- assert是先进行判断然后根据结果决定是否抛出
5.2.断言得用法---assert
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 def test(name): 4 assert name in ["张三","李四"],"{}不在学生列表中".format(name) 5 print("{}在学生列表中".format(name)) 6 test("张三") #张三在学生列表中 7 test("王五") 8 ''' 9 Traceback (most recent call last): 10 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 7, in <module> 11 test("王五") 12 File "D:/WorkSpace/Python_Study/test01.py", line 4, in test 13 assert name in ["张三","李四"],"{}不在学生列表中".format(name) 14 AssertionError: 王五不在学生列表中 15 '''
6.python中的调试方法
百度一搜一大堆,我给大家分享一下我看的资料,比较老了,但是很全,最新版的Pycharm可以适用里面的操作