ASP.NET Core 中基于 API Key 对私有 Web API 进行保护

原文:ASP.NET Core 中基于 API Key 对私有 Web API 进行保护

这两天遇到一个应用场景,需要对内网调用的部分 web api 进行安全保护,只允许请求头账户包含指定 key 的客户端进行调用。在网上找到一篇英文博文 ASP.NET Core - Protect your API with API Keys,该文中的代码完美基于 ASP.NET Core 内置的鉴权(Authentication) 与授权(Authorization)机制解决了这个问题,于是站在巨人的肩上自己实现了一遍,在这篇随笔中做个记录。

ASP.NET Core Authentication 与 Authorization 实现的开源代码在 https://github.com/aspnet/AspNetCore/tree/master/src/Security

使用 API Key 对私有 Web API 进行保护,实际就是通过自定义的 AuthenticationHandler 对 ASP.NET Core Authentication 的鉴权能力进行扩展,具体实现分4步。

1)实现配角(配置选项)ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions

public class ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions : AuthenticationSchemeOptions
{
    public const string DefaultScheme = "ApiKey";
    public string Scheme { get; set; } = DefaultScheme;
    public string AuthenticationType { get; set; } = DefaultScheme;
}

这里的示例程序很简单,选项只用于定义 DefaultScheme 。

2)实现主角 ApiKeyAuthenticationHandler

public class ApiKeyAuthenticationHandler : AuthenticationHandler<ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions>
{
    private const string HEADER_NAME = "X-Api-Key";
    private readonly (string Owner, string Key)[] _apiKeys = new[] { ("test", "xxx123yyy456zzz") };
    private readonly ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions _options;

    public ApiKeyAuthenticationHandler(
        IOptionsMonitor<ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions> options,
        ILoggerFactory logger,
        UrlEncoder Encoder,
        ISystemClock clock) : base(options, logger, Encoder, clock)
    {
        _options = options.CurrentValue;
    }

    protected override async Task<AuthenticateResult> HandleAuthenticateAsync()
    {
        var providedApiKey = Context.Request.Headers[HEADER_NAME].FirstOrDefault();
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(providedApiKey))
        {
            return AuthenticateResult.NoResult();
        }

        var apiKey = _apiKeys.FirstOrDefault(k => k.Key == providedApiKey);
        if (apiKey != default)
        {
            var claims = new[]
            {
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, apiKey.Owner)
            };
            var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(claims, authenticationType: _options.AuthenticationType);
            var identities = new List<ClaimsIdentity> { identity };
            var principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(identities);
            var ticket = new AuthenticationTicket(principal, authenticationScheme: _options.Scheme);

            await Task.CompletedTask;
            return AuthenticateResult.Success(ticket);
        }

        return AuthenticateResult.Fail("Invalid API Key provided.");
    }
}

在 override 方法 HandleAuthenticateAsync 中实现基于 API Key 对私有 Web API 进行保护的鉴权逻辑,根据客户端请求头进行验证,如果是合法请求,就发一个 ticket 。有了这张门票, 如果只要有门票就能通过(比如加了[Authorize]声明), 没有其他授权要求,Authorization 就会直接放行。

3)实现跑龙套的 AuthenticationBuilderExtensions 扩展方法

public static class AuthenticationBuilderExtensions
{
    public static AuthenticationBuilder AddApiKeySupport(this AuthenticationBuilder authenticationBuilder)
    {
        return authenticationBuilder.AddScheme<ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions, ApiKeyAuthenticationHandler>(
            ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions.DefaultScheme,
            options => { });
    }

    public static AuthenticationBuilder AddApiKeySupport(this AuthenticationBuilder authenticationBuilder,
        Action<ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions> options)
    {
        return authenticationBuilder.AddScheme<ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions, ApiKeyAuthenticationHandler>(
            ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions.DefaultScheme,
            options);
    }
}

这个扩展方法只是为了方便在 Startup 中添加 ApiKeyAuthenticationHandler 。

4)开始演戏
Startup.ConfigureServices 中配置 Authentication

services.AddAuthentication(options =>
{
    options.DefaultScheme = ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions.DefaultScheme;
    options.DefaultChallengeScheme = ApiKeyAuthenticationOptions.DefaultScheme;
}).AddApiKeySupport();

Startup.Configure 中添加 Authentication 与 Authorization 中间件(注:一定要放在 app.UseRouting 之后)

app.UseRouting();
app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
    endpoints.MapControllers();
});

对需要保护的 web api 添加 [Authorize] 声明

[Authorize]
public async Task<bool> ProtectedAction()
{
    //...
}

搞定。

ASP.NET Core 中基于 API Key 对私有 Web API 进行保护

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