[LeetCode] 48. Rotate Image 旋转图像

You are given an n x n 2D matrix representing an image.

Rotate the image by 90 degrees (clockwise).

Note:

You have to rotate the image in-place, which means you have to modify the input 2D matrix directly. DO NOT allocate another 2D matrix and do the rotation.

Example 1:

Given input matrix =
[
[1,2,3],
[4,5,6],
[7,8,9]
], rotate the input matrix in-place such that it becomes:
[
[7,4,1],
[8,5,2],
[9,6,3]
]

Example 2:

Given input matrix =
[
[ 5, 1, 9,11],
[ 2, 4, 8,10],
[13, 3, 6, 7],
[15,14,12,16]
], rotate the input matrix in-place such that it becomes:
[
[15,13, 2, 5],
[14, 3, 4, 1],
[12, 6, 8, 9],
[16, 7,10,11]
]

在计算机图像处理里,旋转图片是很常见的,由于图片的本质是二维数组,所以也就变成了对数组的操作处理,翻转的本质就是某个位置上数移动到另一个位置上,比如用一个简单的例子来分析:

                

      -->         

               

对于90度的翻转有很多方法,一步或多步都可以解,先来看一种直接的方法,这种方法是按顺时针的顺序去覆盖前面的数字,从四个顶角开始,然后往中间去遍历,每次覆盖的坐标都是同理,如下:

(i, j)  <-  (n-1-j, i)  <-  (n-1-i, n-1-j)  <-  (j, n-1-i)

这其实是个循环的过程,第一个位置又覆盖了第四个位置,这里i的取值范围是 [0, n/2),j的取值范围是 [i, n-1-i),至于为什么i和j是这个取值范围,为啥i不用遍历 [n/2, n),若仔细观察这些位置之间的联系,不难发现,实际上j列的范围 [i, n-1-i) 顺时针翻转 90 度,正好就是i行的 [n/2, n) 的位置,这个方法每次循环换四个数字,如下所示:


          -->             -->          

                                    

解法一:

class Solution {
public:
void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
int n = matrix.size();
for (int i = ; i < n / ; ++i) {
for (int j = i; j < n - - i; ++j) {
int tmp = matrix[i][j];
matrix[i][j] = matrix[n - - j][i];
matrix[n - - j][i] = matrix[n - - i][n - - j];
matrix[n - - i][n - - j] = matrix[j][n - - i];
matrix[j][n - - i] = tmp;
}
}
}
};

还有一种解法,首先以从对角线为轴翻转,然后再以x轴中线上下翻转即可得到结果,如下图所示(其中蓝色数字表示翻转轴):

           9  6            7  4  1

      -->          -->     8  5  2  

             4  1          9  6  3

解法二:

class Solution {
public:
void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
int n = matrix.size();
for (int i = ; i < n - ; ++i) {
for (int j = ; j < n - i; ++j) {
swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[n - - j][n - - i]);
}
}
reverse(matrix.begin(), matrix.end());
}
};

最后再来看一种方法,这种方法首先对原数组取其转置矩阵,然后把每行的数字翻转可得到结果,如下所示(其中蓝色数字表示翻转轴,Github 上可能无法显示颜色,请参见博客园上的帖子):

             4  7              

      -->          -->           

           3  6                 

解法三:

class Solution {
public:
void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
int n = matrix.size();
for (int i = ; i < n; ++i) {
for (int j = i + ; j < n; ++j) {
swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]);
}
reverse(matrix[i].begin(), matrix[i].end());
}
}
};

Github 同步地址:

https://github.com/grandyang/leetcode/issues/48

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/rotate-image/

https://leetcode.com/problems/rotate-image/discuss/18895/Clear-Java-solution

https://leetcode.com/problems/rotate-image/discuss/18872/A-common-method-to-rotate-the-image

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