- 组合查询
组合以下两个查询语句
mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_state IN (‘IL‘,‘IN‘,‘MI‘); +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | cust_name | cust_contact | cust_email | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | Coyote Inc. | Y Lee | ylee@coyote.com | | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | | E Fudd | E Fudd | NULL | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_name=‘Wascals‘; +-----------+--------------+---------------------+ | cust_name | cust_contact | cust_email | +-----------+--------------+---------------------+ | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | +-----------+--------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
使用UNION联合语句:
mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_state IN (‘IN‘,‘IL‘,‘MI‘) UNION SELECT cust_name, cust_contact, cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_name=‘Wascals‘; +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | cust_name | cust_contact | cust_email | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | Coyote Inc. | Y Lee | ylee@coyote.com | | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | | E Fudd | E Fudd | NULL | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
使用UNION时也需要注意:
- UNION 必须由两条或两条以上的 SELECT 语句组成,语句之间用关键 字UNION分隔(因此,如果组合四条SELECT语句,将要使用三个UNION 关键字)。
- UNION 中的每个查询必须包含相同的列、表达式或聚集函数(不过, 各个列不需要以相同的次序列出)。
- 列数据类型必须兼容:类型不必完全相同,但必须是 DBMS可以隐含 转换的类型(例如,不同的数值类型或不同的日期类型)。
但是在使用UNION时,重复的行会被取消,如果不想取消,可以使用 UNION ALL 而不是 UNION。
mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_state IN (‘IN‘,‘IL‘,‘MI‘) UNION ALL SELECT cust_name, cust_contact, cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_name=‘Wascals‘; +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | cust_name | cust_contact | cust_email | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | Coyote Inc. | Y Lee | ylee@coyote.com | | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | | E Fudd | E Fudd | NULL | | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
对组合查询结果排序:
这条UNION在最后一条SELECT语句后使用了ORDER BY子句。虽然ORDER BY 子句似乎只是最后一条 SELECT 语句的组成部分,但实际上 DBMS将 用它来排序所有 SELECT 语句返回的所有结果。
mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_state IN (‘IN‘,‘IL‘,‘MI‘) UNION ALL SELECT cust_name, cust_contact, cust_email FROM Customers WHERE cust_name=‘Wascals‘ ORDER BY cust_name, cust_contact; +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | cust_name | cust_contact | cust_email | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ | Coyote Inc. | Y Lee | ylee@coyote.com | | E Fudd | E Fudd | NULL | | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | | Wascals | Jim Jones | rabbit@wascally.com | +-------------+--------------+---------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注:
某些 DBMS还支持另外两种 UNION:EXCEPT(有时称为 MINUS)可用 来检索只在第一个表中存在而在第二个表中不存在的行;而 INTERSECT 可用来检索两个表中都存在的行。实际上,这些 UNION 很 少使用,因为相同的结果可利用联结得到。