C++学习笔记12:运算符重载(赋值操作符1)

为数偶类定义专用的赋值操作符

class Couple
{
public:
Couple(int a = , int b = ) :_a(a), _b(b) {}
Couple(const Couple &c):_a(c._a),_b(c._b){}
Couple &operator=(const Couple &c);
private:
int _a, _b;
}; Couple & Couple::operator=(const Couple &c)
{
if (*this == c)//在不同的情况下,此语句可能会降低程序的执行的效率,比如多数情况下赋值的不是对象自身,因此要根据情况判定;
{
return *this;
}
_a = c._a;
_b = c._b;
return *this;
} int main()
{
Couple a(, ), b(, );
cout << a << endl;
a = b;
cout << a << endl;
return ;
}

为数偶类定义专用的简写四则运算符

class Couple
{
public:
Couple(int a = , int b = ) :_a(a), _b(b) {}
Couple(const Couple &c) :_a(c._a), _b(c._b) {}
Couple &operator+=(const Couple &c);
Couple &operator*=(const Couple &c);
Couple &operator*=(const int &k);
private:
int _a, _b;
}; Couple & Couple::operator+=(const Couple &c)
{
_a += c._a;
_b += c._b;
return *this;
} Couple & Couple::operator*=(const Couple &c)
{
_a *= c._a;
_b *= c._b;
return *this;
} Couple & Couple::operator*=(const int &k)
{
_a *= k;
_b *= k;
return *this;
}

为数偶类定义专用的递增递减操作符

class Couple
{
public:
Couple(int a = , int b = ) :_a(a), _b(b) {}
Couple(const Couple &c) :_a(c._a), _b(c._b) {}
Couple & operator=(const Couple &c);
Couple & operator++();//前缀递增,返回本对象的引用
Couple operator++(int);//后缀递增,返回本对象的拷贝
private:
int _a, _b;
}; Couple & Couple::operator++()
{
++_a, ++_b;
return *this;
} Couple Couple::operator++(int _t)
{
Couple _t(*this);
_a++, _b++;
return _t;
}

赋值操作符的返回值

  • 除后缀递增递减操作符,应返回对象的引用,以与C++本身的语义相符合
  • 返回对象需要额外的对象构造,降低效率
  • 如果不需要返回值以进行连续赋值,可以将返回值设为void,但要注意此时重载的操作符语义与C++不符合,故不推荐

赋值构造与拷贝构造

赋值也是构造

拷贝、赋值与析构三位一体,一般同时出现

  • 缺省赋值构造与拷贝构造为浅拷贝
  • 如果对象没有指针成员,缺省行为即可满足要求,无需实现或重载这三个函数
  • 如果对象有指针成员,一般需要重载这三个函数

浅拷贝

class A
{
public:
A():_n(),_p(NULL){}
explicit A(int n) :_n(n), _p(new int[n]) {}//把数组的基地址赋值给_p
A(int n, int *p) :_n(n), _p(p) {}
//如果省略以下语句,编译器自动生成以下两条语句(浅拷贝)
A(const A & that) :_n(that._n), _p(that._p) {}//浅拷贝
A & operator=(const A & that) { _n = that._n, _p = that._p; return *this; }
virtual ~A() { if (_p) { delete[]_p; _p = NULL; } }
public:
int & operator[](int i);
const int & operator[](int i) const;
private:
int _n;
int *_p;
}; int & A::operator[](int i)
{
if (i < || i >= )
throw std::out_of_range("Out of range when trying to access the object... ");
return _p[i];
} const int & A::operator[](int i) const
{
if (i < || i >= )
throw std::out_of_range("Out of range when trying to access the object..");
return _p[i];
} int main()
{
A a(), b;
for ( int i = ; i < ; i++)
{
a[i] = i + ;
}
std::cout << "Before object assignment:" << std::endl;
for (int i = ; i < ; i++)
{
std::cout << a[i] << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;
b = a;
std::cout << "After object assignment:" << std::endl;
for (int i = ; i < ; i++)
{
std::cout << b[i] << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;
return ;//程序结束时,系统崩溃
}

C++学习笔记12:运算符重载(赋值操作符1)

对象a是main函数中定义的局部变量,当程序结束时对象a的_p会释放其指向的目标存储区,而对象b同样会去销毁目标存储区,但是目标存储区已被释放,此时出现了空悬指针;导致b在销毁对象使用delete[]时,程序崩溃;

解决方法:

  • 使用深拷贝(拷贝一份指针指向目标数据对象的副本)

C++学习笔记12:运算符重载(赋值操作符1)

class A
{
public:
A():_n(),_p(NULL){}
explicit A(int n) :_n(n), _p(new int[n]) {}//把数组的基地址赋值给_p
A(int n, int *p) :_n(n), _p(p) {}
A(const A & that);
A & operator=(const A & that);
virtual ~A() { if (_p) { delete[]_p; _p = NULL; } }
public:
int & operator[](int i);
const int & operator[](int i) const;
private:
int _n;
int *_p;
}; A::A(const A & that)//拷贝构造函数
{
this->_n = that._n;
_p = new int[_n];
for (int i = ; i < _n; i++)
{
_p[i] = that._p[i];
}
} A & A::operator=(const A & that)//重载赋值运算符
{
this->_n = that._n;
if (_p)
{
delete[]_p;
}
_p = new int[_n];
for (int i = ; i < _n; i++)
{
_p[i] = that._p[i];
}
return *this;
}

注意:在赋值操作时本对象其实已经存在,_P可能指向一个有意义的数组,数组在赋值操作后即失去意义,所以要先删除_p指向的目标数组,然后对它进行创建连续的存储区,一个一个元素地拷贝;

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