k8s-YAML配置文件

一、YAML基础

  YAML是专门用来写配置文件的语言,非常简洁和强大,使用比json更方便。它实质上是一种通用的数据串行化格式。

YAML语法规则:

  • 大小写敏感
  • 使用缩进表示层级关系
  • 缩进时不允许使用Tal键,只允许使用空格
  • 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可
  • ”#” 表示注释,从这个字符一直到行尾,都会被解析器忽略  

在Kubernetes中,只需要知道两种结构类型即可:

  • Lists
  • Maps

  1.1 YAML Maps

  Map顾名思义指的是字典,即一个Key:Value 的键值对信息。例如:  

1 2 3 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod

  注:---为可选的分隔符 ,当需要在一个文件中定义多个结构的时候需要使用。上述内容表示有两个键apiVersion和kind,分别对应的值为v1和Pod。

  Maps的value既能够对应字符串也能够对应一个Maps。例如:  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata:   name: kube100-site   labels:     app: web

  注:上述的YAML文件中,metadata这个KEY对应的值为一个Maps,而嵌套的labels这个KEY的值又是一个Map。实际使用中可视情况进行多层嵌套。

  YAML处理器根据行缩进来知道内容之间的关联。上述例子中,使用两个空格作为缩进,但空格的数据量并不重要,只是至少要求一个空格并且所有缩进保持一致的空格数 。例如,name和labels是相同缩进级别,因此YAML处理器知道他们属于同一map;它知道app是lables的值因为app的缩进更大。

  注意:在YAML文件中绝对不要使用tab键

  1.2 YAML Lists

  List即列表,说白了就是数组,例如:  

1 2 3 4 5 args  -beijing  -shanghai  -shenzhen  -guangzhou

  可以指定任何数量的项在列表中,每个项的定义以破折号(-)开头,并且与父元素之间存在缩进。在JSON格式中,表示如下:  

1 2 3 {   "args": ["beijing""shanghai""shenzhen""guangzhou"] }

  当然Lists的子项也可以是Maps,Maps的子项也可以是List,例如:  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata:   name: kube100-site   labels:     app: web spec:   containers:     - name: front-end       image: nginx       ports:         - containerPort: 80     - name: flaskapp-demo       image: jcdemo/flaskapp       ports: 8080

  如上述文件所示,定义一个containers的List对象,每个子项都由name、image、ports组成,每个ports都有一个KEY为containerPort的Map组成,转成JSON格式文件: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 {   "apiVersion""v1",   "kind""Pod",   "metadata": {         "name""kube100-site",         "labels": {             "app""web"         },     },   "spec": {         "containers": [{             "name""front-end",             "image""nginx",             "ports": [{                 "containerPort""80"             }]         }, {             "name""flaskapp-demo",             "image""jcdemo/flaskapp",             "ports": [{                 "containerPort""5000"             }]         }]   } }

二、说明

  • 定义配置时,指定最新稳定版API
  • 配置文件应该存储在集群之外的版本控制仓库中。如果需要,可以快速回滚配置、重新创建和恢复
  • 应该使用YAML格式编写配置文件,而不是json。YAML对用户更加友好
  • 可以将相关对象组合成单个文件,通常会更容易管理
  • 不要没必要指定默认值,简单和最小配置减小错误
  • 在注释中说明一个对象描述更好维护

 

三、使用YAML创建Pod 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata:   name: kube100-site   labels:     app: web spec:   containers:     - name: front-end       image: nginx       ports:         - containerPort: 80     - name: flaskapp-demo       image: jcdemo/flaskapp       ports:         - containerPort: 5000 
  • apiVersion:此处值是v1,这个版本号需要根据安装的Kubernetes版本和资源类型进行变化,记住不是写死的。
  • kind:此处创建的是Pod,根据实际情况,此处资源类型可以是Deployment、Job、Ingress、Service等。
  • metadata:包含Pod的一些meta信息,比如名称、namespace、标签等信息。
  • spe:包括一些container,storage,volume以及其他Kubernetes需要的参数,以及诸如是否在容器失败时重新启动容器的属性。可在特定Kubernetes API找到完整的Kubernetes Pod的属性。

  (1)查看apiVersion 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 # kubectl api-versions admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apps/v1 apps/v1beta1 apps/v1beta2 authentication.k8s.io/v1 authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 authorization.k8s.io/v1 authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 autoscaling/v1 autoscaling/v2beta1 batch/v1 batch/v1beta1 certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1 events.k8s.io/v1beta1 extensions/v1beta1 networking.k8s.io/v1 policy/v1beta1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 storage.k8s.io/v1 storage.k8s.io/v1beta1 v1

  (2)下面是一个典型的容器定义: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 spec:   containers:     - name: front-end       image: nginx       ports:         - containerPort: 80 … 
  • 上述例子只是一个简单的最小定义:一个名字(front-end)、基于nginx的镜像,以及容器将会监听的指定端口号(80)。

  • 除了上述的基本属性外,还能够指定复杂的属性,包括容器启动运行的命令、使用的参数、工作目录以及每次实例化是否拉取新的副本。 还可以指定更深入的信息,例如容器的退出日志的位置。容器可选的设置属性包括:

    name、image、command、args、workingDir、ports、env、resource、volumeMounts、livenessProbe、readinessProbe、livecycle、terminationMessagePath、imagePullPolicy、securityContext、stdin、stdinOnce、tty

  (3)kubectl创建Pod  

1 2 # kubectl create -f test_pod.yaml pod "kube100-site" created

  (4)查看Pod状态 

1 2 3 4 # kubectl get pod   NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE kube100-site                  2/2       Running   0          2m

  

 四、创建Deployment

  名词解释 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 #test-pod  apiVersion: v1 #指定api版本,此值必须在kubectl apiversion中    kind: Pod #指定创建资源的角色/类型    metadata: #资源的元数据/属性      name: test-pod #资源的名字,在同一个namespace中必须唯一      labels: #设定资源的标签      k8s-app: apache        version: v1        kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"      annotations:            #自定义注解列表        - name: String        #自定义注解名字    spec: #specification of the resource content 指定该资源的内容      restartPolicy: Always #表明该容器一直运行,默认k8s的策略,在此容器退出后,会立即创建一个相同的容器      nodeSelector:     #节点选择,先给主机打标签kubectl label nodes kube-node1 zone=node1        zone: node1      containers:      - name: test-pod #容器的名字        image: 10.192.21.18:5000/test/chat:latest #容器使用的镜像地址        imagePullPolicy: Never #三个选择Always、Never、IfNotPresent,每次启动时检查和更新(从registery)images的策略,                             # Always,每次都检查                             # Never,每次都不检查(不管本地是否有)                             # IfNotPresent,如果本地有就不检查,如果没有就拉取      command: ['sh'#启动容器的运行命令,将覆盖容器中的Entrypoint,对应Dockefile中的ENTRYPOINT        args: ["$(str)"#启动容器的命令参数,对应Dockerfile中CMD参数        env: #指定容器中的环境变量        - name: str #变量的名字          value: "/etc/run.sh" #变量的值        resources: #资源管理        requests: #容器运行时,最低资源需求,也就是说最少需要多少资源容器才能正常运行            cpu: 0.1 #CPU资源(核数),两种方式,浮点数或者是整数+m,0.1=100m,最少值为0.001核(1m)          memory: 32Mi #内存使用量          limits: #资源限制            cpu: 0.5            memory: 1000Mi        ports:        - containerPort: 80 #容器开发对外的端口        name: httpd  #名称        protocol: TCP        livenessProbe: #pod内容器健康检查的设置        httpGet: #通过httpget检查健康,返回200-399之间,则认为容器正常            path: / #URI地址            port: 80            #host: 127.0.0.1 #主机地址            scheme: HTTP          initialDelaySeconds: 180 #表明第一次检测在容器启动后多长时间后开始          timeoutSeconds: 5 #检测的超时时间          periodSeconds: 15  #检查间隔时间          #也可以用这种方法          #exec: 执行命令的方法进行监测,如果其退出码不为0,则认为容器正常          #  command:          #    - cat          #    - /tmp/health          #也可以用这种方法          #tcpSocket: //通过tcpSocket检查健康           #  port: number         lifecycle: #生命周期管理          postStart: #容器运行之前运行的任务            exec:              command:                - 'sh'                - 'yum upgrade -y'          preStop:#容器关闭之前运行的任务            exec:              command: ['service httpd stop']        volumeMounts:  #挂载持久存储卷      - name: volume #挂载设备的名字,与volumes[*].name 需要对应            mountPath: /data #挂载到容器的某个路径下          readOnly: True      volumes: #定义一组挂载设备      - name: volume #定义一个挂载设备的名字        #meptyDir: {}        hostPath:          path: /opt #挂载设备类型为hostPath,路径为宿主机下的/opt,这里设备类型支持很多种      #nfs

  

  (1)创建一个yaml文件  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 apiVersion: apps/v1beta2 kind: Deployment metadata:   name: nginx-deployment spec:   replicas: 3   selector:     matchLabels:       app: nginx   template:     metadata:       labels:         app: nginx     spec:       containers:       - name: nginx         image: nginx:1.10         ports:         - containerPort: 80

  (2)创建deployment  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" created [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -o  wide NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.184.83    master-01 nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.190.60    node-01 nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.254.108   node-03 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get deployment NAME               DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE nginx-deployment   3         3         3            3           2m

  (3)查看标签

1 2 3 4 5 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod --show-labels NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       LABELS nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360 nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360 nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360

  (4)通过标签查找Pod

1 2 3 4 5 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -l app=nginx NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          6m nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          6m nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          6m

  (5)deployment创建过程

  Deployment 管理的是replicaset-controller,RC会创建Pod。Pod自身会下载镜像并启动镜像  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe rs nginx-deployment ... ... ... Events:   Type    Reason            Age   From                   Message   ----    ------            ----  ----                   -------   Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t     [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   ... ... ... Events:   Type    Reason                 Age   From                Message   ----    ------                 ----  ----                -------   Normal  Scheduled              36m   default-scheduler   Successfully assigned nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj to master-01   Normal  SuccessfulMountVolume  36m   kubelet, master-01  MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-v5vw9"   Normal  Pulled                 36m   kubelet, master-01  Container image "nginx:1.10" already present on machine   Normal  Created                36m   kubelet, master-01  Created container   Normal  Started                36m   kubelet, master-01  Started container

  (6)升级镜像(nginx1.10-->nginx1.11) 

1 2 3 4 5 6 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl set image deploy/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.11 deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" image updated   [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl exec -it nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf bash root@nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf:/# nginx -V nginx version: nginx/1.11.13

  升级镜像的过程是逐步进行的,pod不会一下子全部关闭,而是一个一个升级

   (7)查看发布状态  

1 2 [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

  (8)查看deployment历史修订版本  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment deployments "nginx-deployment" REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE 1         <none> 2         <none>   # 显示历史有两个版本   [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=1 deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #1 Pod Template:   Labels:   app=nginx     pod-template-hash=2636081360   Containers:    nginx:     Image:  nginx:1.10     Port:   80/TCP     Host Port:  0/TCP     Environment:    <none>     Mounts: <none>   Volumes:  <none>   [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=2 deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #2 Pod Template:   Labels:   app=nginx     pod-template-hash=65275387   Containers:    nginx:     Image:  nginx:1.11     Port:   80/TCP     Host Port:  0/TCP     Environment:    <none>     Mounts: <none>   Volumes:  <none>

  (8)编辑deployment  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl edit deploy/nginx-deployment     # 将nginx版本改为1.12 ... ... ...    spec:       containers:       - image: nginx:1.12         imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent         name: nginx         ports:         - containerPort: 80

  升级过程: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated... Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated... Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated... Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated... Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated... Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated... Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination... Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination... deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

  (10)扩容/缩容(指定--replicas的数量) 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr   1/1       Running   0          1m nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978   1/1       Running   0          1m nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl   1/1       Running   0          1m [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl scale deploy/nginx-deployment --replicas=5 deployment.extensions "nginx-deployment" scaled [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod NAME                                READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-6r5dz   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          4s nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-7sjtt   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          4s nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr   1/1       Running             0          2m nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978   1/1       Running             0          2m nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl   1/1       Running             0          2m

  (11)创建Service提供对外访问的接口 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata:   name: nginx-service   labels:     app: nginx spec:   ports:   - port: 88     targetPort: 80   selector:     app: nginx   #### apiVersion: 指定版本   kind: 类型   name: 指定服务名称   labels: 标签   port: Service 服务暴露的端口   targetPort: 容器暴露的端口   seletor: 关联的Pod的标签

  创建service

1 # kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml

  查看service(访问Pod是有负载均衡的)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get svc/nginx-service NAME            TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE nginx-service   ClusterIP   10.254.131.176   <none>        88/TCP    1m     # curl 10.254.131.176:88 <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Welcome to nginx!</title> <style>     body {         width: 35em;         margin: 0 auto;         font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;     } </style> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1> <p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and working. Further configuration is required.</p>   <p>For online documentation and support please refer to <a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/> Commercial support is available at <a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>   <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p> </body> </html>

  对service的描述  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 # kubectl describe svc/nginx-service Name:              nginx-service Namespace:         default Labels:            app=nginx Annotations:       <none> Selector:          app=nginx Type:              ClusterIP IP:                10.254.131.176 Port:              <unset>  88/TCP TargetPort:        80/TCP Endpoints:         10.20.184.19:80,10.20.184.84:80,10.20.190.62:80 + 2 more... Session Affinity:  None Events:            <none

  (12)回滚到以前的版本 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment deployments "nginx-deployment" REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE 1         <none> 2         <none> 3         <none>   # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=3 deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #3 Pod Template:   Labels:   app=nginx     pod-template-hash=2603790434   Containers:    nginx:     Image:  nginx:1.12     Port:   80/TCP     Host Port:  0/TCP     Environment:    <none>     Mounts: <none>   Volumes:  <none>     # 回滚到上一个版本 # kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"   # 查看版本 # kubectl describe deploy/nginx-deployment ... ... Labels:  app=nginx   Containers:    nginx:     Image:        nginx:1.11

  (13)回滚到指定版本

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment deployments "nginx-deployment" REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE 1         <none> 3         <none> 4         <none>   # 指定版本 # kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment --to-revision=1 deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"

 

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