一、YAML基础
YAML是专门用来写配置文件的语言,非常简洁和强大,使用比json更方便。它实质上是一种通用的数据串行化格式。
YAML语法规则:
- 大小写敏感
- 使用缩进表示层级关系
- 缩进时不允许使用Tal键,只允许使用空格
- 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可
- ”#” 表示注释,从这个字符一直到行尾,都会被解析器忽略
在Kubernetes中,只需要知道两种结构类型即可:
- Lists
- Maps
1.1 YAML Maps
Map顾名思义指的是字典,即一个Key:Value 的键值对信息。例如:
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- - -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
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注:---为可选的分隔符 ,当需要在一个文件中定义多个结构的时候需要使用。上述内容表示有两个键apiVersion和kind,分别对应的值为v1和Pod。
Maps的value既能够对应字符串也能够对应一个Maps。例如:
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- - -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kube100 - site
labels:
app: web
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注:上述的YAML文件中,metadata这个KEY对应的值为一个Maps,而嵌套的labels这个KEY的值又是一个Map。实际使用中可视情况进行多层嵌套。
YAML处理器根据行缩进来知道内容之间的关联。上述例子中,使用两个空格作为缩进,但空格的数据量并不重要,只是至少要求一个空格并且所有缩进保持一致的空格数 。例如,name和labels是相同缩进级别,因此YAML处理器知道他们属于同一map;它知道app是lables的值因为app的缩进更大。
注意:在YAML文件中绝对不要使用tab键
1.2 YAML Lists
List即列表,说白了就是数组,例如:
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args
- beijing
- shanghai
- shenzhen
- guangzhou
|
可以指定任何数量的项在列表中,每个项的定义以破折号(-)开头,并且与父元素之间存在缩进。在JSON格式中,表示如下:
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{
"args" : [ "beijing" , "shanghai" , "shenzhen" , "guangzhou" ]
}
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当然Lists的子项也可以是Maps,Maps的子项也可以是List,例如:
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- - -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kube100 - site
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- name: front - end
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: flaskapp - demo
image: jcdemo / flaskapp
ports: 8080
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如上述文件所示,定义一个containers的List对象,每个子项都由name、image、ports组成,每个ports都有一个KEY为containerPort的Map组成,转成JSON格式文件:
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{
"apiVersion" : "v1" ,
"kind" : "Pod" ,
"metadata" : {
"name" : "kube100-site" ,
"labels" : {
"app" : "web"
},
},
"spec" : {
"containers" : [{
"name" : "front-end" ,
"image" : "nginx" ,
"ports" : [{
"containerPort" : "80"
}]
}, {
"name" : "flaskapp-demo" ,
"image" : "jcdemo/flaskapp" ,
"ports" : [{
"containerPort" : "5000"
}]
}]
}
}
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二、说明
- 定义配置时,指定最新稳定版API
- 配置文件应该存储在集群之外的版本控制仓库中。如果需要,可以快速回滚配置、重新创建和恢复
- 应该使用YAML格式编写配置文件,而不是json。YAML对用户更加友好
- 可以将相关对象组合成单个文件,通常会更容易管理
- 不要没必要指定默认值,简单和最小配置减小错误
- 在注释中说明一个对象描述更好维护
三、使用YAML创建Pod
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- - -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kube100 - site
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- name: front - end
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: flaskapp - demo
image: jcdemo / flaskapp
ports:
- containerPort: 5000
|
- apiVersion:此处值是v1,这个版本号需要根据安装的Kubernetes版本和资源类型进行变化,记住不是写死的。
- kind:此处创建的是Pod,根据实际情况,此处资源类型可以是Deployment、Job、Ingress、Service等。
- metadata:包含Pod的一些meta信息,比如名称、namespace、标签等信息。
- spe:包括一些container,storage,volume以及其他Kubernetes需要的参数,以及诸如是否在容器失败时重新启动容器的属性。可在特定Kubernetes API找到完整的Kubernetes Pod的属性。
(1)查看apiVersion
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# kubectl api-versions
admissionregistration.k8s.io / v1beta1
apiextensions.k8s.io / v1beta1
apiregistration.k8s.io / v1
apiregistration.k8s.io / v1beta1
apps / v1
apps / v1beta1
apps / v1beta2
authentication.k8s.io / v1
authentication.k8s.io / v1beta1
authorization.k8s.io / v1
authorization.k8s.io / v1beta1
autoscaling / v1
autoscaling / v2beta1
batch / v1
batch / v1beta1
certificates.k8s.io / v1beta1
events.k8s.io / v1beta1
extensions / v1beta1
networking.k8s.io / v1
policy / v1beta1
rbac.authorization.k8s.io / v1
rbac.authorization.k8s.io / v1beta1
storage.k8s.io / v1
storage.k8s.io / v1beta1
v1
|
(2)下面是一个典型的容器定义:
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…
spec:
containers:
- name: front - end
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
…
|
-
上述例子只是一个简单的最小定义:一个名字(front-end)、基于nginx的镜像,以及容器将会监听的指定端口号(80)。
-
除了上述的基本属性外,还能够指定复杂的属性,包括容器启动运行的命令、使用的参数、工作目录以及每次实例化是否拉取新的副本。 还可以指定更深入的信息,例如容器的退出日志的位置。容器可选的设置属性包括:
name、image、command、args、workingDir、ports、env、resource、volumeMounts、livenessProbe、readinessProbe、livecycle、terminationMessagePath、imagePullPolicy、securityContext、stdin、stdinOnce、tty
(3)kubectl创建Pod
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# kubectl create -f test_pod.yaml
pod "kube100-site" created
|
(4)查看Pod状态
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# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube100 - site 2 / 2 Running 0 2m
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四、创建Deployment
名词解释
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#test-pod
apiVersion: v1 #指定api版本,此值必须在kubectl apiversion中
kind: Pod #指定创建资源的角色/类型
metadata: #资源的元数据/属性
name: test - pod #资源的名字,在同一个namespace中必须唯一
labels: #设定资源的标签
k8s - app: apache
version: v1
kubernetes.io / cluster - service: "true"
annotations: #自定义注解列表
- name: String #自定义注解名字
spec: #specification of the resource content 指定该资源的内容
restartPolicy: Always #表明该容器一直运行,默认k8s的策略,在此容器退出后,会立即创建一个相同的容器
nodeSelector: #节点选择,先给主机打标签kubectl label nodes kube-node1 zone=node1
zone: node1
containers:
- name: test - pod #容器的名字
image: 10.192 . 21.18 : 5000 / test / chat:latest #容器使用的镜像地址
imagePullPolicy: Never #三个选择Always、Never、IfNotPresent,每次启动时检查和更新(从registery)images的策略,
# Always,每次都检查
# Never,每次都不检查(不管本地是否有)
# IfNotPresent,如果本地有就不检查,如果没有就拉取
command: [ 'sh' ] #启动容器的运行命令,将覆盖容器中的Entrypoint,对应Dockefile中的ENTRYPOINT
args: [ "$(str)" ] #启动容器的命令参数,对应Dockerfile中CMD参数
env: #指定容器中的环境变量
- name: str #变量的名字
value: "/etc/run.sh" #变量的值
resources: #资源管理
requests: #容器运行时,最低资源需求,也就是说最少需要多少资源容器才能正常运行
cpu: 0.1 #CPU资源(核数),两种方式,浮点数或者是整数+m,0.1=100m,最少值为0.001核(1m)
memory: 32Mi #内存使用量
limits: #资源限制
cpu: 0.5
memory: 1000Mi
ports:
- containerPort: 80 #容器开发对外的端口
name: httpd #名称
protocol: TCP
livenessProbe: #pod内容器健康检查的设置
httpGet: #通过httpget检查健康,返回200-399之间,则认为容器正常
path: / #URI地址
port: 80
#host: 127.0.0.1 #主机地址
scheme: HTTP
initialDelaySeconds: 180 #表明第一次检测在容器启动后多长时间后开始
timeoutSeconds: 5 #检测的超时时间
periodSeconds: 15 #检查间隔时间
#也可以用这种方法
#exec: 执行命令的方法进行监测,如果其退出码不为0,则认为容器正常
# command:
# - cat
# - /tmp/health
#也可以用这种方法
#tcpSocket: //通过tcpSocket检查健康
# port: number
lifecycle: #生命周期管理
postStart: #容器运行之前运行的任务
exec :
command:
- 'sh'
- 'yum upgrade -y'
preStop: #容器关闭之前运行的任务
exec :
command: [ 'service httpd stop' ]
volumeMounts: #挂载持久存储卷
- name: volume #挂载设备的名字,与volumes[*].name 需要对应
mountPath: / data #挂载到容器的某个路径下
readOnly: True
volumes: #定义一组挂载设备
- name: volume #定义一个挂载设备的名字
#meptyDir: {}
hostPath:
path: / opt #挂载设备类型为hostPath,路径为宿主机下的/opt,这里设备类型支持很多种
#nfs
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(1)创建一个yaml文件
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apiVersion: apps / v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx - deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx: 1.10
ports:
- containerPort: 80
|
(2)创建deployment
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[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" created
[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 26wzj 1 / 1 Running 0 2m 10.20 . 184.83 master - 01
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 9w7tm 1 / 1 Running 0 2m 10.20 . 190.60 node - 01
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - mhh8t 1 / 1 Running 0 2m 10.20 . 254.108 node - 03
[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl get deployment
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP - TO - DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx - deployment 3 3 3 3 2m
|
(3)查看标签
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[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl get pod --show-labels
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 26wzj 1 / 1 Running 0 3m app = nginx,pod - template - hash = 2636081360
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 9w7tm 1 / 1 Running 0 3m app = nginx,pod - template - hash = 2636081360
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - mhh8t 1 / 1 Running 0 3m app = nginx,pod - template - hash = 2636081360
|
(4)通过标签查找Pod
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[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl get pod -l app=nginx
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 26wzj 1 / 1 Running 0 6m
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 9w7tm 1 / 1 Running 0 6m
nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - mhh8t 1 / 1 Running 0 6m
|
(5)deployment创建过程
Deployment 管理的是replicaset-controller,RC会创建Pod。Pod自身会下载镜像并启动镜像
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[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl describe rs nginx-deployment
...
...
...
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Normal SuccessfulCreate 33m replicaset - controller Created pod: nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 9w7tm
Normal SuccessfulCreate 33m replicaset - controller Created pod: nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 26wzj
Normal SuccessfulCreate 33m replicaset - controller Created pod: nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - mhh8t
[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj
...
...
...
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Normal Scheduled 36m default - scheduler Successfully assigned nginx - deployment - 6b7b4d57b4 - 26wzj to master - 01
Normal SuccessfulMountVolume 36m kubelet, master - 01 MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-v5vw9"
Normal Pulled 36m kubelet, master - 01 Container image "nginx:1.10" already present on machine
Normal Created 36m kubelet, master - 01 Created container
Normal Started 36m kubelet, master - 01 Started container
|
(6)升级镜像(nginx1.10-->nginx1.11)
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[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl set image deploy/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.11
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" image updated
[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl exec -it nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf bash
root@nginx - deployment - b96c97dc - 2pxjf : / # nginx -V
nginx version: nginx / 1.11 . 13
|
升级镜像的过程是逐步进行的,pod不会一下子全部关闭,而是一个一个升级
(7)查看发布状态
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[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out
|
(8)查看deployment历史修订版本
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[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION CHANGE - CAUSE
1 <none>
2 <none>
# 显示历史有两个版本
[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=1
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #1
Pod Template:
Labels: app = nginx
pod - template - hash = 2636081360
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx: 1.10
Port: 80 / TCP
Host Port: 0 / TCP
Environment: <none>
Mounts: <none>
Volumes: <none>
[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=2
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #2
Pod Template:
Labels: app = nginx
pod - template - hash = 65275387
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx: 1.11
Port: 80 / TCP
Host Port: 0 / TCP
Environment: <none>
Mounts: <none>
Volumes: <none>
|
(8)编辑deployment
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[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl edit deploy/nginx-deployment
# 将nginx版本改为1.12
...
...
...
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx: 1.12
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
|
升级过程:
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[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out
|
(10)扩容/缩容(指定--replicas的数量)
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[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - 8mjkr 1 / 1 Running 0 1m
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - kr978 1 / 1 Running 0 1m
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - tvhvl 1 / 1 Running 0 1m
[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl scale deploy/nginx-deployment --replicas=5
deployment.extensions "nginx-deployment" scaled
[root@master - 01 ~] # kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - 6r5dz 0 / 1 ContainerCreating 0 4s
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - 7sjtt 0 / 1 ContainerCreating 0 4s
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - 8mjkr 1 / 1 Running 0 2m
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - kr978 1 / 1 Running 0 2m
nginx - deployment - 6b47cf4878 - tvhvl 1 / 1 Running 0 2m
|
(11)创建Service提供对外访问的接口
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apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx - service
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 88
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: nginx
####
apiVersion: 指定版本
kind: 类型
name: 指定服务名称
labels: 标签
port: Service 服务暴露的端口
targetPort: 容器暴露的端口
seletor: 关联的Pod的标签
|
创建service
1 |
# kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml
|
查看service(访问Pod是有负载均衡的)
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[root@master - 01 YAML_k8s] # kubectl get svc/nginx-service
NAME TYPE CLUSTER - IP EXTERNAL - IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx - service ClusterIP 10.254 . 131.176 <none> 88 / TCP 1m
# curl 10.254.131.176:88
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!< / title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em ;
margin: 0 auto;
font - family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans - serif;
}
< / style>
< / head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!< / h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.< / p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href = "http://nginx.org/" >nginx.org< / a>.<br / >
Commercial support is available at
<a href = "http://nginx.com/" >nginx.com< / a>.< / p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.< / em>< / p>
< / body>
< / html>
|
对service的描述
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# kubectl describe svc/nginx-service
Name: nginx - service
Namespace: default
Labels: app = nginx
Annotations: <none>
Selector: app = nginx
Type : ClusterIP
IP: 10.254 . 131.176
Port: <unset> 88 / TCP
TargetPort: 80 / TCP
Endpoints: 10.20 . 184.19 : 80 , 10.20 . 184.84 : 80 , 10.20 . 190.62 : 80 + 2 more...
Session Affinity: None
Events: <none
|
(12)回滚到以前的版本
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# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION CHANGE - CAUSE
1 <none>
2 <none>
3 <none>
# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=3
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #3
Pod Template:
Labels: app = nginx
pod - template - hash = 2603790434
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx: 1.12
Port: 80 / TCP
Host Port: 0 / TCP
Environment: <none>
Mounts: <none>
Volumes: <none>
# 回滚到上一个版本
# kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"
# 查看版本
# kubectl describe deploy/nginx-deployment
...
...
Labels: app = nginx
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx: 1.11
|
(13)回滚到指定版本
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# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION CHANGE - CAUSE
1 <none>
3 <none>
4 <none>
# 指定版本
# kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment --to-revision=1
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"
|