Annex A

(informative) Language syntax summary

1      NOTE    The notation is described in 6.1.

A.1 Lexical grammar A.1.1 Lexical elements

(6.4) token:

keyword

identifier constant string-literal punctuator

(6.4) preprocessing-token:

header-name

identifier

pp-number character-constant string-literal punctuator each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above

A.1.2 Keywords

(6.4.1) keyword: one of

auto break case char const continue default do double else

enum extern float for goto if inline int long register

restrict return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union

unsigned void volatile while _Bool _Complex _Imaginary

§A.1.2

A.1.3 Identifiers

(6.4.2.1) identifier: identifier-nondigit identifier identifier-nondigit identifier digit

(6.4.2.1) identifier-nondigit: nondigit

universal-character-name other implementation-defined characters

(6.4.2.1) nondigit: one of

_ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

(6.4.2.1) digit: one of

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A.1.4 Universal character names

(6.4.3) universal-character-name:

\u hex-quad \U hex-quad hex-quad

(6.4.3) hex-quad: hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit

hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit A.1.5 Constants

(6.4.4) constant: integer-constant floating-constant enumeration-constant character-constant

(6.4.4.1) integer-constant: decimal-constant integer-suffixopt octal-constant integer-suffixopt hexadecimal-constant integer-suffixopt

(6.4.4.1) decimal-constant: nonzero-digit decimal-constant digit

§A.1.5

(6.4.4.1) octal-constant:

0

octal-constant octal-digit

(6.4.4.1) hexadecimal-constant: hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-constant hexadecimal-digit

(6.4.4.1) hexadecimal-prefix: one of

0x 0X

(6.4.4.1) nonzero-digit: one of

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(6.4.4.1) octal-digit: one of

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(6.4.4.1) hexadecimal-digit: one of

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f A B C D E F

(6.4.4.1) integer-suffix:

unsigned-suffix long-suffixopt unsigned-suffix long-long-suffix long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt long-long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt

(6.4.4.1) unsigned-suffix: one of u U

(6.4.4.1) long-suffix: one of l L

(6.4.4.1) long-long-suffix: one of

ll LL

(6.4.4.2) floating-constant: decimal-floating-constant hexadecimal-floating-constant

(6.4.4.2) decimal-floating-constant:

fractional-constant exponent-partopt floating-suffixopt digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixopt

§A.1.5

(6.4.4.2) hexadecimal-floating-constant: hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-fractional-constant

binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt

hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit-sequence binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt

(6.4.4.2) fractional-constant:

digit-sequenceopt . digit-sequence digit-sequence .

(6.4.4.2) exponent-part:

e signopt digit-sequence

E signopt digit-sequence

(6.4.4.2) sign: one of

+ -

(6.4.4.2) digit-sequence: digit

digit-sequence digit

(6.4.4.2) hexadecimal-fractional-constant:

hexadecimal-digit-sequenceopt . hexadecimal-digit-sequence

hexadecimal-digit-sequence .

(6.4.4.2) binary-exponent-part:

p signopt digit-sequence P signopt digit-sequence

(6.4.4.2) hexadecimal-digit-sequence: hexadecimal-digit

hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit

(6.4.4.2) floating-suffix: one of f l F L

(6.4.4.3) enumeration-constant: identifier

(6.4.4.4) character-constant:

' c-char-sequence '

L' c-char-sequence '

§A.1.5

(6.4.4.4) c-char-sequence: c-char

c-char-sequence c-char

(6.4.4.4) c-char: any member of the source character set except the single-quote ', backslash \, or new-line character

escape-sequence

(6.4.4.4) escape-sequence: simple-escape-sequence octal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-escape-sequence universal-character-name

(6.4.4.4) simple-escape-sequence: one of

\' \" \? \\ \a \b \f \n \r \t \v

(6.4.4.4) octal-escape-sequence:

\ octal-digit

\ octal-digit octal-digit

\ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit

(6.4.4.4) hexadecimal-escape-sequence: \x hexadecimal-digit

hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit A.1.6 String literals

(6.4.5) string-literal:

" s-char-sequenceopt " L" s-char-sequenceopt "

(6.4.5) s-char-sequence: s-char

s-char-sequence s-char

(6.4.5) s-char: any member of the source character set except the double-quote ", backslash \, or new-line character

escape-sequence

§A.1.6

A.1.7 Punctuators

(6.4.6) punctuator: one of

[ ] ( ) { } . ->

++ -- & * + - ~ !

/ % << >> < > <= >= == != ^ | && || ? : ; ...

= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=

, # ##

<: :> <% %> %: %:%:

A.1.8 Header names

(6.4.7) header-name:

< h-char-sequence >

" q-char-sequence "

(6.4.7) h-char-sequence: h-char

h-char-sequence h-char

(6.4.7) h-char: any member of the source character set except the new-line character and >

(6.4.7) q-char-sequence: q-char

q-char-sequence q-char

(6.4.7) q-char: any member of the source character set except the new-line character and " A.1.9 Preprocessing numbers

(6.4.8) pp-number:

digit

. digit pp-number digit pp-number identifier-nondigit pp-number e sign pp-number E sign pp-number p sign pp-number P sign pp-number .

§A.1.9

A.2 Phrase structure grammar A.2.1 Expressions

(6.5.1) primary-expression: identifier constant string-literal

( expression )

(6.5.2) postfix-expression: primary-expression postfix-expression [ expression ] postfix-expression ( argument-expression-listopt ) postfix-expression . identifier postfix-expression -> identifier postfix-expression ++ postfix-expression --

( type-name ) { initializer-list } ( type-name ) { initializer-list , }

(6.5.2) argument-expression-list: assignment-expression

argument-expression-list , assignment-expression

(6.5.3) unary-expression:

postfix-expression ++ unary-expression -- unary-expression unary-operator cast-expression sizeof unary-expression sizeof ( type-name )

(6.5.3) unary-operator: one of

& * + - ~ !

(6.5.4) cast-expression:

unary-expression ( type-name ) cast-expression

(6.5.5) multiplicative-expression: cast-expression multiplicative-expression * cast-expression multiplicative-expression / cast-expression multiplicative-expression % cast-expression

§A.2.1

(6.5.6) additive-expression: multiplicative-expression additive-expression + multiplicative-expression additive-expression - multiplicative-expression

(6.5.7) shift-expression: additive-expression shift-expression << additive-expression shift-expression >> additive-expression

(6.5.8) relational-expression:

shift-expression relational-expression < shift-expression relational-expression > shift-expression relational-expression <= shift-expression relational-expression >= shift-expression

(6.5.9) equality-expression: relational-expression equality-expression == relational-expression equality-expression != relational-expression

(6.5.10) AND-expression:

equality-expression

AND-expression & equality-expression

(6.5.11) exclusive-OR-expression: AND-expression

exclusive-OR-expression ^ AND-expression

(6.5.12) inclusive-OR-expression: exclusive-OR-expression

inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression

(6.5.13) logical-AND-expression: inclusive-OR-expression

logical-AND-expression && inclusive-OR-expression

(6.5.14) logical-OR-expression: logical-AND-expression

logical-OR-expression || logical-AND-expression

(6.5.15) conditional-expression: logical-OR-expression

logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression

§A.2.1

(6.5.16) assignment-expression: conditional-expression

unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression

(6.5.16) assignment-operator: one of

= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=

(6.5.17) expression: assignment-expression expression , assignment-expression

(6.6) constant-expression:

conditional-expression A.2.2 Declarations

(6.7) declaration:

declaration-specifiers init-declarator-listopt ;

(6.7) declaration-specifiers: storage-class-specifier declaration-specifiersopt type-specifier declaration-specifiersopt type-qualifier declaration-specifiersopt function-specifier declaration-specifiersopt

(6.7) init-declarator-list: init-declarator

init-declarator-list , init-declarator

(6.7) init-declarator: declarator declarator = initializer

(6.7.1) storage-class-specifier:

typedef extern static auto register

§A.2.2

(6.7.2) type-specifier:

void char short int long float double signed unsigned _Bool

_Complex

struct-or-union-specifier   ∗ enum-specifier typedef-name

(6.7.2.1) struct-or-union-specifier:

struct-or-union identifieropt { struct-declaration-list } struct-or-union identifier

(6.7.2.1) struct-or-union:

struct union

(6.7.2.1) struct-declaration-list: struct-declaration

struct-declaration-list struct-declaration

(6.7.2.1) struct-declaration: specifier-qualifier-list struct-declarator-list ;

(6.7.2.1) specifier-qualifier-list: type-specifier specifier-qualifier-listopt type-qualifier specifier-qualifier-listopt

(6.7.2.1) struct-declarator-list: struct-declarator

struct-declarator-list , struct-declarator

(6.7.2.1) struct-declarator: declarator

declaratoropt : constant-expression

§A.2.2

(6.7.2.2) enum-specifier:

enum identifieropt { enumerator-list } enum identifieropt { enumerator-list , } enum identifier

(6.7.2.2) enumerator-list: enumerator

enumerator-list , enumerator

(6.7.2.2) enumerator: enumeration-constant

enumeration-constant = constant-expression

(6.7.3) type-qualifier:

const restrict volatile

(6.7.4) function-specifier:

inline

(6.7.5) declarator: pointeropt direct-declarator

(6.7.5) direct-declarator: identifier

( declarator )

direct-declarator [ type-qualifier-listopt assignment-expressionopt ] direct-declarator [static type-qualifier-listopt assignment-expression ] direct-declarator [ type-qualifier-list static assignment-expression ] direct-declarator [ type-qualifier-listopt *] direct-declarator ( parameter-type-list ) direct-declarator ( identifier-listopt )

(6.7.5) pointer:

* type-qualifier-listopt * type-qualifier-listopt pointer

(6.7.5) type-qualifier-list: type-qualifier

type-qualifier-list type-qualifier

(6.7.5) parameter-type-list:

parameter-list parameter-list , ...

§A.2.2

(6.7.5) parameter-list: parameter-declaration

parameter-list , parameter-declaration

(6.7.5) parameter-declaration: declaration-specifiers declarator declaration-specifiers abstract-declaratoropt

(6.7.5) identifier-list:

identifier

identifier-list , identifier

(6.7.6) type-name: specifier-qualifier-list abstract-declaratoropt

(6.7.6) abstract-declarator: pointer

pointeropt direct-abstract-declarator

(6.7.6) direct-abstract-declarator: ( abstract-declarator ) direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ assignment-expressionopt ] direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ * ]

direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-type-listopt )

(6.7.7) typedef-name: identifier

(6.7.8) initializer: assignment-expression { initializer-list } { initializer-list , }

(6.7.8) initializer-list:

designationopt initializer

initializer-list , designationopt initializer

(6.7.8) designation: designator-list =

(6.7.8) designator-list: designator

designator-list designator

§A.2.2

(6.7.8) designator:

[ constant-expression ]

. identifier A.2.3 Statements

(6.8) statement: labeled-statement compound-statement expression-statement selection-statement iteration-statement jump-statement

(6.8.1) labeled-statement: identifier : statement case constant-expression : statement default : statement

(6.8.2) compound-statement:

{ block-item-listopt }

(6.8.2) block-item-list: block-item block-item-list block-item

(6.8.2) block-item: declaration statement

(6.8.3) expression-statement:

expressionopt ;

(6.8.4) selection-statement:

if ( expression ) statement if ( expression ) statement else statement switch ( expression ) statement

(6.8.5) iteration-statement:

while ( expression ) statement do statement while ( expression ) ;

for ( expressionopt ; expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement for ( declaration expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement

§A.2.3

(6.8.6) jump-statement:

goto identifier ; continue ; break ; return expressionopt ;

A.2.4 External definitions

(6.9) translation-unit: external-declaration

translation-unit external-declaration

(6.9) external-declaration: function-definition declaration

(6.9.1) function-definition: declaration-specifiers declarator declaration-listopt compound-statement

(6.9.1) declaration-list: declaration

declaration-list declaration A.3 Preprocessing directives

(6.10) preprocessing-file: groupopt

(6.10) group: group-part group group-part

(6.10) group-part: if-section control-line text-line # non-directive

(6.10) if-section: if-group elif-groupsopt else-groupopt endif-line

(6.10) if-group:

                                 # if      constant-expression new-line groupopt

# ifdef identifier new-line groupopt

# ifndef identifier new-line groupopt

§A.3

(6.10) elif-groups: elif-group elif-groups elif-group

(6.10) elif-group:

                                         # elif    constant-expression new-line groupopt

(6.10) else-group:

                                         # else   new-line groupopt

(6.10) endif-line:

# endif new-line

(6.10) control-line:

# include pp-tokens new-line

# define identifier replacement-list new-line # define identifier lparen identifier-listopt )

replacement-list new-line

# define identifier lparen ... ) replacement-list new-line

# define identifier lparen identifier-list , ... )

replacement-list new-line

                                         # undef   identifier new-line

                                         # line    pp-tokens new-line

                                         # error   pp-tokensopt new-line

# pragma pp-tokensopt new-line

                                         #         new-line

(6.10) text-line: pp-tokensopt new-line

(6.10) non-directive: pp-tokens new-line

(6.10) lparen: a ( character not immediately preceded by white-space

(6.10) replacement-list: pp-tokensopt

(6.10) pp-tokens: preprocessing-token pp-tokens preprocessing-token

(6.10) new-line: the new-line character

§A.3