A concurrent application's ability to execute in a timely manner is known as its liveness. This section describes the most common kind of liveness problem, deadlock, and goes on to briefly describe two other liveness problems, starvation and livelock.
译文：
一个并发应用程序在时间上的执行的能力被称为活动性。这一节主要描述了活动性的问题，死锁，并简要的介绍两个其他的活动性问题，饥饿和活锁。
Deadlock
Deadlock describes a situation where two or more threads are blocked forever, waiting for each other. Here's an example.
Alphonse and Gaston are friends, and great believers in courtesy. A strict rule of courtesy is that when you bow to a friend, you must remain bowed until your friend has a chance to return the bow. Unfortunately, this rule does not account for the possibility that two friends might bow to each other at the same time. This example application, Deadlock
public class Deadlock {
static class Friend {
private final String name;
public Friend(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
public synchronized void bow(Friend bower) {
System.out.format("%s: %s"
+ " has bowed to me!%n",
this.name, bower.getName());
bower.bowBack(this);
}
public synchronized void bowBack(Friend bower) {
System.out.format("%s: %s"
+ " has bowed back to me!%n",
this.name, bower.getName());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Friend alphonse =
new Friend("Alphonse");
final Friend gaston =
new Friend("Gaston");
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() { alphonse.bow(gaston); }
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() { gaston.bow(alphonse); }
}).start();
}
}
When Deadlock runs, it's extremely likely that both threads will block when they attempt to invoke bowBack. Neither block will ever end, because each thread is waiting for the other to exit bow.
译文：
死锁
死锁描述了一种两个或者两个以上的线程互相阻塞的一种现象，互相等待，下面是一个例子。
Alphonse 和Gaston 是朋友，并且都是伟大的礼貌信徒。礼貌有一个严格的规定，当你向你的朋友鞠躬的时候，你必须保持鞠躬，知道你朋友有机会能够给你回敬一个鞠躬。不幸的是，这种规则没有考虑到两个人同时鞠躬的情况。下面这个实例，DeadLock，是这种情况的一个模型：
public class Deadlock {
static class Friend {
private final String name;
public Friend(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
public synchronized void bow(Friend bower) {
System.out.format("%s: %s"
+ " has bowed to me!%n",
this.name, bower.getName());
bower.bowBack(this);
}
public synchronized void bowBack(Friend bower) {
System.out.format("%s: %s"
+ " has bowed back to me!%n",
this.name, bower.getName());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Friend alphonse =
new Friend("Alphonse");
final Friend gaston =
new Friend("Gaston");
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() { alphonse.bow(gaston); }
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() { gaston.bow(alphonse); }
}).start();
}
}
当DeadLock运行时，它极有可能使两个线程在调用bowBack()的时候阻塞。阻塞永远不会消失，因为它们都在等待对方退出Blow()方法。