在Linux系统中，有许多命令可用于查询主机的硬件信息。一些命令只针对特定的硬件组件，比如CPU、内存，一些命令可以查询多个硬件信息。
这篇文章只是简单的让每个人了解查询硬件信息的基本命令使用，包括lscpu、hwinfo、lshw、lspci、lsblk、lsusb等等。
1. lscpu用于查询CPU信息
[root@devops ~]# lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 1
On-line CPU(s) list: 0
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 1
CPU socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 45
Stepping: 7
CPU MHz: 2194.842
BogoMIPS: 4389.68
Hypervisor vendor: Xen
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 15360K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0
2. lshw显示硬件信息表
这个命令应用普遍，它可通过个人需求而列出多种不同的硬件参数：CPU、内存、硬盘、USB控制器、lshw卡片等等，本质上就是从/proc目录不同文件中中提取对应的硬件信息。
按照下面的步骤去安装lshw工具，然后就可以使用了。
wget http://ezix.org/software/files/lshw-B.02.14.tar.gz
tar -zxvf lshw-B.02.14.tar.gz
cd lshw-B.02.14
make && make install
示例：
[root@devops lshw-B.02.14]# lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description
=====================================================
system HVM domU
/0 bus Motherboard
/0/0 memory 96KiB BIOS
/0/1 processor Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2430 0 @ 2.20GHz
/0/2 memory System Memory
/0/2/0 memory 512MiB DIMM RAM
/0/2/1 memory 512MiB DIMM RAM
/0/3 memory 96KiB BIOS
/0/4 processor CPU
/0/5 memory System Memory
/0/6 memory
/0/7 memory
/0/100 bridge 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma]
/0/100/1 bridge 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
/0/100/1.1 scsi1 storage 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
/0/100/1.1/0.0.0 /dev/cdrom1 disk SCSI CD-ROM
/0/100/1.2 bus 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II]
/0/100/1.2/1 usb1 bus UHCI Host Controller
/0/100/1.2/1/2 input QEMU USB Tablet
/0/100/1.3 bridge 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI
/0/100/2 display GD 5446
/0/100/3 generic Xen Platform Device
/1 eth0 network Ethernet interface
/2 eth1 network Ethernet interface
[root@devops lshw-B.02.14]#3. hwinfo-硬件信息
hwinfo类似于lshw，也能查询硬件信息，且应用广泛。它也能输出多个硬件部分的详细或者简要信息，但是不同的是有时hwinfo比lshw的信息更详细。
默认情况下，Linux系统没有安装hwinfo工具，所以你需要按照以下步骤自己安装：
CentOS 6
#rpm -Uvh http://mirror.symnds.com/distributions/gf/el/6/gf/x86_64/gf-release-6-6.gf.el6.noarch.rpm
#yum list hwinfo
#yum install hwinfo
CentOS 5
#rpm -Uvh http://mirror.symnds.com/distributions/gf/el/5/gf/x86_64/gf-release-5-6.gf.el5.noarch.rpm
#yum list hwinfo
#yum install hwinfo
[root@devops tmp]# rpm -Uvh http://mirror.symnds.com/distributions/gf/el/6/gf/x86_64/gf-release-6-6.gf.el6.noarch.rpm
Retrieving http://mirror.symnds.com/distributions/gf/el/6/gf/x86_64/gf-release-6-6.gf.el6.noarch.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.m2mMAO: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 13a4d2a9: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:gf-release ########################################### [100%]
[root@devops tmp]# yum list hwinfo
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
gf
00:00
gf/primary_db
00:00
Available Packages
hwinfo.x86_64
[root@devops tmp]# yum list hwinfo
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
gf
00:00
gf/primary_db
00:00
Available Packages
hwinfo.x86_64 20.2-1.gf.el6
[root@devops tmp]# yum install hwinfo
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package hwinfo.x86_64 0:20.2-1.gf.el6 will be installed
.....示例：
[root@devops tmp]# hwinfo -short
oops: don't know what to do with "short"
[root@devops tmp]# hwinfo --short
cpu:
Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2430 0 @ 2.20GHz, 2194 MHz
keyboard:
/dev/input/event3 AT Translated Set 2 keyboard
/dev/ttyS0 serial console
mouse:
/dev/input/mice Adomax QEMU USB Tablet
/dev/input/mice Macintosh mouse button emulation
/dev/input/mice ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse
graphics card:
Cirrus Logic GD 5446
storage:
Intel 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
Xen Virtual Storage 0
Xen Virtual Storage 1
Xen Virtual Storage 2
network:
eth0 Xen Virtual Ethernet Card 0
eth1 Xen Virtual Ethernet Card 1
network interface:
lo Loopback network interface
eth0 Ethernet network interface
eth1 Ethernet network interface
disk:
/dev/xvda Disk
/dev/xvdb Disk
partition:
/dev/xvda1 Partition
/dev/xvdb1 Partition
cdrom:
/dev/sr0 QEMU DVD-ROM
usb controller:
Qumranet Qemu virtual machine
bios:
BIOS
bridge:
Qumranet Qemu virtual machine
Qumranet Qemu virtual machine
Qumranet Qemu virtual machine
hub:
Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64 uhci_hcd UHCI Host Controller
memory:
Main Memory
unknown:
FPU
DMA controller
PIC
Timer
Keyboard controller
XenSource Xen Platform Device
[root@devops tmp]#4. lspci
lsppci命令可列出PCI总线的信息以及连接到PCI总线上的设备信息，比如VGA适配器、SATA控制器、其他模块等等。lspci工具是pciutils包的一部分，所以在安装lspci之前，你需要安装pciutils包。
安装pciutils包使用下面的命令：
#yum install pciutils
[root@devops tmp]# yum install pciutils
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package pciutils.x86_64 0:3.1.10-2.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: pciutils-libs = 3.1.10-2.el6 for package: pciutils-3.1.10-2.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package pciutils-libs.x86_64 0:3.1.4-11.el6 will be updated
---> Package pciutils-libs.x86_64 0:3.1.10-2.el6 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
Installing:
pciutils x86_64 3.1.10-2.el6
85 k
Updating for dependencies:
pciutils-libs x86_64 3.1.10-2.el6
34 k
.....
Dependency Updated:
pciutils-libs.x86_64 0:3.1.10-2.el6
Complete!
示例：
[root@devops tmp]# lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma](rev 02)
00:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
00:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
00:01.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II](rev 01)
00:01.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 01)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Cirrus Logic GD 5446
00:03.0 Unassigned class [ff80]: XenSource, Inc. Xen Platform Device (rev 01)
[root@devops tmp]#**5. lsusb-列出USB总线信息
**
这个命令可列出USB控制器的设备信息。
lsusb工具是usbutils包的一部分，所以你需要按照如下命令安装：
#yum install usbutils
[root@devops tmp]# yum install usbutils
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package usbutils.x86_64 0:003-4.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libusb-1.0.so.0()(64bit) for package: usbutils-003-4.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libusb1.x86_64 0:1.0.9-0.6.rc1.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
============================================
============
Package Arch Version
Size
=======================================================
============
Installing:
usbutils x86_64 003-4.el6
71 k
Installing for dependencies:
libusb1 x86_64 1.0.9-0.6.rc1.el6
80 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================
============
Install 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 152 k
Installed size: 377 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/2): libusb1-1.0.9-0.6.rc1.el6.x86_64.rpm
00:00
(2/2): usbutils-003-4.el6.x86_64.rpm
00:00
--------------------------------------------------------
------------
Total
00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : libusb1-1.0.9-0.6.rc1.el6.x86_64
1/2
Installing : usbutils-003-4.el6.x86_64
2/2
Verifying : usbutils-003-4.el6.x86_64
1/2
Verifying : libusb1-1.0.9-0.6.rc1.el6.x86_64
2/2
Installed:
usbutils.x86_64 0:003-4.el6
Dependency Installed:
libusb1.x86_64 0:1.0.9-0.6.rc1.el6
Complete!
示例：
[root@devops tmp]# lsusb
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0627:0001 Adomax Technology Co., Ltd
[root@devops tmp]#
6. lsblk-列出块设备的信息
[root@devops tmp]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
xvda 202:0 0 20G 0 disk
└─xvda1 202:1 0 20G 0 part /
xvdb 202:16 0 10G 0 disk
└─xvdb1 202:17 0 10G 0 part /alidata
sr0 11:0 1 362K 0 rom
7. lsscsi-列出SCSI的设备信息
列出SCSI/SDAT设备的信息，比如硬盘驱动器、光盘驱动器。
[root@devops tmp]# lsscsi
[1:0:0:0] cd/dvd QEMU QEMU DVD-ROM 0.10 /dev/sr0
[root@devops tmp]#
完毕！Enjoy this！