为什么选择Nginx，nginx有诸多优点：
nginx是轻量级web服务器，支持AIO、mmap、event-driven，解决了c10k问题、虚拟主机、基于名字和IP访问、nginx平滑升级 、热部署、自定义日志格式、3XX 5XX错误代码重定向、重写url、支持http referer 使用防盗链（判断请求过来的url）、支持flv和mp4流、速度限制。
框架：
一个主进程master，多个子进程worker
支持sendfile/sendfile64
配置文件结构：
server{}：虚拟主机
location{}：
location /URI/ {
root “/web/htdocs”
}
location URI:对当前路径和自路径下的所有对象都生效，匹配范围大
location = URI：对当前路径生效，精确匹配指定路径，不包括子路径
location ~ URI {}：
location ~* URI {}：
模式匹配URI，此处的URI可以使用正则表达式，~区分字符大小写，~*不区分
location ^~ URI {}:不使用正则表达式
匹配优先级”=” > “/” “^~” > “~”
例子：
location = / {
[ configuration A ]
}
location / {
[ configuration B ]
}
location /documents/ {
[ configuration C ]
}
location ^~ /images/ {
[ configuration D ]
}
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {
[ configuration E ]
}
The “/” request will match configuration A, the “/index.html” request will match configuration B, the “/documents/document.html” request will match configuration C, the “/images/1.gif” request will match configuration D, and the “/documents/1.jpg” request will match configuration E.
一般配置
location / {
root /web/web1;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location /web2/ {
root /web;
index index.html index.htm;
}
介绍几个http相关模块：
- 访问控制法则：基于IP，Module ngx_http_access_module
deny
allow
location /web2/ {
root /web;
index index.html index.htm;
deny 192.168.31.85;
}
- 基于用户：Module ngx_http_auth_basic_module
location / {
satisfy any;
allow 192.168.1.0/32;
deny all;
auth_basic "closed site";
auth_basic_user_file conf/htpasswd;
}
location /web2/ {
root /web;
index index.html index.htm;
auth_basic "closed site";
auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.users;
}
创建用户：
-c 第一次创建文件时使用：
# htpasswd -c -m /etc/nginx/.users tom
# htpasswd -m /etc/nginx/.users tom2
- 允许列出其文件：Module ngx_http_autoindex_module
找不到主页面时，默认拒绝访问：
location / {
root /web/web1;
index home.html;
}
location / {
root /web/web1;
index home.html;
autoindex on;
}
- 统计访问信息：Module ngx_http_stub_status_module
location /basic_status {
stub_status;
}
In versions prior to 1.7.5, the directive syntax required an arbitrary argument, for example, “stub_status on”.
访问：http://192.168.2.168/basic_status
当前处理活动的链接个数
已经接受的连接数 已经处理的连接数 已经处理的请求数
Reading
The current number of connections where nginx is reading the request header.
Writing
The current number of connections where nginx is writing the response back to the client.
Waiting
The current number of idle client connections waiting for a request.（长连接模式保持的个数）
- https访问：Module ngx_http_ssl_module
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
root /web/ssl;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
- Module ngx_http_fastcgi_module
location ~ ^(.+.php)(.*)$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+.php)(.*)$;
include fastcgi.conf;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
}
参见前面Zabbix系统搭建，就是一个很好LEMP应用的实践。
总结：
Nginx以其优秀的性能和提供的各种模块，作为web服务器越来越被多数企业选择，这里没有详细介绍Nginx作为web服务器相关的各个模块，大家可以参考官方文档或其他途径学习更多Nginx特性，官方文档http://nginx.org/en/docs/