Monitoring a Cluster
Once you have a running cluster, you may use the ceph tool to monitor your cluster. Monitoring a cluster typically involves checking OSD status, monitor status, placement group status and metadata server status.
Using the command line
Interactive mode
To run the ceph tool in interactive mode, type ceph at the command line with no arguments. For example:
ceph ceph> health ceph> status ceph> quorum_status ceph> mon stat
Non-default paths
If you specified non-default locations for your configuration or keyring, you may specify their locations:
ceph -c /path/to/conf -k /path/to/keyring health
Checking a Cluster’s Status
After you start your cluster, and before you start reading and/or writing data, check your cluster’s status first.
To check a cluster’s status, execute the following:
ceph status
Or:
ceph -s
In interactive mode, type status and press Enter.
ceph> status
Ceph will print the cluster status. For example, a tiny Ceph demonstration cluster with one of each service may print the following:
cluster:
id: 477e46f1-ae41-4e43-9c8f-72c918ab0a20
health: HEALTH_OK
services:
mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c
mgr: x(active)
mds: cephfs_a-1/1/1 up {0=a=up:active}, 2 up:standby
osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in
data:
pools: 2 pools, 16 pgs
objects: 21 objects, 2.19K
usage: 546 GB used, 384 GB / 931 GB avail
pgs: 16 active+clean
How Ceph Calculates Data Usage
The usage value reflects the actual amount of raw storage used. The xxx GB / xxx GB value means the amount available (the lesser number) of the overall storage capacity of the cluster. The notional number reflects the size of the stored data before it is replicated, cloned or snapshotted. Therefore, the amount of data actually stored typically exceeds the notional amount stored, because Ceph creates replicas of the data and may also use storage capacity for cloning and snapshotting.
Watching a Cluster
In addition to local logging by each daemon, Ceph clusters maintain a cluster log that records high level events about the whole system. This is logged to disk on monitor servers (as /var/log/ceph/ceph.log by default), but can also be monitored via the command line.
To follow the cluster log, use the following command
ceph -w
Ceph will print the status of the system, followed by each log message as it is emitted. For example:
cluster:
id: 477e46f1-ae41-4e43-9c8f-72c918ab0a20
health: HEALTH_OK
services:
mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c
mgr: x(active)
mds: cephfs_a-1/1/1 up {0=a=up:active}, 2 up:standby
osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in
data:
pools: 2 pools, 16 pgs
objects: 21 objects, 2.19K
usage: 546 GB used, 384 GB / 931 GB avail
pgs: 16 active+clean
2017-07-24 08:15:11.329298 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 23 : cluster [INF] osd.0 172.21.9.34:6806/20527 boot
2017-07-24 08:15:14.258143 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 39 : cluster [INF] Activating manager daemon x
2017-07-24 08:15:15.446025 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 47 : cluster [INF] Manager daemon x is now available
In addition to using ceph -w to print log lines as they are emitted, use ceph log last [n] to see the most recent n lines from the cluster log.
Monitoring Health Checks
Ceph continuously runs various health checks against its own status. When a health check fails, this is reflected in the output of ceph status (or ceph health). In addition, messages are sent to the cluster log to indicate when a check fails, and when the cluster recovers.
For example, when an OSD goes down, the health section of the status output may be updated as follows:
health: HEALTH_WARN
1 osds down
Degraded data redundancy: 21/63 objects degraded (33.333%), 16 pgs unclean, 16 pgs degraded
At this time, cluster log messages are also emitted to record the failure of the health checks:
2017-07-25 10:08:58.265945 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 91 : cluster [WRN] Health check failed: 1 osds down (OSD_DOWN) 2017-07-25 10:09:01.302624 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 94 : cluster [WRN] Health check failed: Degraded data redundancy: 21/63 objects degraded (33.333%), 16 pgs unclean, 16 pgs degraded (PG_DEGRADED)
When the OSD comes back online, the cluster log records the cluster’s return to a health state:
2017-07-25 10:11:11.526841 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 109 : cluster [WRN] Health check update: Degraded data redundancy: 2 pgs unclean, 2 pgs degraded, 2 pgs undersized (PG_DEGRADED) 2017-07-25 10:11:13.535493 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 110 : cluster [INF] Health check cleared: PG_DEGRADED (was: Degraded data redundancy: 2 pgs unclean, 2 pgs degraded, 2 pgs undersized) 2017-07-25 10:11:13.535577 mon.a mon.0 172.21.9.34:6789/0 111 : cluster [INF] Cluster is now healthy
Network Performance Checks
Ceph OSDs send heartbeat ping messages amongst themselves to monitor daemon availability. We also use the response times to monitor network performance. While it is possible that a busy OSD could delay a ping response, we can assume that if a network switch fails multiple delays will be detected between distinct pairs of OSDs.
By default we will warn about ping times which exceed 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
HEALTH_WARN Slow OSD heartbeats on back (longest 1118.001ms)
The health detail will add the combination of OSDs are seeing the delays and by how much. There is a limit of 10 detail line items.
[WRN] OSD_SLOW_PING_TIME_BACK: Slow OSD heartbeats on back (longest 1118.001ms)
Slow OSD heartbeats on back from osd.0 [dc1,rack1] to osd.1 [dc1,rack1] 1118.001 msec possibly improving
Slow OSD heartbeats on back from osd.0 [dc1,rack1] to osd.2 [dc1,rack2] 1030.123 msec
Slow OSD heartbeats on back from osd.2 [dc1,rack2] to osd.1 [dc1,rack1] 1015.321 msec
Slow OSD heartbeats on back from osd.1 [dc1,rack1] to osd.0 [dc1,rack1] 1010.456 msec
To see even more detail and a complete dump of network performance information the dump_osd_network command can be used. Typically, this would be sent to a mgr, but it can be limited to a particular OSD’s interactions by issuing it to any OSD. The current threshold which defaults to 1 second (1000 milliseconds) can be overridden as an argument in milliseconds.
The following command will show all gathered network performance data by specifying a threshold of 0 and sending to the mgr.
$ ceph daemon /var/run/ceph/ceph-mgr.x.asok dump_osd_network 0
{
"threshold": 0,
"entries": [
{
"last update": "Wed Sep 4 17:04:49 2019",
"stale": false,
"from osd": 2,
"to osd": 0,
"interface": "front",
"average": {
"1min": 1.023,
"5min": 0.860,
"15min": 0.883
},
"min": {
"1min": 0.818,
"5min": 0.607,
"15min": 0.607
},
"max": {
"1min": 1.164,
"5min": 1.173,
"15min": 1.544
},
"last": 0.924
},
{
"last update": "Wed Sep 4 17:04:49 2019",
"stale": false,
"from osd": 2,
"to osd": 0,
"interface": "back",
"average": {
"1min": 0.968,
"5min": 0.897,
"15min": 0.830
},
"min": {
"1min": 0.860,
"5min": 0.563,
"15min": 0.502
},
"max": {
"1min": 1.171,
"5min": 1.216,
"15min": 1.456
},
"last": 0.845
},
{
"last update": "Wed Sep 4 17:04:48 2019",
"stale": false,
"from osd": 0,
"to osd": 1,
"interface": "front",
"average": {
"1min": 0.965,
"5min": 0.811,
"15min": 0.850
},
"min": {
"1min": 0.650,
"5min": 0.488,
"15min": 0.466
},
"max": {
"1min": 1.252,
"5min": 1.252,
"15min": 1.362
},
"last": 0.791
},
...
Muting health checks
Health checks can be muted so that they do not affect the overall reported status of the cluster. Alerts are specified using the health check code (see Health checks):
ceph health mute <code>
For example, if there is a health warning, muting it will make the cluster report an overall status of HEALTH_OK. For example, to mute an OSD_DOWN alert,:
ceph health mute OSD_DOWN
Mutes are reported as part of the short and long form of the ceph health command. For example, in the above scenario, the cluster would report:
$ ceph health
HEALTH_OK (muted: OSD_DOWN)
$ ceph health detail
HEALTH_OK (muted: OSD_DOWN)
(MUTED) OSD_DOWN 1 osds down
osd.1 is down
A mute can be explicitly removed with:
ceph health unmute <code>
For example,:
ceph health unmute OSD_DOWN
A health check mute may optionally have a TTL (time to live) associated with it, such that the mute will automatically expire after the specified period of time has elapsed. The TTL is specified as an optional duration argument, e.g.:
ceph health mute OSD_DOWN 4h # mute for 4 hours ceph health mute MON_DOWN 15m # mute for 15 minutes
Normally, if a muted health alert is resolved (e.g., in the example above, the OSD comes back up), the mute goes away. If the alert comes back later, it will be reported in the usual way.
It is possible to make a mute “sticky” such that the mute will remain even if the alert clears. For example,:
ceph health mute OSD_DOWN 1h --sticky # ignore any/all down OSDs for next hour
Most health mutes also disappear if the extent of an alert gets worse. For example, if there is one OSD down, and the alert is muted, the mute will disappear if one or more additional OSDs go down. This is true for any health alert that involves a count indicating how much or how many of something is triggering the warning or error.
Detecting configuration issues
In addition to the health checks that Ceph continuously runs on its own status, there are some configuration issues that may only be detected by an external tool.
Use the ceph-medic tool to run these additional checks on your Ceph cluster’s configuration.
Checking a Cluster’s Usage Stats
To check a cluster’s data usage and data distribution among pools, you can use the df option. It is similar to Linux df. Execute the following:
ceph df
The RAW STORAGE section of the output provides an overview of the amount of storage that is managed by your cluster.
-
CLASS: The class of OSD device (or the total for the cluster)
-
SIZE: The amount of storage capacity managed by the cluster.
-
AVAIL: The amount of free space available in the cluster.
-
USED: The amount of raw storage consumed by user data.
-
RAW USED: The amount of raw storage consumed by user data, internal overhead, or reserved capacity.
-
%RAW USED: The percentage of raw storage used. Use this number in conjunction with the
full ratioandnear full ratioto ensure that you are not reaching your cluster’s capacity. See Storage Capacity for additional details.
The POOLS section of the output provides a list of pools and the notional usage of each pool. The output from this section DOES NOT reflect replicas, clones or snapshots. For example, if you store an object with 1MB of data, the notional usage will be 1MB, but the actual usage may be 2MB or more depending on the number of replicas, clones and snapshots.
-
NAME: The name of the pool.
-
ID: The pool ID.
-
USED: The notional amount of data stored in kilobytes, unless the number appends M for megabytes or G for gigabytes.
-
%USED: The notional percentage of storage used per pool.
-
MAX AVAIL: An estimate of the notional amount of data that can be written to this pool.
-
OBJECTS: The notional number of objects stored per pool.
Note
The numbers in the POOLS section are notional. They are not inclusive of the number of replicas, snapshots or clones. As a result, the sum of the USED and %USED amounts will not add up to the USED and %USED amounts in the RAW section of the output.
Note
The MAX AVAIL value is a complicated function of the replication or erasure code used, the CRUSH rule that maps storage to devices, the utilization of those devices, and the configured mon_osd_full_ratio.
Checking OSD Status
You can check OSDs to ensure they are up and in by executing:
ceph osd stat
Or:
ceph osd dump
You can also check view OSDs according to their position in the CRUSH map.
ceph osd tree
Ceph will print out a CRUSH tree with a host, its OSDs, whether they are up and their weight.
#ID CLASS WEIGHT TYPE NAME STATUS REWEIGHT PRI-AFF -1 3.00000 pool default -3 3.00000 rack mainrack -2 3.00000 host osd-host 0 ssd 1.00000 osd.0 up 1.00000 1.00000 1 ssd 1.00000 osd.1 up 1.00000 1.00000 2 ssd 1.00000 osd.2 up 1.00000 1.00000
For a detailed discussion, refer to Monitoring OSDs and Placement Groups.
Checking Monitor Status
If your cluster has multiple monitors (likely), you should check the monitor quorum status after you start the cluster and before reading and/or writing data. A quorum must be present when multiple monitors are running. You should also check monitor status periodically to ensure that they are running.
To see display the monitor map, execute the following:
ceph mon stat
Or:
ceph mon dump
To check the quorum status for the monitor cluster, execute the following:
ceph quorum_status
Ceph will return the quorum status. For example, a Ceph cluster consisting of three monitors may return the following:
{ "election_epoch": 10,
"quorum": [
0,
1,
2],
"quorum_names": [
"a",
"b",
"c"],
"quorum_leader_name": "a",
"monmap": { "epoch": 1,
"fsid": "444b489c-4f16-4b75-83f0-cb8097468898",
"modified": "2011-12-12 13:28:27.505520",
"created": "2011-12-12 13:28:27.505520",
"features": {"persistent": [
"kraken",
"luminous",
"mimic"],
"optional": []
},
"mons": [
{ "rank": 0,
"name": "a",
"addr": "127.0.0.1:6789/0",
"public_addr": "127.0.0.1:6789/0"},
{ "rank": 1,
"name": "b",
"addr": "127.0.0.1:6790/0",
"public_addr": "127.0.0.1:6790/0"},
{ "rank": 2,
"name": "c",
"addr": "127.0.0.1:6791/0",
"public_addr": "127.0.0.1:6791/0"}
]
}
}
Checking MDS Status
Metadata servers provide metadata services for CephFS. Metadata servers have two sets of states: up | down and active | inactive. To ensure your metadata servers are up and active, execute the following:
ceph mds stat
To display details of the metadata cluster, execute the following:
ceph fs dump
Checking Placement Group States
Placement groups map objects to OSDs. When you monitor your placement groups, you will want them to be active and clean. For a detailed discussion, refer to Monitoring OSDs and Placement Groups.
Using the Admin Socket
The Ceph admin socket allows you to query a daemon via a socket interface. By default, Ceph sockets reside under /var/run/ceph. To access a daemon via the admin socket, login to the host running the daemon and use the following command:
ceph daemon {daemon-name}
ceph daemon {path-to-socket-file}
For example, the following are equivalent:
ceph daemon osd.0 foo ceph daemon /var/run/ceph/ceph-osd.0.asok foo
To view the available admin socket commands, execute the following command:
ceph daemon {daemon-name} help
The admin socket command enables you to show and set your configuration at runtime. See Viewing a Configuration at Runtime for details.
Additionally, you can set configuration values at runtime directly (i.e., the admin socket bypasses the monitor, unlike ceph tell {daemon-type}.{id} config set, which relies on the monitor but doesn’t require you to login directly to the host in question ).