《MySQL必知必会》[05] 存储过程和游标


1、存储过程

存储过程是什么,简单来讲,就像Java中的方法(函数),不过它是SQL世界中的方法。

大部分时候,我们所使用都是单条SQL,用来针对一个或多表连接。但是也有情况,是据判断先对表A执行操作,变动后再结合表B进行操作。即SQL的执行可能需要考虑包含业务规则在内的智能处理。封装操作的好处就不过多说明,无非是简化,复用,降低耦合等,同时,它还具有更高的性能。

考虑这种业务情况,现在你需要获得订单总额,但同时需要增加营业税,且只针对某些顾客,那么你需要:
  • 获得基本的订单总额
  • 将营业税有条件地添加到合计中
  • 返回合计

1.1 基本语句

先看基本的语句,然后再看示例,就豁然开朗了:
--创建存储过程
CREATE PROCEDURE <存储过程的名称>(<变量的类型定义>)
BEGIN
<执行操作>
END; --执行存储过程
CALL <存储过程的名称>(<@变量名>); --删除存储过程
DROP PROCEDURE <存储过程的名称>;
11
 
1
--创建存储过程 
2
CREATE PROCEDURE <存储过程的名称>(<变量的类型定义>)
3
BEGIN
4
  <执行操作>
5
END;
6

7
--执行存储过程
8
CALL <存储过程的名称>(<@变量名>);
9

10
--删除存储过程
11
DROP PROCEDURE <存储过程的名称>;

1.2 创建

然后,根据刚才我们说到的返回包含营业税的订单总额,创建如下存储过程:
-- Name: ordertotal
-- Parameters: onumber = order number
-- taxable = 0 if not taxable, 1 if taxable
-- ototal = order total variable CREATE PROCEDURE ordertotal(
IN onumber INT,
IN taxable BOOLEAN,
OUT ototal DECIMAL(8, 2)
) COMMENT 'Obtain order total, optionally adding tax'
BEGIN
--Declare variable for total
DECLARE total DECIMAL(8, 2);
--Declare tax percentage
DECLARE taxrate INT DEFAULT 6; --GET the order total
SELECT Sum(item_price*quantity)
FROM orderitems
WHERE order_num = onumber
INTO total; --Is this taxable
IF taxable THEN
SELECT total+(total/100*taxrate) INTO total;
END IF; SELECT total INTO ototal;
END;
29
 
1
-- Name: ordertotal
2
-- Parameters: onumber = order number
3
--             taxable = 0 if not taxable, 1 if taxable
4
--             ototal  = order total variable
5

6
CREATE PROCEDURE ordertotal(
7
  IN  onumber INT,
8
  IN  taxable BOOLEAN,
9
  OUT ototal DECIMAL(8, 2)
10
) COMMENT 'Obtain order total, optionally adding tax'
11
BEGIN
12
  --Declare variable for total
13
  DECLARE total DECIMAL(8, 2);
14
  --Declare tax percentage
15
  DECLARE taxrate INT DEFAULT 6;
16
  
17
  --GET the order total
18
  SELECT Sum(item_price*quantity)
19
  FROM orderitems
20
  WHERE order_num = onumber
21
  INTO total;
22

23
  --Is this taxable
24
  IF taxable THEN
25
    SELECT total+(total/100*taxrate) INTO total;
26
  END IF;
27

28
  SELECT total INTO ototal;
29
END;

看起来这么长好像挺唬人,其实很清楚:
CREATE PROCEDURE ordertotal(
IN onumber INT,
IN taxable BOOLEAN,
OUT ototal DECIMAL(8, 2)
) COMMENT 'Obtain order total, optionally adding tax'
5
 
1
CREATE PROCEDURE ordertotal(
2
  IN  onumber INT,
3
  IN  taxable BOOLEAN,
4
  OUT ototal DECIMAL(8, 2)
5
) COMMENT 'Obtain order total, optionally adding tax'
  • 使用CREATE PROCEDURE关键词创建了名为ordertotal的存储过程
  • 该存储过程定义了三个变量,IN表示要求输入的参数,OUT表示输出的结果。INT、BOOLEAN等表示变量的数据类型
  • COMMENT非必需,如果有,那么在SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS的结果时会显示(简单说,类似于方法的说明)

BEGIN
...
END;
3
 
1
BEGIN
2
  ...
3
END;
  • BEGIN和END用来界定存储过程操作执行的语句

  --Declare variable for total
DECLARE total DECIMAL(8, 2);
--Declare tax percentage
DECLARE taxrate INT DEFAULT 6; --GET the order total
SELECT Sum(item_price*quantity)
FROM orderitems
WHERE order_num = onumber
INTO total;
10
 
1
  --Declare variable for total
2
  DECLARE total DECIMAL(8, 2);
3
  --Declare tax percentage
4
  DECLARE taxrate INT DEFAULT 6;
5
  
6
  --GET the order total
7
  SELECT Sum(item_price*quantity)
8
  FROM orderitems
9
  WHERE order_num = onumber
10
  INTO total;
  • DECLARE用来定义存储过程中的局部变量
  • INTO表示赋值到变量

  --Is this taxable
IF taxable THEN
SELECT total+(total/100*taxrate) INTO total;
END IF;
4
 
1
  --Is this taxable
2
  IF taxable THEN
3
    SELECT total+(total/100*taxrate) INTO total;
4
  END IF;
  • IF <boolean> THEN <do something> END IF 为条件执行语句,记得END IF结尾

假如用Java来写的话,大概是这么个意思:
public void ordertotal(int onumber, boolean taxable, double ototal) {

    double total;
int taxrate = 6; total = getOrderTotal(onumber);
if (taxable) {
total += total / (100 * taxrate);
} ototal = total;
}
12
 
1
public void ordertotal(int onumber, boolean taxable, double ototal) {
2

3
    double total;
4
    int taxrate = 6;
5
    
6
    total = getOrderTotal(onumber);
7
    if (taxable) {
8
        total += total / (100 * taxrate);
9
    }
10

11
    ototal = total;
12
}

1.3 执行

在1.2我们定义了存储过程ordertotal(),则执行方式为:
--不含营业税
CALL ordertotal(20005, 0, @total);
SELECT @total +----------+
| @total |
+----------+
| 149.87 |
+----------+ --包含营业税
CALL ordertotal(20005, 1, @total);
SELECT @total +-----------------+
| @total |
+-----------------+
| 158.862200000 |
+-----------------+
19
 
1
--不含营业税
2
CALL ordertotal(20005, 0, @total);
3
SELECT @total
4

5
+----------+
6
|  @total  |
7
+----------+
8
|  149.87  |
9
+----------+
10

11
--包含营业税
12
CALL ordertotal(20005, 1, @total);
13
SELECT @total
14

15
+-----------------+
16
|      @total     |
17
+-----------------+
18
|  158.862200000  |
19
+-----------------+

定义时我们说过,IN表示定义输入,OUT表示定义输出,所以这里的三个变量中,前两者由调用者传入,而第三个变量,则作为返回结果的变量。
(调用存储过程时,用于临时存储返回数据的变量必须以@开头)

1.4 检查

用来显示“创建某个存储过程的CREATE语句”,使用SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE语句:
SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE ordertotal;
1
 
1
SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE ordertotal;

1.5 删除

DROP PROCEDURE ordertotal;
1
 
1
DROP PROCEDURE ordertotal;
注意,检查和删除存储过程,都不用加后面的(),只需要给出存储过程的名称即可。



2、游标

在检索出来的行中,前进或者后退一行或多行,就需要用到所谓的“游标”。游标不是某个SELECT语句,但是它是被该语句检索出来的结果集,另外,MySQL游标只能用于存储过程(和函数)。

2.1 创建游标

使用DECLARE和CURSOR关键字:
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
BEGIN
DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
FOR
SELECT order_num FROM orders;
END;
6
 
1
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
2
BEGIN
3
  DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
4
  FOR
5
  SELECT order_num FROM orders;
6
END;

2.2 打开和关闭游标

因为游标局限于存储过程,所以如果存储过程处理完成后,游标就会消失。所以往往在存储过程中要关键字OPEN进行打开。另,游标相关的SELECT查询语句,在定义时是不执行的,在OPEN时才执行查询,存储检索出的数据以供浏览和滚动。在游标使用完成后,使用CLOSE进行关闭:
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
BEGIN
--Declare
DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
FOR
SELECT order_num FROM orders; --Open
OPEN ordernumbers; --Close
CLOSE ordernumbers;
END;
13
 
1
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
2
BEGIN
3
  --Declare
4
  DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
5
  FOR
6
  SELECT order_num FROM orders;
7

8
  --Open
9
  OPEN ordernumbers;
10
  
11
  --Close
12
  CLOSE ordernumbers;
13
END;

2.3 使用游标数据

打开游标之后,我们就可以使用关键字FETCH访问数据了,FETCH是从第一行开始,获取当前行的数据,每次执行后会移动内部行指针,再次调用FETCH则会检索到下一行(不会重复读取同一行):
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
BEGIN
--Declare
DECLARE o INT;
DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
FOR
SELECT order_num FROM orders; --Open
OPEN ordernumbers; --Get
FETCH ordernumbers INTO o; --Close
CLOSE ordernumbers;
END;
17
 
1
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
2
BEGIN
3
  --Declare
4
  DECLARE o INT;
5
  DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
6
  FOR
7
  SELECT order_num FROM orders;
8
 
9
  --Open
10
  OPEN ordernumbers;
11
 
12
  --Get
13
  FETCH ordernumbers INTO o;  
14
 
15
  --Close
16
  CLOSE ordernumbers;
17
END;

看一个复杂些的例子:
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
BEGIN
--Declare local variables
DELCARE done BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE o INT;
DECLARE t DECIMAL(8,2); --Declare cursor
DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
FOR
SELECT order_num FROM orders; --Declare continue handler
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '02000' SET done=1; --Create a table to store the results
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ordertotals(order_num INT, total DECIMAL(8,2)); --Open the cursor
OPEN ordernumbers; --Loop through all rows
REPEAT
FETCH ordernumbers INTO o;
CALL ordertotal(o, 1, t);
INSERT INTO ordertotals(order_num, total) VALUES(o, t);
UNTIL done END REPEAT; --Close the cursor
CLOSE ordernumbers;
END;
31
 
1
CREATE PROCEDURE processorders()
2
BEGIN
3
  --Declare local variables
4
  DELCARE done BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0;
5
  DECLARE o    INT;
6
  DECLARE t    DECIMAL(8,2);
7

8
  --Declare cursor
9
  DECLARE ordernumbers CURSOR
10
  FOR
11
  SELECT order_num FROM orders;
12
 
13
  --Declare continue handler
14
  DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '02000' SET done=1;
15

16
  --Create a table to store the results
17
  CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ordertotals(order_num INT, total DECIMAL(8,2));  
18

19
  --Open the cursor
20
  OPEN ordernumbers;
21
 
22
  --Loop through all rows
23
  REPEAT
24
    FETCH ordernumbers INTO o;
25
    CALL ordertotal(o, 1, t);
26
    INSERT INTO ordertotals(order_num, total) VALUES(o, t);
27
  UNTIL done END REPEAT;
28

29
  --Close the cursor
30
  CLOSE ordernumbers;
31
END;
  • 以上存储过程,游标不断读取订单号,并以此为参调用另一个存储过程,将最终的值填入到表ordertotals中
  • CONTINUE HANDLER 是在条件出现时执行的代码,SQLSTATE '02000' 表没有找到更多的行(MySQL错误代码)

SELECT * FROM ordertotals;

+---------+---------+
| 20005 | 158.86 |
| 20006 | 58.30 |
| 20007 | 1060.00 |
| 20008 | 132.50 |
| 20009 | 40.78 |
+---------+---------+
x
 
1
SELECT * FROM ordertotals;
2

3
+---------+---------+
4
|  20005  |  158.86 |
5
|  20006  |   58.30 |
6
|  20007  | 1060.00 |
7
|  20008  |  132.50 |
8
|  20009  |   40.78 |
9
+---------+---------+


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