在Oracle中,文本型字段直方图示例2个。
♣ 答案部分
首先准备基础表:
1CREATE TABLE T_ST_20170605_LHR(ID NUMBER,STR VARCHAR2(30));
2INSERT INTO T_ST_20170605_LHR SELECT ROWNUM ID,1 STR FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<=10001;
3UPDATE T_ST_20170605_LHR T SET T.STR=6 WHERE T.ID=10001;
4EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER,'T_ST_20170605_LHR',CASCADE=>TRUE,METHOD_OPT=>'FOR COLUMNS STR SIZE 2');
查看直方图信息:
1LHR@orclasm > COL COLUMN_NAME FORMAT A15
2LHR@orclasm > SELECT D.COLUMN_NAME,D.NUM_DISTINCT,D.NUM_NULLS,D.NUM_BUCKETS,D.HISTOGRAM FROM DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS D WHERE D.TABLE_NAME = 'T_ST_20170605_LHR';
3
4COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS NUM_BUCKETS HISTOGRAM
5--------------- ------------ ---------- ----------- ---------------
6STR 2 0 2 FREQUENCY
7LHR@orclasm > SELECT TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME,ENDPOINT_VALUE,ENDPOINT_NUMBER FROM DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS WHERE TABLE_NAME='T_ST_20170605_LHR';
8
9TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME ENDPOINT_VALUE ENDPOINT_NUMBER
10------------------------------ --------------- -------------- ---------------
11T_ST_20170605_LHR STR 2.5442E+35 10000
12T_ST_20170605_LHR STR 2.8038E+35 10001
这里的ENDPOINT_VALUE值需要去转换,字符‘1’的16进制的dump值为0x31,字符‘6’的16进制的dump值为0x36,
1LHR@orclasm > SELECT DUMP('1',16),DUMP('6',16) FROM DUAL;
2
3DUMP('1',16) DUMP('6',16)
4---------------- ----------------
5Typ=96 Len=1: 31 Typ=96 Len=1: 36
将0x31右边补0一直补到15个字节(共30位),再将其转换为10进制数,0x36类似,如下所示:
1LHR@orclasm > SELECT TO_NUMBER('310000000000000000000000000000','XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') C1,TO_NUMBER('360000000000000000000000000000','XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') C2 FROM DUAL;
2
3 C1 C2
4---------- ----------
52.5442E+35 2.8038E+35
可以看到转换后的结果和之前查询出来的结果一致。为了方便转换给出如下函数:
1CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION HEXSTR(P_NUMBER IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS
2 L_STR LONG := TO_CHAR(P_NUMBER, 'fm' || RPAD('x', 50, 'x'));
3 L_RETURN VARCHAR2(4000);
4BEGIN
5 WHILE (L_STR IS NOT NULL) LOOP
6 L_RETURN := L_RETURN || CHR(TO_NUMBER(SUBSTR(L_STR, 1, 2), 'xx'));
7 L_STR := SUBSTR(L_STR, 3);
8 END LOOP;
9
10 RETURN(SUBSTR(L_RETURN, 1, 6));
11END;
再次查询:
1LHR@orclasm > COL ENDPOINT_VALUE2 FORMAT A15
2LHR@orclasm > SELECT TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME,ENDPOINT_VALUE,ENDPOINT_NUMBER,HEXSTR(ENDPOINT_VALUE) ENDPOINT_VALUE2 FROM DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS WHERE TABLE_NAME='T_ST_20170605_LHR';
3
4TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME ENDPOINT_VALUE ENDPOINT_NUMBER ENDPOINT_VALUE2
5------------------------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------
6T_ST_20170605_LHR STR 2.5442E+35 10000 1
7T_ST_20170605_LHR STR 2.8038E+35 10001 6
示例2:
准备如下的表:
1DROP TABLE T_HG_20170601_LHR;
2CREATE TABLE T_HG_20170601_LHR AS SELECT LEVEL RN,'1' NAMES FROM DUAL D CONNECT BY LEVEL<=10001;
3SELECT COUNT(1) FROM T_HG_20170601_LHR;
4UPDATE T_HG_20170601_LHR T SET T.NAMES=2 WHERE T.RN=10001;
5SELECT T.NAMES,COUNT(1) FROM T_HG_20170601_LHR T GROUP BY T.NAMES;
6CREATE INDEX IDX_NAME ON T_HG_20170601_LHR(NAMES);
7EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER,'T_HG_20170601_LHR',NO_INVALIDATE => FALSE,METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1');--不收集直方图
数据分布情况如下所示:
1LHR@orclasm > SELECT T.NAMES,COUNT(1) FROM T_HG_20170601_LHR T GROUP BY T.NAMES;
2N COUNT(1)
3- ----------
41 10000
52 1
NAMES为2的SQL执行计划:
1LHR@orclasm > SELECT * FROM T_HG_20170601_LHR T WHERE T.NAMES='2';
2 RN N
3---------- -
4 10001 2
5Execution Plan
6----------------------------------------------------------
7Plan hash value: 2479558392
8---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
10---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 5001 | 30006 | 7 (0)| 00:00:01 |
12|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_HG_20170601_LHR | 5001 | 30006 | 7 (0)| 00:00:01 |
13---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
上述SQL应该走列NAMES上的索引IDX_NAME,但实际上CBO这里却选择了全表扫描。这是因为CBO默认认为列NAMES的数据是均匀分布的,而其实该列上的DISTINCT值只有1和2这两个值,所以CBO评估出来的对列B施加等值查询条件的可选择率就是1/2,进而评估出来的对列B施加等值查询条件的结果集的Cardinality就是5001:
1LHR@orclasm > SELECT ROUND(10001*(1/2)) FROM DUAL;
2ROUND(10001*(1/2))
3------------------
4 5001
正是因为CBO评估出上述等值查询要返回结果集的Cardinality是5001,己经占了表T_HG_20170601_LHR总记录数的一半,所以CBO认为此时再走列B上的索引IDX_NAME就己经不合适了,进而就选择了全表扫描。但实际上,CBO对上述等值查询要返回结果集的Cardinality的评估己经与事实严重不符,评估出来的值是5001,其实却只有1,差了好几个数量级。
对表T_HG_20170601_LHR的列NAMES收集了直方图统计信息后,从如下结果可以看到,此时CBO正确地评估出了返回结果集的Cardinality不是5001而是1,进而就正确地选择了走索引IDX_NAME的执行计划:
1LHR@orclasm > EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER,'T_HG_20170601_LHR',NO_INVALIDATE => FALSE,METHOD_OPT=>'FOR COLUMNS NAMES SIZE AUTO');
2PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
3LHR@orclasm > SELECT * FROM T_HG_20170601_LHR T WHERE T.NAMES='2';
4 RN N
5---------- -
6 10001 2
7Execution Plan
8----------------------------------------------------------
9Plan hash value: 2033494884
10-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
12-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 6 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
14| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T_HG_20170601_LHR | 1 | 6 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
15|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_NAME | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
16-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
& 说明:
有关直方图的更多内容可以参考我的BLOG:http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-2139293/
本文选自《Oracle程序员面试笔试宝典》,作者:小麦苗
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