C++基础入门---8.结构体【P64~P71】
8. 结构体
结构体属于用户自定义的数据类型,允许用户存储不同的数据类型
8.1 结构体的定义和使用
注:
1、定义结构体时的关键字是struct,不可以省略;
2、创建结构体变量时,关键字 struct 可以省略;
3、结构体变量利用操作符 “.” 访问成员。
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student
{
string name;
int age;
int score;
}s3;
int main()
{
//通过学生类型创建具体学生
struct student s1;
s1.age = 16;
s1.name = "张三";
s1.score = 60;
cout << "姓名:" << s1.name << " 年龄:" << s1.age << " 分数:" << s1.score << endl;
struct student s2 = { "李四",78,50 };
cout << "姓名:" << s2.name << " 年龄:" << s2.age << " 分数:" << s2.score << endl;
s3.name = "王五";
s3.age = 20;
s3.score = 60;
cout << "姓名:" << s3.name << " 年龄:" << s3.age << " 分数:" << s3.score << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.2 结构体数组
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//1、定义结构体
struct student
{
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
int main()
{
//2、创建结构体数组
struct student stuArray[3]
{
{"张三",18,80},
{"李四", 28, 90},
{"王五", 38, 99}
};
//3、给结构体数组中的元素赋值
stuArray[2].name = "赵六";
stuArray[2].age = 19;
stuArray[2].score = 85;
//4、遍历结构体数组
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
cout << "姓名:" <<stuArray[i].name
<< "年龄:" <<stuArray[i].age
<< "分数:" <<stuArray[i].score
<< endl;
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.3 结构体指针
作用:利用指针访问结构体中的成员。
- 利用操作符 -> 可以通过结构体指针访问结构体属性。
# include<iostream>
# include<string>
using namespace std;
//创建结构体变量
struct student
{
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
int main()
{
//创建学生结构体变量
struct student s = { "张三",48,80 };
//通过指针指向结构体变量
struct student *p = &s;
//通过指针访问结构体变量中的数据
cout << "姓名:" << p->name << "年龄:" << p->age << "成绩:" << p->score << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.4 结构体嵌套结构体
作用:结构体中的成员可以是另一个结构体。
例如:每个老师辅导一个学员,一个老师的结构体中,记录一个学生的结构体。
# include<iostream>
# include<string>
using namespace std;
//定义结构体
struct student
{
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
struct teacher
{
int id;
string name;
int age;
struct student stu;
};
int main()
{
//创建老师结构体变量
teacher t;
t.id = 10000;
t.name = "老王";
t.age = 50;
t.stu.age = 18;
t.stu.name="小李";
t.stu.score = 90;
cout << "老师姓名: " << t.name << "老师id: " << t.id
<< "老师年龄:" << t.age << "学生年龄:" << t.stu.age
<< "学生姓名:" << t.stu.name
<< "学生成绩:" << t.stu.score << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.5 结构体作函数参数
# include<iostream>
# include<string>
using namespace std;
//定义结构体
struct student
{
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
//1、值传递
void printstudent(struct student s)
{
cout << "姓名:" << s.name << "年龄:" << s.age << "分数:" << s.score << endl;
}
//2、地址传递
void printstudent2(struct student *p)
{
cout << "姓名:" << p->name << "年龄:" << p->age << "分数:" << p->score << endl;
}
int main()
{
//创建老师结构体变量
struct student s;
s.name = "张三";
s.age = 20;
s.score = 60;
printstudent(s);
printstudent2(&s);
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.6 结构体中const使用场景
# include<iostream>
# include<string>
using namespace std;
//定义结构体
struct student
{
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
//将函数中的形参改为指针,可以节省内存空间,而且不会赋值新的副本出来
void printstudent( const struct student *s)
{
cout << "姓名:" << s->name << "年龄:" << s->age << "分数:" << s->score << endl;
}
int main()
{
//创建结构体变量
struct student s;
s.name = "张三";
s.age = 20;
s.score = 60;
printstudent(&s);
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.7 结构体案例1
# include<iostream>
# include<string>
# include<ctime>
using namespace std;
//定义结构体
struct student
{
string name;
int score;
};
struct teacher
{
string name;
struct student sArray[5];
};
void allocateSpace(struct teacher tArray[] ,int len)
{
string nameseed = "ABCDE";
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
tArray[i].name = "Teacher_";
tArray[i].name += nameseed[i];
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
tArray[i].sArray[j].name = "Student_";
tArray[i].sArray[j].name += nameseed[j];
int random = rand() % 61 + 40;//产生40~100之间的随机数
tArray[i].sArray[j].score = random;
}
}
}
void printInfo(struct teacher tArray[], int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
cout << "老师姓名:" << tArray[i].name << endl;
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
cout << "\t学生姓名: " << tArray[i].sArray[j].name;
cout << " 考试分数:" << tArray[i].sArray[j].score << endl;
}
}
}
int main()
{
//随机数种子
srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));
//1、创建3名老师的数组
struct teacher tArray[3];
//2、通过函数给3名老师的信息赋值,并给老师带的学生信息赋值
int len = sizeof(tArray) / sizeof(tArray[0]);
allocateSpace(tArray, len);
//3、打印所有老师及所带学生的信息
printInfo(tArray,len);
system("pause");
return 0;
}
8.8 结构体案例2
# include<iostream>
# include<string>
using namespace std;
//1、定义英雄结构体
struct hero
{
string name;
int age;
string sex;
};
void bubbleSort(struct hero array[], int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len - 1; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < len - i - 1; j++)
{
if (array[j].age > array[j + 1].age)
{
string temp = array[j + 1].name;
array[j + 1].name = array[j].name;
array[j].name = temp;
}
}
}
}
void printhero(struct hero array[], int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
cout << "英雄姓名:" << array[i].name
<< " 英雄年龄:" << array[i].age
<< " 英雄性别:" << array[i].sex << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
//2、创建英雄结构体数组存放5名英雄
struct hero array[5]
{
{"刘备",23,"男"},
{"关羽",22,"男"},
{"张飞",20,"男"},
{"赵云",21,"男"},
{"貂蝉",19,"女"},
};
int len = sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]);
/*for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
cout << "英雄姓名:" << array[i].name
<< " 英雄年龄:" << array[i].age
<< " 英雄性别:" << array[i].sex << endl;
}*/
//3、对数组进行排序,按照年龄进行升序排序
bubbleSort(array, len);
//4、将排序结果打印输出
printhero(array, len);
system("pause");
return 0;
}