1、子查询?
1.1、什么是子查询?
select语句中嵌套select语句,被嵌套的select语句称为子查询。
1.2、子查询都可以出现在哪里呢?
select
..(select).
from
..(select).
where
..(select).
1.3、where子句中的子查询
案例:找出比最低工资高的员工姓名和工资?
select
ename,sal
from
emp
where
sal > min(sal);
ERROR 1111 (HY000): Invalid use of group function
where子句中不能直接使用分组函数。
实现思路:
第一步:查询最低工资是多少
select min(sal) from emp;
+----------+
| min(sal) |
+----------+
| 800.00 |
+----------+
第二步:找出>800的
select ename,sal from emp where sal > 800;
第三步:合并
select ename,sal from emp where sal > (select min(sal) from emp);
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
1.4、from子句中的子查询
注意:from后面的子查询,可以将子查询的查询结果当做一张临时表。(技巧)
案例:找出每个岗位的平均工资的薪资等级。
第一步:找出每个岗位的平均工资(按照岗位分组求平均值)
select job,avg(sal) from emp group by job;
+-----------+-------------+
| job | avgsal |
+-----------+-------------+
| ANALYST | 3000.000000 |
| CLERK | 1037.500000 |
| MANAGER | 2758.333333 |
| PRESIDENT | 5000.000000 |
| SALESMAN | 1400.000000 |
+-----------+-------------+t表
第二步:克服心理障碍,把以上的查询结果就当做一张真实存在的表t。
mysql> select * from salgrade; s表
+-------+-------+-------+
| GRADE | LOSAL | HISAL |
+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
t表和s表进行表连接,条件:t表avg(sal) between s.losal and s.hisal;
select
t.*, s.grade
from
(select job,avg(sal) as avgsal from emp group by job) t
join
salgrade s
on
t.avgsal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+-----------+-------------+-------+
| job | avgsal | grade |
+-----------+-------------+-------+
| CLERK | 1037.500000 | 1 |
| SALESMAN | 1400.000000 | 2 |
| ANALYST | 3000.000000 | 4 |
| MANAGER | 2758.333333 | 4 |
| PRESIDENT | 5000.000000 | 5 |
+-----------+-------------+-------+
1.5、select后面出现的子查询(这个内容不需要掌握,了解即可!!!)
案例:找出每个员工的部门名称,要求显示员工名,部门名?
select
e.ename,e.deptno,(select d.dname from dept d where e.deptno = d.deptno) as dname
from
emp e;
+--------+--------+------------+
| ename | deptno | dname |
+--------+--------+------------+
| SMITH | 20 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 30 | SALES |
| WARD | 30 | SALES |
| JONES | 20 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 30 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 30 | SALES |
| CLARK | 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 20 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 30 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 20 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 30 | SALES |
| FORD | 20 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 10 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+--------+------------+
//错误:ERROR 1242 (21000): Subquery returns more than 1 row
select
e.ename,e.deptno,(select dname from dept) as dname
from
emp e;
注意:对于select后面的子查询来说,这个子查询只能一次返回1条结果,
多于1条,就报错了。!
2、union合并查询结果集
案例:查询工作岗位是MANAGER和SALESMAN的员工?
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER' or job = 'SALESMAN';
select ename,job from emp where job in('MANAGER','SALESMAN');
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER'
union
select ename,job from emp where job = 'SALESMAN';
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| JONES | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
union的效率要高一些。对于表连接来说,每连接一次新表,
则匹配的次数满足笛卡尔积,成倍的翻。。。
但是union可以减少匹配的次数。在减少匹配次数的情况下,
还可以完成两个结果集的拼接。
a 连接 b 连接 c
a 10条记录
b 10条记录
c 10条记录
匹配次数是:1000
a 连接 b一个结果:10 * 10 --> 100次
a 连接 c一个结果:10 * 10 --> 100次
使用union的话是:100次 + 100次 = 200次。(union把乘法变成了加法运算)
union在使用的时候有注意事项吗?
//错误的:union在进行结果集合并的时候,要求两个结果集的列数相同。
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER'
union
select ename from emp where job = 'SALESMAN';
// MYSQL可以,oracle语法严格 ,不可以,报错。要求:结果集合并时列和列的数据类型也要一致。
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER'
union
select ename,sal from emp where job = 'SALESMAN';
+--------+---------+
| ename | job |
+--------+---------+
| JONES | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| ALLEN | 1600 |
| WARD | 1250 |
| MARTIN | 1250 |
| TURNER | 1500 |
+--------+---------+
3、limit(非常重要)
3.1、limit作用:将查询结果集的一部分取出来。通常使用在分页查询当中。
百度默认:一页显示10条记录。
分页的作用是为了提高用户的体验,因为一次全部都查出来,用户体验差。
可以一页一页翻页看。
3.2、limit怎么用呢?
完整用法:limit startIndex, length
startIndex是起始下标,length是长度。
起始下标从0开始。
缺省用法:limit 5; 这是取前5.
按照薪资降序,取出排名在前5名的员工?
select
ename,sal
from
emp
order by
sal desc
limit 5; //取前5
select
ename,sal
from
emp
order by
sal desc
limit 0,5;
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+-------+---------+
| KING | 5000.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
+-------+---------+
3.3、注意:mysql当中limit在order by之后执行!!!!!!
3.4、取出工资排名在[3-5]名的员工?
select
ename,sal
from
emp
order by
sal desc
limit
2, 3;
2表示起始位置从下标2开始,就是第三条记录。
3表示长度。
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+-------+---------+
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
+-------+---------+
3.5、取出工资排名在[5-9]名的员工?
select
ename,sal
from
emp
order by
sal desc
limit
4, 5;
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
3.6、分页
每页显示3条记录
第1页:limit 0,3 [0 1 2]
第2页:limit 3,3 [3 4 5]
第3页:limit 6,3 [6 7 8]
第4页:limit 9,3 [9 10 11]
每页显示pageSize条记录
第pageNo页:limit (pageNo - 1) * pageSize , pageSize
public static void main(String[] args){
// 用户提交过来一个页码,以及每页显示的记录条数
int pageNo = 5; //第5页
int pageSize = 10; //每页显示10条
int startIndex = (pageNo - 1) * pageSize;
String sql = "select ...limit " + startIndex + ", " + pageSize;
}
记公式:
limit (pageNo-1)*pageSize , pageSize
4、关于DQL语句的大总结:
select
...
from
...
where
...
group by
...
having
...
order by
...
limit
...
执行顺序?
1.from
2.where
3.group by
4.having
5.select
6.order by
7.limit..