1 /*
  2  * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
  3  *
  4  *
  5  *
  6  *
  7  *
  8  *
  9  *
 10  *
 11  *
 12  *
 13  *
 14  *
 15  *
 16  *
 17  *
 18  *
 19  *
 20  *
 21  *
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 /*
 26  *
 27  *
 28  *
 29  *
 30  *
 31  * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 32  * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 33  * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 34  */
 35 
 36 package java.util.concurrent;
 37 import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
 38 
 39 /**
 40  * A synchronization aid that allows a set of threads to all wait for
 41  * each other to reach a common barrier point.  CyclicBarriers are
 42  * useful in programs involving a fixed sized party of threads that
 43  * must occasionally wait for each other. The barrier is called
 44  * <em>cyclic</em> because it can be re-used after the waiting threads
 45  * are released.
 46  *
 47  * <p>A <tt>CyclicBarrier</tt> supports an optional {@link Runnable} command
 48  * that is run once per barrier point, after the last thread in the party
 49  * arrives, but before any threads are released.
 50  * This <em>barrier action</em> is useful
 51  * for updating shared-state before any of the parties continue.
 52  *
 53  * <p><b>Sample usage:</b> Here is an example of
 54  *  using a barrier in a parallel decomposition design:
 55  * <pre>
 56  * class Solver {
 57  *   final int N;
 58  *   final float[][] data;
 59  *   final CyclicBarrier barrier;
 60  *
 61  *   class Worker implements Runnable {
 62  *     int myRow;
 63  *     Worker(int row) { myRow = row; }
 64  *     public void run() {
 65  *       while (!done()) {
 66  *         processRow(myRow);
 67  *
 68  *         try {
 69  *           barrier.await();
 70  *         } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
 71  *           return;
 72  *         } catch (BrokenBarrierException ex) {
 73  *           return;
 74  *         }
 75  *       }
 76  *     }
 77  *   }
 78  *
 79  *   public Solver(float[][] matrix) {
 80  *     data = matrix;
 81  *     N = matrix.length;
 82  *     barrier = new CyclicBarrier(N,
 83  *                                 new Runnable() {
 84  *                                   public void run() {
 85  *                                     mergeRows(...);
 86  *                                   }
 87  *                                 });
 88  *     for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
 89  *       new Thread(new Worker(i)).start();
 90  *
 91  *     waitUntilDone();
 92  *   }
 93  * }
 94  * </pre>
 95  * Here, each worker thread processes a row of the matrix then waits at the
 96  * barrier until all rows have been processed. When all rows are processed
 97  * the supplied {@link Runnable} barrier action is executed and merges the
 98  * rows. If the merger
 99  * determines that a solution has been found then <tt>done()</tt> will return
100  * <tt>true</tt> and each worker will terminate.
101  *
102  * <p>If the barrier action does not rely on the parties being suspended when
103  * it is executed, then any of the threads in the party could execute that
104  * action when it is released. To facilitate this, each invocation of
105  * {@link #await} returns the arrival index of that thread at the barrier.
106  * You can then choose which thread should execute the barrier action, for
107  * example:
108  * <pre>  if (barrier.await() == 0) {
109  *     // log the completion of this iteration
110  *   }</pre>
111  *
112  * <p>The <tt>CyclicBarrier</tt> uses an all-or-none breakage model
113  * for failed synchronization attempts: If a thread leaves a barrier
114  * point prematurely because of interruption, failure, or timeout, all
115  * other threads waiting at that barrier point will also leave
116  * abnormally via {@link BrokenBarrierException} (or
117  * {@link InterruptedException} if they too were interrupted at about
118  * the same time).
119  *
120  * <p>Memory consistency effects: Actions in a thread prior to calling
121  * {@code await()}
122  * <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
123  * actions that are part of the barrier action, which in turn
124  * <i>happen-before</i> actions following a successful return from the
125  * corresponding {@code await()} in other threads.
126  *
127  * @since 1.5
128  * @see CountDownLatch
129  *
130  * @author Doug Lea
131  */
132 public class CyclicBarrier {
133     /**
134      * Each use of the barrier is represented as a generation instance.
135      * The generation changes whenever the barrier is tripped, or
136      * is reset. There can be many generations associated with threads
137      * using the barrier - due to the non-deterministic way the lock
138      * may be allocated to waiting threads - but only one of these
139      * can be active at a time (the one to which <tt>count</tt> applies)
140      * and all the rest are either broken or tripped.
141      * There need not be an active generation if there has been a break
142      * but no subsequent reset.
143      */
144     private static class Generation {
145         boolean broken = false;
146     }
147 
148     /** The lock for guarding barrier entry */
149     private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
150     /** Condition to wait on until tripped */
151     private final Condition trip = lock.newCondition();
152     /** The number of parties */
153     private final int parties;
154     /* The command to run when tripped */
155     private final Runnable barrierCommand;
156     /** The current generation */
157     private Generation generation = new Generation();
158 
159     /**
160      * Number of parties still waiting. Counts down from parties to 0
161      * on each generation.  It is reset to parties on each new
162      * generation or when broken.
163      */
164     private int count;
165 
166     /**
167      * Updates state on barrier trip and wakes up everyone.
168      * Called only while holding lock.
169      */
170     private void nextGeneration() {
171         // signal completion of last generation
172         trip.signalAll();
173         // set up next generation
174         count = parties;
175         generation = new Generation();
176     }
177 
178     /**
179      * Sets current barrier generation as broken and wakes up everyone.
180      * Called only while holding lock.
181      */
182     private void breakBarrier() {
183         generation.broken = true;
184         count = parties;
185         trip.signalAll();
186     }
187 
188     /**
189      * Main barrier code, covering the various policies.
190      */
191     private int dowait(boolean timed, long nanos)
192         throws InterruptedException, BrokenBarrierException,
193                TimeoutException {
194         final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
195         lock.lock();
196         try {
197             final Generation g = generation;
198 
199             if (g.broken)
200                 throw new BrokenBarrierException();
201 
202             if (Thread.interrupted()) {
203                 breakBarrier();
204                 throw new InterruptedException();
205             }
206 
207            int index = --count;
208            if (index == 0) {  // tripped
209                boolean ranAction = false;
210                try {
211                    final Runnable command = barrierCommand;
212                    if (command != null)
213                        command.run();
214                    ranAction = true;
215                    nextGeneration();
216                    return 0;
217                } finally {
218                    if (!ranAction)
219                        breakBarrier();
220                }
221            }
222 
223             // loop until tripped, broken, interrupted, or timed out
224             for (;;) {
225                 try {
226                     if (!timed)
227                         trip.await();
228                     else if (nanos > 0L)
229                         nanos = trip.awaitNanos(nanos);
230                 } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
231                     if (g == generation && ! g.broken) {
232                         breakBarrier();
233                         throw ie;
234                     } else {
235                         // We‘re about to finish waiting even if we had not
236                         // been interrupted, so this interrupt is deemed to
237                         // "belong" to subsequent execution.
238                         Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
239                     }
240                 }
241 
242                 if (g.broken)
243                     throw new BrokenBarrierException();
244 
245                 if (g != generation)
246                     return index;
247 
248                 if (timed && nanos <= 0L) {
249                     breakBarrier();
250                     throw new TimeoutException();
251                 }
252             }
253         } finally {
254             lock.unlock();
255         }
256     }
257 
258     /**
259      * Creates a new <tt>CyclicBarrier</tt> that will trip when the
260      * given number of parties (threads) are waiting upon it, and which
261      * will execute the given barrier action when the barrier is tripped,
262      * performed by the last thread entering the barrier.
263      *
264      * @param parties the number of threads that must invoke {@link #await}
265      *        before the barrier is tripped
266      * @param barrierAction the command to execute when the barrier is
267      *        tripped, or {@code null} if there is no action
268      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code parties} is less than 1
269      */
270     public CyclicBarrier(int parties, Runnable barrierAction) {
271         if (parties <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
272         this.parties = parties;
273         this.count = parties;
274         this.barrierCommand = barrierAction;
275     }
276 
277     /**
278      * Creates a new <tt>CyclicBarrier</tt> that will trip when the
279      * given number of parties (threads) are waiting upon it, and
280      * does not perform a predefined action when the barrier is tripped.
281      *
282      * @param parties the number of threads that must invoke {@link #await}
283      *        before the barrier is tripped
284      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code parties} is less than 1
285      */
286     public CyclicBarrier(int parties) {
287         this(parties, null);
288     }
289 
290     /**
291      * Returns the number of parties required to trip this barrier.
292      *
293      * @return the number of parties required to trip this barrier
294      */
295     public int getParties() {
296         return parties;
297     }
298 
299     /**
300      * Waits until all {@linkplain #getParties parties} have invoked
301      * <tt>await</tt> on this barrier.
302      *
303      * <p>If the current thread is not the last to arrive then it is
304      * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
305      * one of the following things happens:
306      * <ul>
307      * <li>The last thread arrives; or
308      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
309      * the current thread; or
310      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
311      * one of the other waiting threads; or
312      * <li>Some other thread times out while waiting for barrier; or
313      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #reset} on this barrier.
314      * </ul>
315      *
316      * <p>If the current thread:
317      * <ul>
318      * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
319      * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
320      * </ul>
321      * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread‘s
322      * interrupted status is cleared.
323      *
324      * <p>If the barrier is {@link #reset} while any thread is waiting,
325      * or if the barrier {@linkplain #isBroken is broken} when
326      * <tt>await</tt> is invoked, or while any thread is waiting, then
327      * {@link BrokenBarrierException} is thrown.
328      *
329      * <p>If any thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting,
330      * then all other waiting threads will throw
331      * {@link BrokenBarrierException} and the barrier is placed in the broken
332      * state.
333      *
334      * <p>If the current thread is the last thread to arrive, and a
335      * non-null barrier action was supplied in the constructor, then the
336      * current thread runs the action before allowing the other threads to
337      * continue.
338      * If an exception occurs during the barrier action then that exception
339      * will be propagated in the current thread and the barrier is placed in
340      * the broken state.
341      *
342      * @return the arrival index of the current thread, where index
343      *         <tt>{@link #getParties()} - 1</tt> indicates the first
344      *         to arrive and zero indicates the last to arrive
345      * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
346      *         while waiting
347      * @throws BrokenBarrierException if <em>another</em> thread was
348      *         interrupted or timed out while the current thread was
349      *         waiting, or the barrier was reset, or the barrier was
350      *         broken when {@code await} was called, or the barrier
351      *         action (if present) failed due an exception.
352      */
353     public int await() throws InterruptedException, BrokenBarrierException {
354         try {
355             return dowait(false, 0L);
356         } catch (TimeoutException toe) {
357             throw new Error(toe); // cannot happen;
358         }
359     }
360 
361     /**
362      * Waits until all {@linkplain #getParties parties} have invoked
363      * <tt>await</tt> on this barrier, or the specified waiting time elapses.
364      *
365      * <p>If the current thread is not the last to arrive then it is
366      * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
367      * one of the following things happens:
368      * <ul>
369      * <li>The last thread arrives; or
370      * <li>The specified timeout elapses; or
371      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
372      * the current thread; or
373      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
374      * one of the other waiting threads; or
375      * <li>Some other thread times out while waiting for barrier; or
376      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #reset} on this barrier.
377      * </ul>
378      *
379      * <p>If the current thread:
380      * <ul>
381      * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
382      * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
383      * </ul>
384      * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread‘s
385      * interrupted status is cleared.
386      *
387      * <p>If the specified waiting time elapses then {@link TimeoutException}
388      * is thrown. If the time is less than or equal to zero, the
389      * method will not wait at all.
390      *
391      * <p>If the barrier is {@link #reset} while any thread is waiting,
392      * or if the barrier {@linkplain #isBroken is broken} when
393      * <tt>await</tt> is invoked, or while any thread is waiting, then
394      * {@link BrokenBarrierException} is thrown.
395      *
396      * <p>If any thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while
397      * waiting, then all other waiting threads will throw {@link
398      * BrokenBarrierException} and the barrier is placed in the broken
399      * state.
400      *
401      * <p>If the current thread is the last thread to arrive, and a
402      * non-null barrier action was supplied in the constructor, then the
403      * current thread runs the action before allowing the other threads to
404      * continue.
405      * If an exception occurs during the barrier action then that exception
406      * will be propagated in the current thread and the barrier is placed in
407      * the broken state.
408      *
409      * @param timeout the time to wait for the barrier
410      * @param unit the time unit of the timeout parameter
411      * @return the arrival index of the current thread, where index
412      *         <tt>{@link #getParties()} - 1</tt> indicates the first
413      *         to arrive and zero indicates the last to arrive
414      * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
415      *         while waiting
416      * @throws TimeoutException if the specified timeout elapses
417      * @throws BrokenBarrierException if <em>another</em> thread was
418      *         interrupted or timed out while the current thread was
419      *         waiting, or the barrier was reset, or the barrier was broken
420      *         when {@code await} was called, or the barrier action (if
421      *         present) failed due an exception
422      */
423     public int await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
424         throws InterruptedException,
425                BrokenBarrierException,
426                TimeoutException {
427         return dowait(true, unit.toNanos(timeout));
428     }
429 
430     /**
431      * Queries if this barrier is in a broken state.
432      *
433      * @return {@code true} if one or more parties broke out of this
434      *         barrier due to interruption or timeout since
435      *         construction or the last reset, or a barrier action
436      *         failed due to an exception; {@code false} otherwise.
437      */
438     public boolean isBroken() {
439         final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
440         lock.lock();
441         try {
442             return generation.broken;
443         } finally {
444             lock.unlock();
445         }
446     }
447 
448     /**
449      * Resets the barrier to its initial state.  If any parties are
450      * currently waiting at the barrier, they will return with a
451      * {@link BrokenBarrierException}. Note that resets <em>after</em>
452      * a breakage has occurred for other reasons can be complicated to
453      * carry out; threads need to re-synchronize in some other way,
454      * and choose one to perform the reset.  It may be preferable to
455      * instead create a new barrier for subsequent use.
456      */
457     public void reset() {
458         final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
459         lock.lock();
460         try {
461             breakBarrier();   // break the current generation
462             nextGeneration(); // start a new generation
463         } finally {
464             lock.unlock();
465         }
466     }
467 
468     /**
469      * Returns the number of parties currently waiting at the barrier.
470      * This method is primarily useful for debugging and assertions.
471      *
472      * @return the number of parties currently blocked in {@link #await}
473      */
474     public int getNumberWaiting() {
475         final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
476         lock.lock();
477         try {
478             return parties - count;
479         } finally {
480             lock.unlock();
481         }
482     }
483 }